Multimodal conceptual patterns of Hungary in political cartoons

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 222-253
Author(s):  
Ágnes Virág

Abstract Conventionalized positive images of Hungary have been overemphasized in political caricatures ever since the nineteenth century (Tamás 2012, 2014). The present article explores the multimodal representations of hungary in cartoons in the period between 1989 and 1990, during which negative images of Hungary became prominent due to the weak financial situation of the country and the political system change. The corpus involves seventy-five cartoons from the satirical magazine Ludas Matyi. Two major claims are justified by adopting Paula Pérez-Sobrino’s (2017) multimodal identification procedure: (1) the interpretation of verbal elements (e.g., labels, verbal texts, and verbal symbols) in political cartoons influences the identification of multimodal conceptual patterns; (2) the dominant patterns that structure the representation of hungary in political cartoons are metonymy-based visual and multimodal metaphors, and both of them occur in metaphorical scenarios. The corpus analysis indicates that the two main target frames, financial crisis and political changes, appear through the sources of human body and object in metaphorical scenarios, such as ordinary scenes, motion, hospital, sport, tale, love, feast, stunt, begging, and church scenes. Apart from identifying the representations of Hungary, visual metonymies as well as textual cues need to be revealed in order to understand what metaphtonymy scenarios are intended in the cartoons.

2021 ◽  
Vol 43 (4) ◽  
pp. 241-251
Author(s):  
Izabella Gil

The study describes the legal regulations concerning insolvency in the period of the Second Polish Republic. The political system of the Republic of Poland in the years 1926–1935 is described as authoritarian in order to distinguish it from the total fascist system. The difficult economic and financial situation of the Polish state during the post-partition period required state interference in introducing legal regulations ensuring protection of creditors, while taking into account the rights of debtors who became insolvent for no fault of their own. Bankruptcy became a society-wide problem, albeit of varying severity. The study describes legal regulations concerning insolvency, which are included both in the Ordinance of the President of the Republic of Poland of 24 October 1934, the Law on Settlement Proceedings (Journal of Laws of 1934, No. 93, item 836, with binding force from 1 January 1935), and in the Ordinance of the President of the Republic of Poland of 24 October 1934, the Bankruptcy Law (Journal of Laws of 1934, No. 93, item 834, with binding force from 1 January 1935). The above-mentioned legal acts contained regulations adjusted to the state of insolvency, which is the result of the debtor’s difficult economic and financial situation. The state of the debtor’s insolvency or the threat of insolvency determined whether it was possible to conduct a procedure in which the debtor entered into an arrangement with creditors or whether the debtor should be declared bankrupt. In the case of bankruptcy, a trustee appointed by the bankruptcy court managed the assets of the bankrupt, constituting the bankruptcy estate, and the bankrupt was deprived of the right to manage their assets. The main purpose of bankruptcy proceedings was to sell the assets included in the bankruptcy estate and to achieve equal satisfaction of creditors of the bankrupt debtor. The course of these proceedings was different and depended on whether it was possible to make an arrangement with the creditors or whether it was necessary to implement procedures related to the liquidation of the bankrupt debtor’s assets. Although both legal acts were enacted in the interwar period, they were in force until the entry into force of the Act of 28 February 2003, the Bankruptcy and Reorganization Law (Journal of Laws of 2003, No. 60, item 535), that is, for almost 60 years. Therefore, regardless of the changes in the political system of the Polish state, the insolvency regulations from the authoritarian period in the Second Republic remained in force for many decades. The timelessness of these regulations is confirmed by the fact that some of the legal regulations that were enacted in 1934 are still applied today, although they have been partially modified and adapted to the current economic situation. The entry into force on 1 January 2016 of the Law of 15 May 2018 on Restructuring Law (Journal of Laws of 2015, item 978) resulted in a return to the separation of legal regulations that can be implemented depending on the debtor’s difficult financial situation. The Restructuring Law currently regulates the proceedings enabling an insolvent debtor or a debtor at risk of insolvency to enter into an arrangement with creditors, the effects of an arrangement as well as the conduct of the rehabilitation proceedings. The purpose of the various types of restructuring proceedings is to avoid declaring bankruptcy. On the other hand, the Bankruptcy Law, similarly to the period of the Second Polish Republic, regulates the procedure, the main purpose of which is to achieve equal satisfaction of the creditors of the debtor in the bankruptcy to the highest possible extent, and only if rational considerations allow the debtor’s current enterprise to be retained.


Author(s):  
Ryszard Kozioł

In the times of the “First Solidarity” (1980–1981), the idea of self-government was one of thekey fragments of the socio-political system change concept. The specific connection of thebottom-up activity of the working class with the activity of the political and intellectual elitesresulted in the appearance of numerous, different models and solutions, the culmination ofwhich was the concept of “Self-governing Republic”. The central category and basic way of itsrealization was in the mechanism of self-organization of the society, and its purpose was todemocratize the political system. The change of the political situation, started by introducingthe martial law caused the slow abandonment of the earlier suggested solutions. Among thecriticism directed towards the “Self-governing Republic” there were the accusations of itsutopianism and uselessness. The concept that seemed revelatory in its time, turned out to beuseless in the new reality, but its creator ideas survived.Key words: Self-governing Republic, NSZZ Solidarity, concepts of the governmentself-organization, utopia


2015 ◽  
Vol 219 (S 01) ◽  
Author(s):  
J Grünwald ◽  
M Beer ◽  
S Mamay ◽  
F Rupp ◽  
J Stupin ◽  
...  

2017 ◽  
Vol 47 (188) ◽  
pp. 495-504 ◽  
Author(s):  
Felix Syrovatka

The presidential and parliamentary elections were a political earthquake for the French political system. While the two big parties experienced massive losses of political support, the rise of new political formations took place. Emmanuel Macron is not only the youngest president of the V. Republic so far, he is also the first president not to be supported by either one of the two biggest parties. This article argues that the election results are an expression of a deep crisis of representation in France that is rooted in the economic transformations of the 1970s. The article analyses the political situation after the elections and tries to give an outlook on further political developments in France.


2017 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 35-63
Author(s):  
Ruth Roded

Beginning in the early 1970s, Jewish and Muslim feminists, tackled “oral law”—Mishna and Talmud, in Judaism, and the parallel Hadith and Fiqh in Islam, and several analogous methodologies were devised. A parallel case study of maintenance and rebellion of wives —mezonoteha, moredet al ba?ala; nafaqa al-mar?a and nush?z—in classical Jewish and Islamic oral law demonstrates similarities in content and discourse. Differences between the two, however, were found in the application of oral law to daily life, as reflected in “responsa”—piskei halacha and fatwas. In modern times, as the state became more involved in regulating maintenance and disobedience, and Jewish law was backed for the first time in history by a state, state policy and implementation were influenced by the political system and socioeconomic circumstances of the country. Despite their similar origin in oral law, maintenance and rebellion have divergent relevance to modern Jews and Muslims.


Author(s):  
Nguyen Van Dung ◽  
Giang Khac Binh

As developing programs is the core in fostering knowledge on ethnic work for cadres and civil servants under Decision No. 402/QD-TTg dated 14/3/2016 of the Prime Minister, it is urgent to build training program on ethnic minority affairs for 04 target groups in the political system from central to local by 2020 with a vision to 2030. The article highlighted basic issues of practical basis to design training program of ethnic minority affairs in the past years; suggested solutions to build the training programs in integration and globalization period.


2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (10) ◽  
pp. 101
Author(s):  
Emad Wakaa Ajil

Iraq is one of the most Arab countries where the system of government has undergone major political transformations and violent events since the emergence of the modern Iraqi state in 1921 and up to the present. It began with the monarchy and the transformation of the regime into the republican system in 1958. In the republican system, Continued until 2003, and after the US occupation of Iraq in 2003, the regime changed from presidential to parliamentary system, and the parliamentary experience is a modern experience for Iraq, as he lived for a long time without parliamentary experience, what existed before 2003, can not be a parliamentary experience , The experience righteousness The study of the parliamentary system in particular and the political process in general has not been easy, because it is a complex and complex process that concerns the political system and its internal and external environment, both of which are influential in the political system and thus on the political process as a whole, After the US occupation of Iraq, the United States intervened to establish a permanent constitution for the country. Despite all the circumstances accompanying the drafting of the constitution, it is the first constitution to be drafted by an elected Constituent Assembly. The Iraqi Constitution adopted the parliamentary system of government and approved the principle of flexible separation of powers in order to achieve cooperation and balance between the authorities.


1992 ◽  
Vol 31 (3) ◽  
pp. 325-328
Author(s):  
Ziaul Haque

Modem economic factors and forces are rapidly transforming the world into a single society and economy in which the migration of people at the national and international levels plays an important role. Pakistan, as a modem nation, has characteristically been deeply influenced by such migrations, both national and international. The first great exodus occurred in 1947 when over eight million Indian Muslims migrated from different parts of India to Pakistan. Thus, from the very beginning mass population movements and migrations have been woven into Pakistan's social fabric through its history, culture and religion. These migrations have greatly influenced the form and substance of the national economy, the contours of the political system, patterns of urbanisation and the physiognomy of the overall culture and history of the country. The recent political divide of Sindh on rural/Sindhi, and urban/non-Sindhi, ethnic and linguistic lines is the direct result of these earlier settlements of these migrants in the urban areas of Sindh.


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