Effects of dietary fermentable carbohydrates on the empty weights of the gastrointestinal tract in growing pigs.

2009 ◽  
pp. 17-20
Author(s):  
M. M. J. A. Rijnen ◽  
R. A. Dekker ◽  
G. C. M. Bakker ◽  
M. W. A. Verstegen ◽  
J. W. Schrama
Keyword(s):  
Gastrointestinal Tract ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Fermentable Carbohydrates

Dietary fibre and crude protein: impact on gastrointestinal microbial fermentation characteristics and host response

2015 ◽  
Vol 55 (12) ◽  
pp. 1367 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Pieper ◽  
W. Vahjen ◽  
J. Zentek
Keyword(s):  
Gastrointestinal Tract ◽  
Dietary Fibre ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Swine Industry ◽  
Biologically Relevant ◽  
Health And Nutrition ◽  
Complex Ecosystem ◽  
Fermentable Carbohydrates

The role of the gastrointestinal tract microbiota in animal health and nutrition has become the subject of intensive research. Carbohydrates and crude protein are major components of swine diets and numerous studies have been performed looking at the effect of inclusion of dietary fibre with possible functional properties. In recent years, our understanding of the diversity and functionality of the gastrointestinal tract microbiota has increased further enabling the possibility for their targeted modulation. However, favouring potential beneficial bacteria, inhibiting possible pathogens or promotion of the formation of desired metabolites, is complex and underlies many factors and uncertainties. Approaches targeting this complex ecosystem (and discussed in this review) include the utilisation of fermentable carbohydrates such as resistant starch, cereal 1–3/1–4 β-glucans, arabinoxylans, inulin or other sources from legumes and industrial by-products. In addition, strategies regarding protein level and the protein : carbohydrate ratio are discussed briefly. Results are both promising and sometimes rather disillusioning considering the dietary concentrations needed to show biologically relevant effects. Deriving recommendations for an optimal inclusion rate of dietary fibre for weaning, growing pigs and sows and maximum levels for dietary crude protein may be one of the main challenges in the near future in the swine industry.

scholarly journals 173 Characterization of urea transport mechanisms in the intestinal tract of growing pigs

2019 ◽  
Vol 97 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 176-176
Author(s):  
Daniel Columbus ◽  
Jack Krone ◽  
Miriam ter borgh ◽  
Kasia Burakowska ◽  
Gillian Gratton ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gastrointestinal Tract ◽  
Intestinal Tract ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Urea Transport ◽  
Urea Transporter ◽  
Intestinal Tissue ◽  
Tissue Samples ◽  
Ussing Chambers ◽  
Relative Contribution ◽  
Urea Recycling

Abstract Previous studies have indicated that pigs are capable of nitrogen salvage via urea recycling, which involves the movement of urea into the gastrointestinal tract and incorporation of nitrogen into endogenous or microbially produced amino acids. Aquaporins (AQP) and urea transporter B (UT-B) have been shown to contribute to urea transport in ruminants; however, it is unclear whether the same processes contribute to urea movement in the intestinal tract of the pig. The objective of this study was to characterize the presence and relative contribution of known urea transporters to urea flux in the growing pig. A total of 9 barrows of 50.8±0.9 kg BW were euthanized and samples of intestinal tissue were obtained from the duodenum, jejunum, ileum, cecum, and colon. All tissue samples were analyzed for mRNA abundance of UT-B and AQP-3, 7, and 10 via qPCR. Immediately after tissue collection, samples from jejunum and cecum were placed in Ussing chambers for analysis of serosal-to-mucosal urea flux using 14C-urea (49.95 kBq). Serosal-to-mucosal urea flux was measured across intestinal tissue samples with no inhibition or with addition of phloretin (1 mM) to inhibit UT-B-mediated transport, NiCl2 (1 mM) to inhibit AQP-mediated transport, or both inhibitors. UT-B was most highly expressed in the cecum (P < 0.05), while AQP-3, 7, and 10 were most highly expressed in the jejunum (P < 0.05). Serosal-to-mucosal urea flux occurred in both the jejunum and the cecum and was higher in the cecum (42.7 vs. 67.8±5.01 µmol/cm2/h; P < 0.05), confirming the capacity for urea recycling into the gut in pigs; however, neither flux rate was influenced by urea transporter inhibitors (P > 0.05). The results of this study indicate that while known urea transporters are present in the gastrointestinal tract of pigs, they do not play a significant role in urea transport.

The effect of diet on skatole concentrations in the intestine and adipose tissue of growing pigs

1990 ◽  
Vol 1990 ◽  
pp. 22-22
Author(s):  
S.H. Hawe ◽  
N. Walker
Keyword(s):  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Gastrointestinal Tract ◽  
Intestinal Tract ◽  
Microbial Metabolism ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Gastro Intestinal Tract ◽  
Entire Male

Microbial metabolism of dietary tryptophan in the gastro-intestinal tract results in the production of skatole and indole. These compounds, collectively classed as indoles, may be absorbed and deposited in carcass tissue and have been associated with taints especially in entire male pigs (Hansson et al., 1980). As indoles are readily absorbed over the entire tract in humans (Fordtran et al., 1964), it was suggested by Lundstrom et al. (1988) that diet may influence skatole production and hence levels in the carcass. The objectives of this study were to determine the sites of skatole production in the gastrointestinal tract and the effect of diet on production and carcass levels.

Influence of dietary fibre on digestive utilization and rate of passage in growing pigs, finishing pigs and adult sows

2002 ◽  
Vol 74 (3) ◽  
pp. 503-515 ◽  
Author(s):  
G.Le Goff ◽  
J. van Milgen ◽  
J. Noblet
Keyword(s):  
Gastrointestinal Tract ◽  
Sugar Beet ◽  
Dietary Fibre ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Compartment Model ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Sugar Beet Pulp ◽  
Finishing Pigs ◽  
Beet Pulp ◽  
The Difference

AbstractFour experimental diets differing in the level and the origin of dietary fibre (DF) were studied: a control, low DF diet (diet C, 100 g total dietary fibre (TDF) per kg dry matter (DM)) and three fibre-rich diets (200 g TDF per kg DM) which corresponded to a combination of diet C and maize bran (diet MB), or wheat bran (diet WB), or sugar-beet pulp (diet SBP). During two successive experimental periods, each diet was offered to five pigs at a growing stage (35 kg body weight (BW)) and at a finishing stage (75 kg BW). In addition, four adult ovariectomized sows received successively one of the four diets according to a 4 ✕ 4 Latin-square design. Digestive utilization of energy and nutrients of diets and rate of passage parameters were determined using a pulse dose of ytterbium oxide followed by total faecal collection. Faecal marker excretion was quantified using an age-dependent, one-compartment model, from which the mean retention time in the gastrointestinal tract of pigs (MRT) was obtained. The digestibility of dietary energy and nutrients, especially the DF fraction, increased with the increase in BW from growing to finishing pigs (P < 0.01) and was still higher in adult sows; the difference between pig stages was more pronounced for diet MB. At each stage, the digestibility of energy or nutrients was lower (P < 0.01) for diets MB or WB than for diet SBP. Accordingly, the energy and DF digestibility of sugar-beet pulp was higher and increased much less with BW. The MRT was shorter for diets MB and WB in growing pigs and in sows. Sows had a longer MRT (81 h) than finishing pigs (37 h) and growing pigs (33 h); however, MRT was highly variable between sows. It is concluded that the degree to which different types of DF are digested depends, in part, on the botanical origin, and it may be improved by a longer MRT in the gastrointestinal tract of pigs. Some fibrous foodstuffs (such as maize-by products) will benefit more from a longer MRT than others.

The impact of heat stress on intestinal function and productivity in grow-finish pigs

2015 ◽  
Vol 55 (12) ◽  
pp. 1403 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. K. Gabler ◽  
S. C. Pearce
Keyword(s):  
Heat Stress ◽  
Gastrointestinal Tract ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Intestinal Function ◽  
Transport Pathways ◽  
Altered Expression ◽  
Intestinal Integrity ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
The Impact

Heat stress is a physiological condition when animals can no longer regulate their internal euthermic temperature. When livestock such as pigs are subjected to this environmental stress, it can be detrimental to performance, health and well-being, and if severe enough even death. Growing pigs are particularly susceptible to heat stress and one of the major organs first affected by heat stress is the gastrointestinal tract. As a result, reductions in appetite, intestinal function and integrity and increased risk of endotoxemia can modify post-absorptive metabolism and tissue accretion. These changes in intestinal integrity may be a result of altered expression of tight junction proteins, increased circulating endotoxin concentrations and markers of cellular stress (heat shock and hypoxia response), which is evident as early on as 2 h after heat-stress onset. Due to restricted blood flow, the ileum is more severely affected compared with the colon. Interestingly, many of the negative effects of heat stress on intestinal integrity appear to be similar to those observed with pigs reared under reduced nutrient and caloric intakes. Altogether, these depress pig performance and health, and extend days to market. Despite this impact on the gastrointestinal tract, under heat-stress conditions, intestinal glucose transport pathways are upregulated. This review discussed how heat stress (directly and indirectly via reduced feed intake) affects intestinal integrity and how heat stress contributes to decreased growth performance in growing pigs.

scholarly journals Non-invasive smooth muscle electromyography (SMEMG) as a novel monitoring technology of the gastrointestinal tract of awake, free-moving pigs—A pilot study

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (9) ◽  
pp. e0257311
Author(s):  
Katalin Nagy ◽  
Hedvig Fébel ◽  
George Bazar ◽  
György Grosz ◽  
Róbert Gáspár ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Smooth Muscle ◽  
Gastrointestinal Tract ◽  
Measurement Techniques ◽  
Direct Methods ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Fast Fourier Transformation ◽  
Crude Fibre ◽  
Myoelectrical Activity ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Invasive Method

There are several mathematical models and measurements to determine the efficiency of the digestibility of different feedstuffs. However, there is lack of information regarding the direct methods or measurement techniques used to analyse the physical response of the different parts of the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) of growing pigs to different diets. Smooth muscle electromyography (SMEMG) is a non-invasive method for the measurement of gastrointestinal myoelectrical activity. In the present study, SMEMG methodology has been adapted from laboratory rats to pigs, and the effects of feedstuffs with control (CTR) or experimentally increased (EXP) amounts of fibre were investigated on gastrointestinal tract motility. Nine barrow pigs ((Danish Landrace × Danish Yorkshire) × Danish Duroc) were used (30 ± 3 kg), and their CTR and EXP feedstuffs contained 29 and 49 g/kg crude fibre (CF), respectively. Myoelectric activities of the stomach, ileum and caecum were detected in the awake pigs by a pair of electrodes. The recorded myoelectric signals were analysed with fast Fourier transformation (FFT), and the spectra were expressed in GIT section-specific cycles per minutes (cpm) values and the maximum power spectrum density (PsDmax). A significant increase (P < 0.001) was observed in the value of the PsDmax of the small intestine (20–25 cpm) as a consequence of the EXP diet. The PsDmax values of the stomach (3–5 cpm) and large intestine (1–3 cpm) did not show any significant change in pigs fed the EXP diet. As a direct and non-invasive method, SMEMG is suitable for the rapid evaluation of the effects of diets with different fibre contents on the GIT of non-anaesthetised, free-moving pigs.

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