Recent advancement of molecular breeding for improving salinity tolerance in wheat.

2021 ◽  
pp. 39-50
Author(s):  
Inès Yacoubi ◽  
Emna Khanfir ◽  
Karama Hamdi ◽  
Faïçal Brini
Keyword(s):  
Salinity Tolerance ◽  
Molecular Breeding ◽  
Triticum Turgidum ◽  
Wheat Varieties ◽  
Recent Advancement ◽  
Breeding Programmes ◽  
Molecular Selection ◽  
Selection For

Abstract This chapter provides an outline of the mechanisms of wheat salinity tolerance and discusses the challenges of several breeding programmes that are in progress with regard to durum (Triticum turgidum subsp. durum) and bread wheats using the integration of trait-based and molecular selection for delivering improved wheat varieties adapted to saline conditions.

Improvement of effectiveness in maize breeding

2006 ◽  
Vol 54 (3) ◽  
pp. 351-358 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Pepó
Keyword(s):  
Recurrent Selection ◽  
Genetic Manipulation ◽  
Field Testing ◽  
Tissue Cultures ◽  
Maize Breeding ◽  
Breeding Programmes ◽  
Speed Up ◽  
Selection For

Plant regeneration via tissue culture is becoming increasingly more common in monocots such as maize (Zea mays L.). Pollen (gametophytic) selection for resistance to aflatoxin in maize can greatly facilitate recurrent selection and the screening of germplasm for resistance at much less cost and in a shorter time than field testing. In vivo and in vitro techniques have been integrated in maize breeding programmes to obtain desirable agronomic attributes, enhance the genes responsible for them and speed up the breeding process. The efficiency of anther and tissue cultures in maize and wheat has reached the stage where they can be used in breeding programmes to some extent and many new cultivars produced by genetic manipulation have now reached the market.

Investigating temperament traits in cattle for quantitative trait loci (QTL) identification

2002 ◽  
Vol 2002 ◽  
pp. 66-66
Author(s):  
N. Ball ◽  
M.J. Haskell ◽  
J.L. Williams ◽  
J.M. Deag
Keyword(s):  
Quantitative Trait Loci ◽  
Quantitative Trait ◽  
Farm Animals ◽  
Behavioural Responses ◽  
Trait Loci ◽  
Breeding Programmes ◽  
Behavioural Phenotypes ◽  
Selection For ◽  
Temperament Traits ◽  
Behavioural Tests

Farm animals show individual variation in their behavioural responses to handling and management systems on farms. These behavioural responses are presumed to reflect underlying temperament traits such as fear or aggression. Information about the location of genes that influence temperament traits could be used in selective breeding programmes to improve animal welfare, as selection for desirable behavioural responses would increase the ability of animals to cope with stressors encountered on farms. The aims of this study were to obtain reliable temperament measurements in cattle using behavioural tests, and to use this data to localise the genes (quantitative trait loci) that are involved in such traits.Behavioural data obtained in temperament tests must be shown to reflect underlying traits by demonstrating intra-animal repeatability, inter-animal variability and validity. The objectives of this experiment were i) to carry out four behaviour tests on a group of heifers, and examine the repeatability, variability and validity of the results obtained; ii) to correlate the behavioural data with genotyping data from a large number of heifers to look for associations between behavioural phenotypes and genetic markers. Associations localise quantitative trait loci (QTLs), or regions of the genome, that are involved in these traits.

scholarly journals Breeding of maize types with specific traits at the Maize Research Institute, Zemun Polje

Genetika ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 39 (2) ◽  
pp. 169-180 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zorica Pajic
Keyword(s):  
Energy Crop ◽  
Maize Hybrids ◽  
High Lysine ◽  
Breeding Programmes ◽  
Selection For ◽  
High Amylose ◽  
Harvest Maturity ◽  
Maize Research Institute ◽  
Research Institute

Maize is primarily grown as an energy crop, but the use of different specific versions, such as high-oil maize, high-lysine maize, waxy maize, white-seeded maize, popping maize and sweet maize, is quite extensive. Speciality maize, due to its traits and genetic control of these traits, requires a particular attention in handling breeding material during the processes of breeding. It is especially related to prevention of uncontrolled pollination. In order to provide successful selection for a certain trait, the following specific procedures in evaluation of the trait are necessary: the estimation of a popping volume and flake quality in popping maize; the determination of sugars and harvest maturity in sweet maize; the determination of oil in selected samples of high-oil maize types, and so forth. Breeding programmes for speciality maize, except high-amylose maize, have been implemented at the Maize Research Institute, Zemun Polje, Belgrade, for the last 45 years. A great number of high-yielding sweet maize hybrids, popping maize, high-oil and high-lysine, flint and white-seeded maize hybrids were developed during this 45-year period. Auspicious selection and breeding for these traits is facilitated by the abundant genetic variability and technical and technological possibilities necessary for successful selection.

IDENTIFICATION OF SOURCES OF STUNTING AND PRECOCITY OF SOFT WINTER WHEAT, USING CLASSICAL ASSESSMENT METHODS AND DNA MARKERS

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
M.E. Mukhordova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Dna Markers ◽  
Assessment Methods ◽  
Wheat Varieties ◽  
New Variety ◽  
Selection For ◽  
Soft Winter Wheat

The article presents the results of the identification of short-stemmed and photoperiod genes in the genotype of winter wheat samples, which are used in the selection for crossing pairs of wheat varieties in the development of a new variety.

Application of pangenomics for wheat molecular breeding.

2021 ◽  
pp. 236-246
Author(s):  
Cassandria Tay Fernandez ◽  
Jacob Marsh ◽  
Mônica Furaste Danilevicz ◽  
Clémentine Mercé ◽  
David Edwards
Keyword(s):  
Abiotic Stress ◽  
Stress Resistance ◽  
Molecular Breeding ◽  
Genome Mapping ◽  
Global Environment ◽  
Wheat Cultivars ◽  
Wheat Varieties ◽  
Long Read ◽  
Beneficial Traits ◽  
Variable Genes

Abstract This chapter discusses the application of pangenomics for molecular breeding of wheat. Pangenomes can be used by both researchers and breeders alike to develop elite wheat cultivars through the discovery and integration of genetic variations associated with agronomically beneficial traits. By providing a reference that accommodates for variation in individuals, variants whose presence and/or absence control abiotic stress resistance and yield can be identified. This tool has only become more informative as more wheat varieties are sequenced, new sequencing approaches such as long-read sequencing and genome mapping are utilized, and tools for pangenomic analysis are developed. With pangenomics, variable genes from wild wheat relatives and related species can be used to optimize wheat molecular breeding and develop improved varieties tailored for the changing global environment.

Molecular breeding for improving aluminium resistance in wheat.

2021 ◽  
pp. 116-145
Author(s):  
Jorge Fernando Pereira
Keyword(s):  
Triticum Turgidum ◽  
Allelic Variation ◽  
Resistance Mechanism ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Al Tolerance ◽  
Resistant Lines ◽  
Breeding Programmes ◽  
Aluminium Resistance ◽  
Wheat Wild Relatives ◽  
Genomic Regions

Abstract This chapter aims at describing the main physiological mechanisms associated with aluminium (Al) resistance in wheat and how the research about these mechanisms has evolved to its current status. Practical aspects of phenotyping and using the molecular basis to increase Al resistance, which can be easily introduced in breeding programmes, are detailed. This chapter discusses the reliability of methods to screen root growth under Al stress, the allelic variation of genes associated with the main Al resistance mechanism in wheat, the quantitative trait loci and genomic regions that might contain minor Al tolerance genes, the use of wheat wild relatives, the uncertainties of developing transgenic wheat for greater Al resistance and the development of Al-resistant lines of durum wheat (Triticum turgidum subsp. durum).

Physiological responses to selection for carcass lean content in a terminal sire breed of sheep

1991 ◽  
Vol 1991 ◽  
pp. 25-25
Author(s):  
N.D. Cameron
Keyword(s):  
Lipid Metabolism ◽  
Genetic Improvement ◽  
Selection Index ◽  
Carcass Composition ◽  
Physiological Traits ◽  
Esterified Fatty Acids ◽  
Breeding Programmes ◽  
Selection For ◽  
Terminal Sire ◽  
Sire Breed

Sheep breeding programmes for genetic improvement in carcass composition of terminal sires measure livewelght and ultrasonic backfat and muscle depths for inclusion in a selection index to predict genetic merit. Physiological traits which were genetically correlated with carcass traits could be incorporated into the selection index to increase the accuracy of selection and the rate of genetic improvement.This study examined differences in physiological traits between lines selected for high or low carcass lean content. The measured physiological traits were chosen according to their role in protein and lipid metabolism : b-hydroxybutyrate (BHB) and glucose (GLUC) : indicators of energy balance; triglyceride (TRIG) and non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA) : intermediaries of lipid metabolism; UREA and creatinine (CREA) : indicators of nitrogen / amino acid metabolism and insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1): an Indicator of growth hormone status.

scholarly journals Genotypic variability for salt stress tolerance among wild and cultivated wheat germplasms at an early development stage

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 375-380
Author(s):  
Imen Klay ◽  
Leila Riahi ◽  
Hajer Slim Amara ◽  
Abderrazak Daaloul
Keyword(s):  
Salt Stress ◽  
Stress Tolerance ◽  
Common Wheat ◽  
Triticum Turgidum ◽  
Wheat Variety ◽  
Development Stage ◽  
Salt Stress Tolerance ◽  
Wheat Varieties ◽  
The Common ◽  
Photosynthetic Traits

AbstractThis study was conducted to evaluate the variability of salt tolerance potentials among nine wheat genotypes representing wild and cultivated species namely Triticum turgidum subsp. durum, Triticum aestivum and Aegilops geniculata. Ionomic and photosynthetic traits were used for the screening of the studied samples when faced with four salinity levels of NaCl (0, 50, 100 and 150 mM) under green house conditions at the seedling stage. The investigated genotypes exhibited different levels of salt stress tolerance. Ionomic and photosynthetic traits underline the distinctiveness of the common wheat varieties which highlighted particular performances under salt stress conditions and showed higher tolerance potentials among the studied genotypes. Interestingly, the Vaga variety showed more ability to maintain higher K+/Na+ ratios and Pq coefficients compared with the control conditions and stable Fv/F0 and Fv/Fm ratios. Stable behaviour was exhibited by wild Aegilops accessions while durum wheat varieties have been shown to be more sensitive to salt stress. Further investigations were required for the common wheat variety Vaga, which could be useful for successful breeding and biotechnological improvement strategies concerning wheat species.

scholarly journals The determination of the resistance inheritance against common bunt in wheat and half-diallel hybrids

2019 ◽  
Vol 55 (No. 4) ◽  
pp. 254-260
Author(s):  
Gülçin Akgören Palabiyik ◽  
İsmail Poyraz ◽  
Ahmet Umay
Keyword(s):  
Disease Resistance ◽  
Bread Wheat ◽  
Resistance Genes ◽  
Common Bunt ◽  
Wheat Varieties ◽  
Complete Dominance ◽  
Selection For ◽  
Half Diallel ◽  
Dominant Genes

This study was conducted to determine the inheritance of common bunt resistance in twelve bread wheat varieties and their half-diallel hybrids in Turkey. The disease ratings were performed on the F2 generations of the hybrids in field conditions. The obtained data were analysed by the χ2 test to determine the effective gene numbers and inheritance type in the disease resistance. In addition, the data were evaluated according to the Jinks-Hayman diallel analyses. In conclusion, it was found that of the twelve wheat parents, four contained three resistance genes and four of them contain two resistance genes. The dominant genes were prominent in the population and complete dominance was present. Therefore, the selection for disease resistance should be delayed until the following generations.

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