Inflectional change, ‘sound laws’ and the autonomy of morphology

Diachronica ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-26 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hans-Olav Enger

Traditional views of inflectional changes often run as follows: A morphological opposition expressed by affixes is disturbed by sound changes. It is then left to morphology to ‘clean up the mess’; morphology is merely reactive. If, however, morphology can operate “by itself” (Aronoff 1994, Carstairs-McCarthy 1994, 2001, 2010, Maiden 2004, 2005), one would not expect this classical scenario to be the entire truth. The present paper pursues the hypothesis that there are morphological changes that are not merely reactive, but rather have a morphological motivation. This hypothesis is argued on the basis of well-known reduction processes in Scandinavian case and gender. Both are traditionally taken to represent the classical scenario, but in both, morphology ultimately plays a more prominent role. I argue that neither phonological erosion nor language contact can totally explain Scandinavian case loss and gender reduction. This supports an autonomous role for morphology. Resume On interprete souvent les changements flexionnels comme suit: une opposition morphologique exprimee a l’aide d’affixes se voit modifiee en raison de changements phonetiques. La morphologie, etant par nature purement reactive, doit alors “remettre de l’ordre” dans le systeme. Si, par contre, la morphologie peut agir “seule” (Aronoff 1994, Carstairs-McCarthy 1994, 2001, 2010, Maiden 2004, 2005), il n’est pas interdit de penser que ce scenario classique ne recele pas toute la verite. L’hypothese du present article est qu’il existe des changements morphologiques qui ne sont pas purement reactifs, mais qui sont motives plutot par la morphologie. Cette hypothese se fonde sur les processus bien connus de reduction de cas et de genres dans les langues scandinaves. Dans les deux cas, l’interpretation traditionnelle est qu’il s’agit du scenario classique, alors qu’en fait, la morphologie joue un role plus net. A mon avis, ni l’erosion phonologique ni le contact langagier ne suffisent pour expliquer la perte de cas et la reduction de genres dans les langues scandinaves, ce qui corroborerait l’hypothese du role autonome de la morphologie. Zusammenfassung Traditionellen Auffassungen gemas andert sich die Flexionsmorphologie oft wie folgt: Zuerst fallen Affixe phonologischen Anderungen zum Opfer. Diese Anderungen sind an sich nicht morphologisch, sondern phonologisch motiviert, andern aber die Ausdrucksseite der morphologischen Opposition. Danach muss die Morphologie ‚aufraumen‘. Sie ist also nur ‚reaktiv‘. Wenn aber die Morphologie selbstandig arbeiten kann (‘by itself ’, vgl. z.B. Aronoff 1994, Carstairs-McCarthy 2010, Maiden 2005), ware zu erwarten, dass die traditionelle Auffassung nicht in allen Fallen zutrifft. Im vorliegenden Artikel wird die These vertreten, dass es Entwicklungen gibt, die von der Morphologie selbst ausgelost werden. Diese These wird anhand der bekannten Reduktionsprozesse in der skandinavischen Genus- und Kasusmorphologie verteidigt. Diese Prozesse werden oft als Beispiele fur die traditionelle Auffassung herangezogen. Meines Erachtens kann Kasus- und Genusverlust aber weder durch phonologische ‚Erosion‘ noch durch Sprachkontakt ganz erklart werden. Deswegen muss fur die Morphologie eine autonome Rolle angenommen werden.

1993 ◽  
Vol 76 (3_suppl) ◽  
pp. 1089-1090 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Richard Ferraro

The present article describes a demonstration experiment used in a large introductory psychology class pertaining to mental imagery ability. The experiment is effective in providing a concrete instance of mental imagery as well as an effective discussion regarding individual differences and gender differences in imagery ability.


2010 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 165-189
Author(s):  
Zemin Liu

Many languages in the Sino-Tibetan family have uvular sounds. Some scholars have put forward the hypothesis that there should be a set of uvular sounds in Proto-Sino-Tibetan. This paper attempts to evaluate this hypothesis through the following aspects: (1) the synchronic distribution of uvular sounds in modern Sino-Tibetan languages; (2) a review of relevant literature; (3) a typological survey of uvular and velar sounds; (4) physiological and acoustical investigations of uvular sounds; (5) sound changes of uvulars; (6) the origin of the uvulars in Sino-Tibetan languages; (7) areal investigation of Sino-Tibetan uvulars from the perspective of language contact; (8) reconstruction of uvulars in Old Chinese; (9) examples of Sino-Tibetan cognates with uvular sounds.


Journalism ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 12 (7) ◽  
pp. 871-888 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kerstin Artz ◽  
Holger Wormer

This article analyses the potential of ‘user question generated content’ related to science coverage with the aim of rethinking editorial selection in science journalism. The analysis builds partly on a previous paper which proposed a modified theory of news values for science journalism. The present article is based on a differentiated content analysis of 6528 user-generated questions 1 to science editors in three German media (print, radio and television) with different target groups with respect to age, educational background and gender. A total of 3530 questions could be assigned to different scientific categories. Comparing the most popular categories with the most popular topics found in classical content analyses of science coverage, some important differences were found. In the conclusion, the potential of such audience-oriented surveys for the further development of science journalism in the digital age is discussed.


Author(s):  
Natalia A. Shutova ◽  
Olha V. Nikolaieva ◽  
Irina Yu. Kuzmina ◽  
Olena O. Pavlova ◽  
Inna O. Sulhdost

Introduction: The mechanisms of metabolic syndrome (MS) is one of the urgent issues in medicine. Regional distribution of the adipose tissue should be diagnosed at clinical examination, as the morphometric parameters of the cells of the active adipose tissue components may indicate the metabolic state. Aim: The aim of the study was to evaluate the differences in morphological and histological parameters of the adipose tissue associated with the development of MS in animals of different ages and gender. Material and methods: An experimental study was carried out on 144 WAG/G Sto white rats, divided into three study groups. Group 1 included young immature rats, 3 months old; group 2 consisted of 48 sexually mature rats, aged 5–6 months; group 3 consisted of 48 old rats, 18 months old. Each group was divided into 2 subgroups, control and experimental, and was additionally divided according to gender. Results and discussion: The body mass indices and specific weights of mesenteric, epididymal, retroperitoneal and subcutaneous adipose tissue were determined in rats, as well as morphological characteristics of adipocytes of the adipose tissue. It was shown that histological and morphological changes in the adipose tissue of the animals were age- and gender-dependent, and that obesity is associated with chronic inflammation of the adipose tissue. Conclusions: The results of the study can be used for further determination of possible age and gender differences in the adipose tissue involvement in the development of chronic inflammation, as well as monitoring and correction of adipose tissue dysfunction in MS.


REMATEC ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
pp. 156-176
Author(s):  
Aboubacar Bamba ◽  
Saddo Ag Almouloud

Le présent article a comme thème « Étude épistémologique de la démonstration par l’absurde ». Elle comporte, entre autres, l’épistémologie de la négation qui constitue la base de la démonstration par l’absurde, l’épistémologie de la démonstration par l’absurde, le lien entre la démonstration par l’absurde et d’autres types de démonstration, les types de problèmes mettant en jeu la démonstration par l’absurde et l’analyse institutionnelle de la démonstration par l’absurde. Nous avons également évoqué les conceptions de certains chercheurs sur la démonstration par l’absurde. Les questions de recherche sont libellées comme suit : Qu’est-ce que la démonstration par l’absurde en mathématique ? Existe-t-il un lien entre la démonstration par l’absurde et d’autres types de démonstration ? Existe-t-il des situations qui nécessitent l’utilisation de la démonstration par l’absurde ? Nous avons fait une classification des problèmes qui nous a permis de faire une catégorisation des types de démonstration par l’absurde à savoir les démonstrations par l’absurde directes associées aux questions fermées et les démonstrations par l’absurde indirectes associées aux questions semi-fermées (ou semi-ouvertes). L’analyse institutionnelle nous a permis de faire une revue des programmes maliens au niveau fondamental 2e cycle et au niveau de l’enseignement secondaire général. Nous terminons par une conclusion comportant nos recommandations. La typologie de la démonstration par l’absurde nous permet d’affirmer que la logique mathématique n'est pas la logique naturelle, car elle n'autorise l'esprit à porter, sur ce qui lui est présenté, que deux jugements : tenir la chose affirmée pour vraie ou pour non vraie, toute autre attitude étant exclue (le tiers exclus).


2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kajol V. Sontate ◽  
Mohammad Rahim Kamaluddin ◽  
Isa Naina Mohamed ◽  
Rashidi Mohamed Pakri Mohamed ◽  
Mohd. Farooq Shaikh ◽  
...  

Alcohol has been associated with violent crimes and domestic violence across many nations. Various etiological factors were linked to chronic alcohol use and violence including psychiatric comorbidities of perpetrators such as personality disorders, mood disorders, and intermittent explosive disorders. Aggression is the precursor of violence and individuals prone to aggressive behaviors are more likely to commit impulsive violent crimes, especially under the influence of alcohol. Findings from brain studies indicate long-term alcohol consumption induced morphological changes in brain regions involved in self-control, decision-making, and emotional processing. In line with this, the inherent dopaminergic and serotonergic anomalies seen in aggressive individuals increase their susceptibility to commit violent crimes when alcohol present in their system. In relation to this, this article intends to investigate the influence of alcohol on aggression with sociopsychological and neuroscientific perspectives by looking into comorbidity of personality or mood disorders, state of the mind during alcohol consumption, types of beverages, environmental trigger, neurochemical changes, and gender differences that influence individual responses to alcohol intake and susceptibility to intoxicated aggression.


Author(s):  
Don Ringe

This chapter discusses the reconstructable linguistic changes that occurred in the development from Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic. The first half of the chapter discusses regular sound changes, especially prominent changes including the elimination of laryngeals, Grimm’s Law, Verner’s Law, the remodelling of Sievers’ Law, the loss of intervocalic *j, and several changes of vowels. The second half discusses morphological changes. A long initial section deals with the wholesale morphological restructuring of the verb system, concentrating on preterite-present verbs, strong and weak past tense stems, and participles. Subsequent sections discuss less sweeping changes in the inflection of verbs and nominals.


2021 ◽  
Vol 74 (2) ◽  
pp. 278-307
Author(s):  
Bjarne Simmelkjær Sandgaard Hansen

Abstract The Scanian dialect of Middle Danish underwent a range of changes and reductions in its case system. I argue that these changes were caused neither by phonological developments nor by language contact as often assumed, but by multiple processes of grammaticalisation. The present paper focuses on one of these factors: that the relatively predictable constituent order within the Middle Danish noun phrase made case marking redundant in its function of marking noun-phrase internal agreement between head and modifier(s). This redundancy caused the case system to undergo a regrammation where the indexical sign relations changed so that the expression of morphological case no longer indicated this noun-phrase-internal agreement, leaving only topology (as well as morphologically marked number and gender agreement) as markers of this type of agreement. This factor contributed to the subsequent degrammation of the entire case system.


2013 ◽  
Vol 40 (3) ◽  
pp. 377-408 ◽  
Author(s):  
Margaret Thomas

Summary Danish linguist Otto Jespersen’s (1860–1943) Language, its Nature, Development, and Origin was published more than 90 years ago, in 1922. This article focuses on Jespersen’s often-cited Chapter 13, entitled “The Woman”, a text that has served since the 1970s as a touchstone for feminist narratives of the history of discussion of language and gender. The author of the present article shows that modern treatment of the chapter sometimes misconstrues Jespersen in casting him into the role of mouthpiece for ideas about women and language that contemporary scholars have discredited. She suggests instead that “The Woman” deserves a new reading, which neither apologizes for Jespersen’s views, nor diminishes his importance to the history of feminist linguistics, but rather recognizes the intricacies of this text and seeks to better understand its position in relation to present-day scholarship on language and gender.


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