Urbanization, education, and language behavior

2016 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 81-111 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaoguang Li ◽  
Zhan Ju ◽  
Marinus van den Berg
Keyword(s):  
Language Use ◽  
Family Income ◽  
Code Switching ◽  
Urban Centers ◽  
Southeastern China ◽  
Regional Dialects ◽  
Language Behavior ◽  
Language Attitude ◽  
Place Of Origin ◽  
And Gender

This paper reports the language behavior of a sample of Jilin University students. The data were collected in 2008, and a total of 2682 questionnaires were processed. The sample was detailed as to place-of-origin, year of study, college, and gender, and addressed language behavior and language attitude. Students originated from three areas: the Northeast, the Mandarin dialect area, and Southeastern China. Most students came from township environments and grew up there. The NE is relatively more urbanized as the result of early industrialization, but the Southeast, as regards family income, was the richer area. The study relates the reported language behavior to urban status, education and income level of parents, as well as to level of PTH pronunciation. It also addressed students’ attitude toward Putonghua dominance, and code-switching. Code-switching with English words also was studied. Generally, proportionally more students with backgrounds in major urban centers (provincial cities and municipalities) claim Putonghua as first and best language than students originating from townships. Larger numbers of students with the latter background, however, show increased proficiency in Putonghua. Language use data, finally, make clear that in all three areas, the local and regional dialects are the majority means of communication, whereas the use of Putonghua increases across generations from grandparents to same generation kin.

Attitude, maintenance, and use of Beijing dialect and Putonghua among younger generation Beijing-born residents

2016 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 32-55
Author(s):  
Jing Song ◽  
Yingmei Zhu
Keyword(s):  
Central City ◽  
National Language ◽  
Network Density ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Language Behavior ◽  
Language Attitude ◽  
Place Of Origin ◽  
Standard Chinese ◽  
High Level ◽  
Job Profile

In this study, 269 Beijing born respondents were interviewed and asked questions about their language attitude and language behavior. Research categories, apart from ‘attitude’, were ‘accent maintenance’, ‘accent selection’, and ‘code-switching’, whereas the variables employed were ‘gender’, ‘age group’, ‘origin’ of parents, ‘district’ grown-up, ‘spouse’ background, ‘education’ level, ‘job profile’, and ‘network density’. We found that Beijing dialect in Beijing’s central city districts, coexists with the national language Putonghua, or, Standard Chinese, has high language status among native young people in Beijing and a wide range of uses. The main factors which effect respondents’ language behavior are ‘network density’, ‘place-of-origin’, and ‘occupation’. We also determined a high level of confusion between Beijing dialect accent and Putonghua accent, which we related to the mode of Putonghua teaching and Putonghua promotion. We conclude that Beijing dialect and Putonghua will form two functional varieties, playing different roles in different language environments.

scholarly journals Unequal chances: ex ante fairness and individual control

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Leticia Micheli ◽  
Nickolas Gagnon
Keyword(s):  
Perceived Control ◽  
Online Survey ◽  
Family Income ◽  
Financial Outcomes ◽  
Individual Control ◽  
Ex Ante ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Different Sources ◽  
Do So

AbstractUnequal financial outcomes often originate from unequal chances. Yet, compared to outcomes, little is known about how individuals perceive unequal distributions of chances. We investigate empirically the role of different sources of unequal chances in shaping inequality perceptions. Importantly, we do so from an ex ante perspective—i.e., before the chances are realized—which has rarely been explored. In an online survey, we asked uninvolved respondents to evaluate ex ante the fairness of unequal allocations of chances. We varied the source of inequality of chances, using a comprehensive range of factors which resemble several real world situations. Respondents also evaluated how much control individuals hold over the distribution of chances. Results show that different sources generate different ex ante perception of fairness. That is, unequal chances based on socioeconomic and biological factors, such as gender, family income and ethnicity, are evaluated to be unfair relative to the same chances based on effort, knowledge, and benevolence. Results also show that, for most individuals, there is a positive correlation between perceived control of a factor and fairness of unequal chances based on that factor. Luck appears to be an exception to this correlation, ranking as high in fairness as effort, knowledge, and benevolence, but similarly low in individual control as ethnicity, family income, and gender.

Biracial American Colorism: Passing for White

2018 ◽  
Vol 62 (14) ◽  
pp. 2072-2086 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keshia L. Harris
Keyword(s):  
Native Americans ◽  
Family Income ◽  
Racial Groups ◽  
Science Literature ◽  
Racial Identification ◽  
Social Science Literature ◽  
And Gender ◽  
The One ◽  
Identification Processes ◽  
The U.S

Biracial Americans constitute a larger portion of the U.S. population than is often acknowledged. According to the U.S. Census, 8.4 million people or 2.6% of the population identified with two or more racial origins in 2016. Arguably, these numbers are misleading considering extensive occurrences of interracial pairings between Whites and minority racial groups throughout U.S. history. Many theorists posit that the hypodescent principle of colorism, colloquially known as “the one drop rule,” has influenced American racial socialization in such a way that numerous individuals primarily identify with one racial group despite having parents from two different racial backgrounds. While much of social science literature examines the racial identification processes of biracial Americans who identify with their minority heritage, this article focuses on contextual factors such as family income, neighborhood, religion, and gender that influence the decision for otherwise African/Asian/Latino/Native Americans to identify as White.

scholarly journals Semantic Categories and Gender Assignment in Contact Spanish: Type of Code-Switching and its Relevance to Linguistic Outcomes

2016 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 405-435 ◽  
Author(s):  
Osmer Balam
Keyword(s):  
Native Speakers ◽  
Code Switching ◽  
Production Data ◽  
Abstract Concepts ◽  
Gender Assignment ◽  
Semantic Categories ◽  
Oral Production ◽  
The Status ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Semantic Domains

The present study examines two aspects of determiner phrases (dps) that have been previously investigated in Spanish/English code-switching; namely, the openness of semantic domains to non-native nouns and gender assignment in monolingual versus code-switched speech. The quantitative analysis of naturalistic, oral production data from 62 native speakers of Northern Belizean Spanish revealed both similarities and notable differences vis-à-vis previous findings for varieties of Spanish/English code-switching in theu.s. Hispanophone context. Semantic domains that favoured non-native nouns in Spanish/Englishdps included academia, technology, work/money-related terms, abstract concepts, linguistics/language terms and everyday items. In relation to gender assignation, assignment patterns in monolingualdps were canonical whereas an overwhelming preference for the masculine default gender was attested in mixeddps. Biological gender was not found to be deterministic in switcheddps. The analysis highlights the important role that type of code-switching has on contact outcomes in bi/multilingual communities, as speech patterns are reflective of the status and resourcefulness that code-switching is afforded at a societal and idiolectal level.

scholarly journals Where Are You From? Assortative Mating by Place of Origin in the United States

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
HAO-CHUN CHENG
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Assortative Mating ◽  
Panel Study ◽  
Marriage Market ◽  
The United States ◽  
Place Identity ◽  
Income Dynamics ◽  
Social Dimensions ◽  
Place Of Origin ◽  
And Gender

Previous studies showed that assortative mating occurred based on different social dimensions, such as age, education, and race or ethnicity. However, these studies ignored the potential impact of place of origin on people’s place identity and habitus and their associations with assortative mating in the United States. Using the Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID), in conjunction with the Current Population Survey (CPS), this study finds a clear pattern of assortative mating based on place of origin. Moreover, the results suggest that there are regional differences in assortative mating by place of origin, especially for women. Also, the length of residence shapes people’s habitus and thus the pattern of homogeneous matching by place of origin. The significant effects of race or ethnicity and the conditions of the marriage market before marriage vary by scale of place and gender. These findings suggest that place of origin is another dimension of assortative mating.

scholarly journals Representations of Gender-Diverse Characters in Adventure Time and Steven Universe

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 61
Author(s):  
Abigail S. Walsh
Keyword(s):  
Language Use ◽  
Children's Television ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Gender Representations ◽  
Television Shows ◽  
Gender Diverse ◽  
The Social ◽  
Gender Neutral ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Television Representation

Television is a strong educational and socializing agent for children. Watching television can teach children appropriate language and vocabulary to use, as well as the social norms about gender behaviors or activities. Previous research on gender representations in children’s television has been limited to studying male and female characters because children’s programming has historically presented audiences with cisgender characters (e.g., boy and girls). Recently, television shows aimed at children have provided audiences with nonbinary and gender-diverse characters. This study is the first exploratory content analysis, to my knowledge, to examine the portrayal and representation of nonbinary and gender-diverse characters in children’s television. The current study examined the gender-neutral pronoun and gendered language use toward nonbinary and gender-diverse characters, as well as the portrayal of these characters as leaders, and with special skills in Adventure Time and Steven Universe. Overall, nonbinary and gender-diverse characters were portrayed as strong, positive, characters, and were represented similarly to their cisgender counterparts. This represents a promising shift toward more inclusive and equitable television representation, which may lead to the acceptance and appropriate use of gender-neutral pronouns toward peers by cisgender children, and the feeling of visibility and validation by nonbinary children. Future research should examine the impacts of these characters on viewers. RELEVANCE STATEMENT: As children’s television becomes more diverse it has the potential to positively impact the lives of cisgender (e.g., boys and girls) and nonbinary children. Because television has the potential to influence young children, gender-diverse representations in children’s television may lead to children developing more accepting attitudes and behaviors toward nonbinary peers.

scholarly journals PEMODELAN BANGKITAN PERGERAKAN BERDASARKAN AKTIVITAS MANDATORY (SEKOLAH DAN BEKERJA) DARI KOMPLEK PERUMAHAN DI KABUPATEN ACEH BARAT

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 410-416
Author(s):  
Murdani Murdani ◽  
Renni Anggraini ◽  
Muhammad Isya
Keyword(s):  
Family Income ◽  
Social Activity ◽  
Generation Model ◽  
Trip Generation ◽  
Work Activity ◽  
Community Activities ◽  
Several Variables ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Main Activity ◽  
School Activity

Johan Pahlawan subdistrict is one of subdistricts in West Aceh. This subdistrict is center of all community activities compared to the sub-districts in West Aceh Regency. This is because there are many government offices, schools and trade centers. So that community activities tend to move to this sub-district. The modeling of trip generation has been performed by individuals in one area that will be needed to know by studying a variety of relationships between the characteristic of movements and the environmental of land use. This research aimed at achieving the modelling movements of generation based on activities in the housing of Caritas, Islamic Relief and IOM  in subdistrict of Johan Pahlawan in West Aceh Regency by identifying the factors which have influenced the occurrence of movements to the workplace by dwellers of housing. The data were collected by surveys, questionnaires and the formation of the model was collected by using SPSS 21 and multiple linear analysis to get the best trip generation model. In this study there are five types of activity, two as main activity and three as an additional activity. they are obtained is school activity (mandatory), work activity (mandatory), shuttle of children activity (maintenance), shuttle household affairs activity (maintenance) and social activity (maintenance). Based on the results of running from several variables there are 5 variables that meet to the criteria of model, the variables are number of family members (X1), family income (X2), age (X8), travel distance (X10) and gender (X11). The best models are: Work Aktivity (Y­­­­1) = 0.988 + 0.169 X1 + 0.582 X2, School Aktivity (Y2) = 1.684 + 0.865 X2 + 0.387 X8, Social Activity (Y3) = 0.885 + 0.564 X2 + 0.334 X10, Shuttle of Children Activity (Y4) = 1.028 + 0.902 X8 + 0.557 X11 and Shuttle Household Affairs Activity (Y5) = 2.367 + 0.931 X1 + 0.858 X2.

Summary and conclusion

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joseph Gafaranga
Keyword(s):  
Case Studies ◽  
Language Use ◽  
Research Direction ◽  
Code Switching ◽  
Negative Attitudes ◽  
New Approach ◽  
Advanced Level ◽  
Concurrent Use ◽  
Interactional Functions ◽  
New Research

Research in code-switching, undertaken against the backdrop of very negative attitudes towards the concurrent use of two or more languages within the same conversation, has traditionally been geared towards rehabilitating this form of language use. From being seen as a random phenomenon reflecting the user’s lack of competence, code-switching is currently seen as sign of an advanced level of competence in the languages involved and as serving different interactional functions. However, as a result of its success, the research tradition now faces an entirely new challenge: Where to from here? How can research in code-switching continue to be relevant and interesting now it has largely achieved its original purpose? This book has argued that, in order to overcome this challenge, the notion of bilingualism itself must be redefined. Bilingualism must be seen as consisting of diverse interactional practices and be investigated as such. This book has made the case for this new approach, outlined a methodology for investigating bilingualism as interactional practices and illustrated it by means of three case studies. This concluding chapter wraps up the argument and invites other researchers to contribute to this new research direction.

Language choice and conversational repair in bilingual interaction

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joseph Gafaranga
Keyword(s):  
Language Use ◽  
Language Choice ◽  
Code Switching ◽  
Negative Attitudes ◽  
Additional Resource ◽  
Concurrent Use ◽  
Language Alternation ◽  
Conversational Repair ◽  
Research Questions

Research in code-switching, undertaken against the backdrop of very negative attitudes towards the concurrent use of two or more languages within the same conversation, has traditionally been geared towards rehabilitating this form of language use. Now that code-switching has been rehabilitated, the research tradition faces an entirely new challenge, namely that of its continued relevance. This book argues that, in order to overcome this challenge, research should aim to describe specific interactional practices involving the use of two or more languages and outlines a methodology for doing so. This chapter illustrates this methodology by means of a specific case study. The chapter describes the interactional practice of conversational repair in bilingual interaction. Two research questions are raised: (a) where in the repair sequence can language alternation occur and (b) what does language alternation do when it occurs in repair sequences. It is shown that language alternation interacts with repair organisation in two ways. Either language alternation is the focus of conversational repair or it is an additional resource for the organisation of conversational repair.

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