Conscious monitoring of attention during simultaneous interpretation

Interpreting ◽  
1996 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 101-124 ◽  
Author(s):  
Valeria Darò ◽  
Sylvie Lambert ◽  
Franco Fabbro
Keyword(s):  
Normal Condition ◽  
Missing Information ◽  
Simultaneous Interpretation ◽  
Loss Of Information ◽  
Important Exception ◽  
Overall Performance ◽  
Conscious Attention ◽  
First Time ◽  
Experimental Level ◽  
Incoming Message

This study addresses for the first time on an experimental level the question of whether different modalities of conscious monitoring of attention (normal condition, attention focalization on the input, attention focalization on the output, condition with two voices) may affect the number and the type of mistakes made by simultaneous interpreters in different situations. The major results of the study are the following: (i) While the overall number of mistakes is influenced either by the translation direction, or by any of the four tested attention focalization modalities, a particular type of mistakes, i.e. those leading to loss of information, occur more often during active SI (from L1 into L2, i.e. from A to B) of difficult texts; (ii) during passive SI of difficult texts, missing information mistake are less frequent when interpreters listen to the incoming message with their left ear only; (iii) in active SI of difficult texts, attention should not be focussed on the incoming message in particular, so as to avoid so-called added mistakes. These results show that during simultaneous interpretation, conscious attention focalization on the input or on the output does not influence the interpreter's overall performance, however with an important exception: during active interpretation it could be useful for interpreters to focus their attention on the output, since this may help them to reduce in particular false starts, pauses, hesitations, corrections, additions and morphosyntactic mistakes.

Rational design of free-standing 3D porous MXene/rGO hybrid aerogels as polysulfide reservoirs for high-energy lithium–sulfur batteries

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (11) ◽  
pp. 6507-6513 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jianjun Song ◽  
Xin Guo ◽  
Jinqiang Zhang ◽  
Yi Chen ◽  
Chaoyue Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rational Design ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Free Standing ◽  
Shuttle Effect ◽  
Lithium Sulfur Batteries ◽  
Overall Performance ◽  
Hybrid Aerogels ◽  
First Time ◽  
Lithium Sulfur ◽  
Hybrid Aerogel

A Ti3C2Tx MXene/rGO hybrid aerogel is applied for the first time as a free-standing polysulfide reservoir to inhibit the shuttle effect and improve the overall performance of Li–S batteries.

scholarly journals Considerations and challenges in the ICRP dialogues

2016 ◽  
Vol 45 (2_suppl) ◽  
pp. 119-122
Author(s):  
T. Hanzawa
Keyword(s):  
Power Plant ◽  
Nuclear Power Plant ◽  
Nuclear Power ◽  
International Commission ◽  
Radiological Protection ◽  
Simultaneous Interpretation ◽  
Fukushima Daiichi ◽  
The University ◽  
Dialogue Seminar ◽  
First Time

‘Yes I tried to explain, but residents couldn’t understand …’ This was the title of my presentation at the first International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) dialogue seminar in November 2011 held at the Fukushima Prefectural Government office. The accident at Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant was triggered by the tsunami caused by the Great East Japan Earthquake of March 2011. Initially, it was thought that Date city, 50–60 km away from the accident, would be safe, but unfortunately this was not the case due to the direction of the wind at the time of the accident. I reported on decontamination in the aftermath of the accident at the ICRP dialogue seminar, following an invitation from Dr. Niwa of the University of Kyoto and a member of ICRP. There were many participants from overseas, and it was the first time that I had attended a meeting with simultaneous interpretation. I still remember that I was slightly bewildered.

scholarly journals Variation of the Performance of Machine-Learning Based Image Classifier in Automated Detection of Itch-Induced Scratch

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chuan Liu ◽  
Sheng-Xiang Yan ◽  
Xiao-Bo Wu ◽  
Zhi-Jun Zhang ◽  
Wei Li
Keyword(s):  
Machine Learning ◽  
Experimental Data ◽  
Laboratory Animal ◽  
Automated Detection ◽  
Laboratory Animals ◽  
Primary Role ◽  
Data Recording ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Overall Performance ◽  
First Time

A 'little brother' of pain, itch is an unpleasant sensation that creates a specific urge to scratch. To date, various machine-learning based image classifiers (MBICs) have been proposed for quantitative analysis of itch-induced scratch behaviour of laboratory animals in an automated, non-invasive, inexpensive and real-time manner. In spite of MBICs' advantages, the overall performances (accuracy, sensitivity and specificity) of current MBIC approaches remains inconsistent, with their values varying from ~50% to ~99%, for which the reasons underlying have yet to be investigated further, both computationally and experimentally. To look into the variation of the performance of MBICs in automated detection of itch-induced scratch, this article focuses on the experimental data recording step, and reports here for the first time that MBICs' overall performance is inextricably linked to the sharpness of experimentally recorded video of laboratory animal scratch behaviour. This article furthermore demonstrates for the first time that a linearly correlated relationship exists between video sharpness and overall performance (accuracy and specificity, but not sensitivity) of MBICs, and highlight the primary role of experimental data recording in rapid, accurate and consistent quantitative assessment of laboratory animal itch.

scholarly journals An Evaluation of Some Japanese Lisianthus (Eustoma grandiflorum) Varieties Grown in Bangladesh

2013 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 56-60 ◽  
Author(s):  
AFM Jamal Uddin ◽  
MS Islam ◽  
H Mehraj ◽  
MZK Roni ◽  
S Shahrin
Keyword(s):  
Shelf Life ◽  
Normal Condition ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Pot Experiment ◽  
Cut Flowers ◽  
Eustoma Grandiflorum ◽  
Commercial Cultivation ◽  
Randomized Complete Block Design ◽  
Commercial Cultivars ◽  
First Time

A pot experiment was conducted for the first time in Bangladesh, at the Horticulture Farm of Sher-e- Bangla Agricultural University, Dhaka during November, 2010 to July, 2011 to asses the adaptability of seven lisianthus (Eustoma grandiflorum) cultivars namely Micky Rose, Pink Rose, Azuma No Yosooi, Purple Edge Glass, Piccolo Blue, Mellow Purple and Royal Violet for commercial cultivation in Bangladesh. The experiment was conducted in a Randomized Complete Block Design with nine replications. Significant differences among cultivars were noted for all the attributes evaluated. The highest number of flowers (16.0/plant) was produced by Piccolo Blue and the lowest from Pink Rose (7.0/plant). All the cultivars in this study showed very good shelf life (12.0-25.0days) in normal condition. All the seven lisianthus cultivars performed satisfactorily as ideal cut flowers. Further work may be done to develop these as commercial cultivars in Bangladesh. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/agric.v11i1.15243 The Agriculturists 2013; 11(1) 56-60

Hobbies and Hale on law, legislation and the Soverign

1972 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
pp. 121-156 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. E. C. Yale
Keyword(s):  
Thomas Hobbes ◽  
The Other ◽  
The Political ◽  
Political Scientist ◽  
Modern Times ◽  
Positive Law ◽  
Important Exception ◽  
The Common ◽  
Modern Author ◽  
First Time

Many years after launching Leviathan and towards the end of his life Thomas Hobbes composed A Dialogue between a Philosopher and a Student of the Common Laws of England in which he set out his final thoughts on fundamental matters of law, legislation and sovereignty. This work was published for the first time in 1681, two years after the author's death, and though it represents Hobbes's final thoughts on these questions it has received but slight study compared with his other works. Leviathan and other earlier works must, no doubt, take first place in interest for the political scientist. The Dialogue, on the other hand, is a work of a jurisprudential slant and is as deserving of the attention of lawyers as it has been largely neglected by them. To this neglect there is one important exception. Sir Matthew Hale rejoined in argument to Hobbes's thesis. His argument remained unpublished till modern times, and even the enormous modern literature on Hobbes's writings has generally preserved a silence upon Hale's Reflections. One modern author indeed remarks briefly that “Hale's short treatise is the most brilliant contemporary reply to Hobbes's theory of positive law,” but the remark is not developed. The prevalent opinion may be represented by Holdsworth's view, and this supposes that Hale failed to grasp Hobbes's idea of sovereignty and that Hale's criticism therefore missed its mark. It seems timely to re-examine the received opinion (if Holdsworth's may be so called) for more than one reason.

Neuropsychologische und Neurolinguistische Aspekte des Simultandolmetschprozesses

Babel ◽  
1992 ◽  
Vol 38 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Valeria Darò
Keyword(s):  
Language Comprehension ◽  
Production Systems ◽  
Verbal Material ◽  
The Other ◽  
Cerebral Hemispheres ◽  
Neural Systems ◽  
Simultaneous Interpretation ◽  
Ear Advantage ◽  
Right Ear Advantage ◽  
Incoming Message

One of the most promising investigational approaches to the study of simultaneous interpretation is towards the field of neurolinguistics and neuropsychology. Several related studies described in the present paper showed: i) the existence of neural systems for translating from L1 to L2 and from L2 to L1, which are independent of language comprehension and production systems; ii) the activation of both cerebral hemispheres during simultaneous interpretation; and iii) the absence of the usual right-ear advantage in the processing of verbal material due to the interpreters' general habit of listening to the incoming message with one ear only for the purpose of controlling their own output with the other ear.

de Sousa, Noémia

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hilary Owen
Keyword(s):  
Literary History ◽  
The United States ◽  
Black Blood ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Cultural Imaginary ◽  
History Of ◽  
Important Exception ◽  
National Poetry ◽  
First Time ◽  
Poetry Collection

Noémia de Sousa (1926–2002) is traditionally designated as the founding mother of Mozambican national poetry. She was the only woman poet in Mozambique to play a major role in shaping the cultural imaginary of the Portuguese African nationalisms that emerged in the 1940s and 1950s. Her early life as a woman of mixed African, European, and Goan racial heritage, and the education this racial status afforded her, drew her into writing and journalism in opposition to the colonial regime of the Portuguese New State. Her first and only poetry collection, Sangue Negro (Black blood), was completed and circulated clandestinely in 1951. She was subsequently exiled to Lisbon, and from there to Paris, returning to Portugal in 1973, shortly before the April 1974 Revolution. The contents of Sangue Negro were circulated, in the original and in translation, largely through specific selected poems in African nationalist anthologies. Divided into five sections, the poems of Sangue Negro mix oral and literary tropes and influences. They deal with issues of racial hybridity and colonial assimilation, African American and Pan-Africanist influences in Mozambique, Portuguese Neorealism and Marxist resistance, autobiographical memories and testimonies, and the specificity of women’s political voice. The literary establishment’s reception of de Sousa in 1960s Mozambique was generally dismissive. Her work was also afforded relatively minor status in foundational anglophone accounts of the Lusophone African canon, such as those by Russel Hamilton and Patrick Chabal. The Marxist sociologist critic, Alfredo Margarido was an important exception in this regard and an early champion of her work. In the 1990s, de Sousa was progressively validated and incorporated into the canonization of black, Pan-Africanist, and Negritudinist writers by critics such as Pires Laranjeira in Portugal. Since the 1990s she has received more in-depth, gender-informed attention in Mozambique, Portugal, Brazil, the United States, and the United Kingdom, consolidating her international status as a pioneering woman’s voice in Africa’s literary history of national liberation struggle. Her poetry collection Sangue Negro was reprinted by the Mozambican Writers’ Association (AEMO) in a new edition in 2001, for the first time since the 1951 original.

Classical Architecture in Renaissance and Early Modern Europe

Classics ◽  
2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
William Stenhouse
Keyword(s):  
Early Modern ◽  
Eastern Mediterranean ◽  
Early Modern Period ◽  
Classical Antiquity ◽  
Main Site ◽  
Classical Architecture ◽  
15Th Century ◽  
Modern Period ◽  
Important Exception ◽  
First Time

The early modern period (here defined as 1400–1600 ce) holds a fundamental position in the reception of classical architecture. It was in this period, for the first time since Antiquity, that architects studied classical buildings in order to assimilate ancient building techniques. It was also in this period that humanist philologists edited, translated, and commented on the text of the Roman architectural writer Vitruvius, providing scholars and architects with an example of a theoretical treatise on building. Connected with these two developments, it is in early modern period that we can first identify efforts to graphically record evidence of ancient buildings’ appearance. These endeavors are part of what we know as the European Renaissance, the wider cultural movement dedicated to the understanding and emulation of classical Antiquity. It is important to note that this was usually a practical endeavor: humanist scholars studied Antiquity in order not simply to replicate its achievements, but to adapt them to the needs of the present. It is therefore vital to contextualize the records that we have for the reception of classical architecture: plans of buildings from the period should not be seen as analogous to archaeological surveys, but representations made for particular ends; ancient buildings were reproduced in print for the first time in the Renaissance, but the requirements of the new medium, as well as the audience for new books, shaped how they appeared. This bibliography aims to provide the tools to allow that contextualization. There is no general guide to these developments. Archaeologists who have looked at this period have usually examined individual buildings and sites, placing early modern developments in a wider context. For historians of architecture, the Renaissance has long been a well-studied field, in which responses to classical architecture are a defining (if not the defining) feature, though the surveys of Renaissance architecture they have produced have tended, understandably, to concentrate on buildings made in response to the antique. Rome was the main site where Renaissance scholars and architects went to study ancient buildings, and as a result most modern scholarship has focused on responses to buildings in the city, although there are valuable contributions on southern France. Renaissance scholars read about Greek buildings in Roman writers, and puzzled over Greek terms, but few traveled to the eastern Mediterranean; an important exception is Ciriaco d’Ancona, in the first half of the 15th century.

scholarly journals Evaluating the Efficiency of Off-Ball Screens in Elite Basketball Teams via Second-Order Markov Modelling

Mathematics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (16) ◽  
pp. 1991
Author(s):  
Nikolaos Stavropoulos ◽  
Alexandra Papadopoulou ◽  
Pavlos Kolias
Keyword(s):  
Markov Model ◽  
Second Order ◽  
Final Outcome ◽  
Markov Modelling ◽  
Strategic Plans ◽  
Proposed Model ◽  
Overall Performance ◽  
Weak Side ◽  
First Time ◽  
Basketball Teams

In basketball, the offensive movements on both strong and weak sides and tactical behavior play major roles in the effectiveness of a team’s offense. In the literature, studies are mostly focused on offensive actions, such as ball screens on the strong side. In the present paper, for the first time a second-order Markov model is defined to evaluate players’ interactions on the weak side, particularly for exploring the effectiveness of tactical structures and off-ball screens regarding the final outcome. The sample consisted of 1170 possessions of the FIBA Basketball Champions League 2018–2019. The variables of interest were the type of screen on the weak side, the finishing move, and the outcome of the shot. The model incorporates partial non-homogeneity according to the time of the execution (0–24″) and the quarter of playtime, and it is conditioned on the off-ball screen type. Regarding the overall performance, the results indicated that the outcome of each possession was influenced not only by the type of the executed shot, but also by the specific type of screen that took place earlier on the weak side of the offense. Thus, the proposed model could operate as an advisory tool for the coach’s strategic plans.

scholarly journals Microwave Treatment on Co–B–P Catalyst to Enhance Catalytic Activity for Hydrogen Production by Hydrolysis of Nabh4

2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Activation Energy ◽  
Catalytic Activity ◽  
Hydrogen Production ◽  
Normal Condition ◽  
Treatment Time ◽  
Microwave Treatment ◽  
Gas Treatment ◽  
First Time ◽  
Hydrolysis Of ◽  
Hydrolysis Of Nabh4

In this study, a microwave treatment was chosen as an alternative method to synthesize Co-B-P catalyst for hydrogen production from hydrolysis of sodium borohydride (NaBH4 ) for the first time. The effect of gas, treatment time, and microwave power, amount of catalyst and temperature on the catalytic activity of Co-B-P catalyst was investigated under microwave treatment. The synthesized Co-B-P catalyst was characterized by XRD, SEM, EDX, BET and FTIR measurements. In the presence of Co-B-P catalyst, hydrolysis of NaBH4 under microwave treatment was completed in 9 minutes whereas it was completed in 16 minutes under normal condition. It was found that the value of activation energy is 16.211 kJ*mol-1.

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