The utilization of dietary protein by Nigerian men

1976 ◽  
Vol 36 (3) ◽  
pp. 337-351 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. M. Nicol ◽  
P. G. Phillips
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Income Group ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Protein Requirements ◽  
Safe Level ◽  
Physiological Processes ◽  
Protein Energy ◽  
Nigerian Men ◽  
Faecal Nitrogen ◽  
Energy Ratios

1. The excretion of urinary and faecal nitrogen by young Nigerian men of a low income group was found to vary significantly between subjects, but was not significantly different in the same subject, when they were given a mixed diet composed of rice, vegetables and fish on two separate occasions. At the levels of energy and protein supplied by this diet the men gained or lost small amounts of weight, mean values indicating N equilibrium, the variation around the mean being high.2. The correlation between the urinary and faecal N of these men was significantly negative at and below the level of N equilibrium, becoming positive 2–3 weeks after they had consumed the above diet supplemented by 400 g of lean beef per day, and had already established considerable rates of gain in body-weight and N retention. The diets were made isoenergetic by adding the beef at the expense of cassava flour and red palm oil.3. The physiological processes involved in the adaptation, by young Nigerian men of low income, to a highly efficient use of low-protein diets are discussed in relation to the biological value and true digestibility of those diets, and to the ‘safe level of protein intake’ and protein-energy ratios proposed by FAO/WHO (1973, 1975).4. It is concluded that the protein requirements of apparently healthy men can only be established in the context of their ecological, socio-economic and nutritional backgrounds.

The utilization of proteins and amino acids in diets based on cassava (Manihot utilissima), rice or sorghum (Sorghum sativa) by young Nigerian men of low income

1978 ◽  
Vol 39 (2) ◽  
pp. 271-287 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. M. Nicol ◽  
P. G. Phillips
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Ad Hoc ◽  
The Body ◽  
Expert Committee ◽  
Crude Fibre ◽  
Protein Requirements ◽  
Dietary Nitrogen ◽  
Sorghum Flour ◽  
Nigerian Men

1. The net protein utilization (npu, the percentage of dietary nitrogen retained in the body, allowance being made for endogenous urinary and faecal N) of diets composed of Nigerian foodstuffs, based on rice, sorghum (Sorghum sativa) or cassava (Manihot utilissima), was compared to that of a minimal protein diet used to determine endogenous N excretion, supplemented with whole egg. The addition of dl-methionine and l-tryptophan to the rice diet produced a small but non-significant increase in npu, whereas the addition of dl-methionine to the cassava diet produced a very significant increase in npu. The npu of a diet based on home-pounded, winnowed, sorghum flour was higher than that of a diet based on milled whole-meal sorghum due to the low digestibility of the latter diet.2. The digestibility of the rice and cassava diets were the same, although the total crude fibre content of the rice diets was lower than that of the cassava diets.3. Nigerian men used the proteins of the egg diet and of mixed diets based on rice, sorghum and cassava more efficiently than predicted by applying methods recommended by the FAO/WHO ad hoc Expert Committee on Energy and Protein Requirements (FAO/WHO, 1973).4. The recommendations of that Committee (FAO/WHO, 1973) to reduce the amounts of sulphur amino acids and tryptophan, contained in the ‘provisional pattern of amino acids’ proposed by the FAO Committee on Protein Requirements (FAO, 1957), are supported, but the increases in lysine and threonine are not supported, by the present results.

scholarly journals Global trends in medical education accreditation

2021 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Deborah Bedoll ◽  
Marta van Zanten ◽  
Danette McKinley
Keyword(s):  
Medical Education ◽  
World Bank ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Regional Cooperation ◽  
Medical Schools ◽  
Income Group ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Fiscal Year ◽  
The World ◽  
Google Search

Abstract Background Accreditation systems in medical education aim to assure various stakeholders that graduates are ready to further their training or begin practice. The purpose of this paper is to explore the current state of medical education accreditation around the world and describe the incidence and variability of these accreditation agencies worldwide. This paper explores trends in agency age, organization, and scope according to both World Bank region and income group. Methods To find information on accreditation agencies, we searched multiple online accreditation and quality assurance databases as well as the University of Michigan Online Library and the Google search engine. All included agencies were recorded on a spreadsheet along with date of formation or first accreditation activity, name changes, scope, level of government independence, accessibility and type of accreditation standards, and status of WFME recognition. Comparisons by country region and income classification were made based on the World Bank’s lists for fiscal year 2021. Results As of August 2020, there were 3,323 operating medical schools located in 186 countries or territories listed in the World Directory of Medical Schools. Ninety-two (49%) of these countries currently have access to undergraduate accreditation that uses medical-specific standards. Sixty-four percent (n = 38) of high-income countries have medical-specific accreditation available to their medical schools, compared to only 20% (n = 6) of low-income countries. The majority of World Bank regions experienced the greatest increase in medical education accreditation agency establishment since the year 2000. Conclusions Most smaller countries in Europe, South America, and the Pacific only have access to general undergraduate accreditation, and many countries in Africa have no accreditation available. In countries where medical education accreditation exists, the scope and organization of the agencies varies considerably. Regional cooperation and international agencies seem to be a growing trend. The data described in our study can serve as an important resource for further investigations on the effectiveness of accreditation activities worldwide. Our research also highlights regions and countries that may need focused accreditation development support.

scholarly journals The Impact of Urban Recreation Environment on Residents’ Happiness—Based on a Case Study in China

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (10) ◽  
pp. 5549
Author(s):  
Lei Kang ◽  
Zhaoping Yang ◽  
Fang Han
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Subjective Evaluation ◽  
Objective Evaluation ◽  
Income Group ◽  
High Income Group ◽  
Rapid Urbanization ◽  
Indirect Impact ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Urban Recreation

Rapid urbanization promotes the expansion of urban tourism and recreation functions, but it also brings many problems, which affect residents’ happiness. Previous studies have emphasized the direct impact of urban recreation environment on happiness, and few have explored the indirect impact of urban recreation environment on happiness through subjective evaluation. Based on the survey data of nearly 10,000 permanent residents in 40 key tourism cities in China, this paper establishes a theoretical framework of the direct and indirect impact of urban recreation environment on happiness. The objective evaluation of natural recreation environment and sociocultural recreation environment has an important influence on happiness, but the influence of natural recreation environment is greater than that of sociocultural recreation environment. Individual subjective satisfaction with urban recreation environment mediates the relationship between urban objective environment and happiness. Urban parks have a positive effect on happiness, while tourist attractions have a negative effect. The influence of urban location on happiness is nonlinear. The high-income group is more sensitive to the recreation environment, while the low-income group is less sensitive to the recreation environment. These findings provide insights for further improving citizens’ quality of life and designing urban construction in developing countries under the conditions of rapid urbanization.

scholarly journals Dynamic Oral Texture Properties of Selected Indigenous Complementary Porridges Used in African Communities

Foods ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (6) ◽  
pp. 221 ◽  
Author(s):  
James Makame ◽  
Tanita Cronje ◽  
Naushad M. Emmambux ◽  
Henriette De Kock
Keyword(s):  
Young Children ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Nutrient Intake ◽  
Control Method ◽  
Protein Energy Malnutrition ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Major Public Health Problem ◽  
Texture Properties ◽  
Protein Energy ◽  
Infants And Young Children

Child malnutrition remains a major public health problem in low-income African communities, caused by factors including the low nutritional value of indigenous/local complementary porridges (CP) fed to infants and young children. Most African children subsist on locally available starchy foods, whose oral texture is not well-characterized in relation to their sensorimotor readiness. The sensory quality of CP affects oral processing (OP) abilities in infants and young children. Unsuitable oral texture limits nutrient intake, leading to protein-energy malnutrition. The perception of the oral texture of selected African CPs (n = 13, Maize, Sorghum, Cassava, Orange-fleshed sweet potato (OFSP), Cowpea, and Bambara) was investigated by a trained temporal-check-all-that-apply (TCATA) panel (n = 10), alongside selected commercial porridges (n = 19). A simulated OP method (Up-Down mouth movements- munching) and a control method (lateral mouth movements- normal adult-like chewing) were used. TCATA results showed that Maize, Cassava, and Sorghum porridges were initially too thick, sticky, slimy, and pasty, and also at the end not easy to swallow even at low solids content—especially by the Up-Down method. These attributes make CPs difficult to ingest for infants given their limited OP abilities, thus, leading to limited nutrient intake, and this can contribute to malnutrition. Methods to improve the texture properties of indigenous CPs are needed to optimize infant nutrient intake.

Inpatients’ experience and the associated factors: A cross-sectional study at Lung hospital, Son La, in 2020

2021 ◽  
Vol 05 (04) ◽  
pp. 110-116
Author(s):  
Huu Thang Nguyen ◽  
◽  
Thi Nguyet Minh Doan ◽  
Thanh Huong Tran ◽  
Hai Thanh Pham
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Associated Factors ◽  
Income Group ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Sectional Study ◽  
Related Factors ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Medical Facilities ◽  
Middle Income Group

Objectives: Medical facilities with an autonomous tendency always try to serve positive and pleasant experiences to improve the brand name, increase patient satisfaction and loyalty. A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted on 245 inpatients at Lung Hospital in Son La province in 2020. To describe the current situation of the inpatient's experience at Lung Hospital in Son La province by 2020 and its related factors. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study conducted on 245 inpatients at Son La Lung Hospital Results: The study showed that the total score of inpatients’ experience ranged from 22 points to 57 points and the mean of it was 39.7 (6.13) points. Subject's experience scores were divided into 2 groups, the satisfied group accounted for 32.7% and the percentage of the unsatisfied group was 67.3%. As compared to men, a higher total score of women was (OR: 1.134; 95% CI: 0.284-0.997). The urban area group’s score was 1,190 times higher than that of those who live in rural and mountainous areas (95% CI: 1,010 - 1,400). The middle-income group had more positive experience than the low-income group (OR: 1.180; 95% CI: 1.010 - 1.370). Conclusions: Our research showed that gender, living area and economic condition affected the total score of inpatients’ experience at the Lung hospital. Keywords: Patient experiences, inpatient treatment, hospital, associated factors

Reevaluation of the Dietary Protein Requirements and Optimum Dietary Protein to Energy Ratios in Japanese Eel, Anguilla japonica

2007 ◽  
Vol 38 (3) ◽  
pp. 418-426 ◽  
Author(s):  
Okorie E. Okorie ◽  
Young-Chul Kim ◽  
Seunghyung Lee ◽  
Jun-Young Bae ◽  
Jin H. Yoo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dietary Protein ◽  
Anguilla Japonica ◽  
Japanese Eel ◽  
Protein Requirements ◽  
Energy Ratios

scholarly journals BURDEN OF THERAPY IN PATIENTS SUFFERING FROM DIABETES MELLITUS AND HYPERTENSION

2017 ◽  
Vol 9 (5) ◽  
pp. 210
Author(s):  
Mali Kalpana Ramanna ◽  
Ruckmani A. ◽  
Siddharam S. Janti ◽  
Madhavi Eerike ◽  
R. Lakshmipathy Prabu
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Occupational Status ◽  
Income Group ◽  
Psychological Burden ◽  
Monthly Cost ◽  
Validated Questionnaire ◽  
Treatment Of Diabetes ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Post Hoc

Objective: To estimate a) monthly expenditure for treatment of diabetes mellitus (DM), hypertension (HTN) and both (DM+HTN) and b) economic burden (EB) and psychological burden (PB) of therapy of DM, HTN and DM+HTN.Methods: An observational questionnaire-based study was conducted among 180 patients. The monthly cost of drug therapy was assessed based on the drugs they were taking and the cost of individual drugs. The EB and PB were assessed using a validated questionnaire and data analysed by ANOVA followed by post hoc test.Results: Among 216 patients who were interviewed, 180 fulfilled the selection criteria. Among 180, 75 had DM, 40 HTN and 65 had both. Prevalence of DM and DM+HTN was higher among females and of HTN equal among males and females. The average total monthly cost of therapy for DM was INR 2077, for HTN INR 1464 and for DM+HTN INR 2269.Significant correlation was found between income and percentage of expenditure (p<0.001) in all the groups. The PB was found to correlate with low income (p<0.001), poor education (p<0.05) occupation (p<0.01) in DM+HTN and number of tablets (p<0.01) in DM and DM+HTN groups.Conclusion: The cost of therapy was higher for DM+HTN and DM. The percentage of expenditure was higher in low-income group and burden of therapy was directly proportional to the number of tablets, poor educational and occupational status; and inversely proportional to income.

scholarly journals Widening or narrowing income inequalities in myocardial infarction? Time trends in life years free of myocardial infarction and after incidence

2021 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Juliane Tetzlaff ◽  
Fabian Tetzlaff ◽  
Siegfried Geyer ◽  
Stefanie Sperlich ◽  
Jelena Epping
Keyword(s):  
Myocardial Infarction ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Income Group ◽  
Federal State ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Mortality Risks ◽  
Income Inequalities ◽  
Life Years ◽  
Incidence And Mortality ◽  
Over Time

Abstract Background Despite substantial improvements in prevention and therapy, myocardial infarction (MI) remains a frequent health event, causing high mortality and serious health impairments. Previous research lacks evidence on how social inequalities in incidence and mortality risks developed over time, and on how these developments affect the lifespan free of MI and after MI in different social subgroups. This study investigates income inequalities in MI-free life years and life years after MI and whether these inequalities widened or narrowed over time. Methods The analyses are based on claims data of a large German health insurance provider insuring approximately 2.8 million individuals in the federal state Lower Saxony. Trends in income inequalities in incidence and mortality were assessed for all subjects aged 60 years and older by comparing the time periods 2006–2008 and 2015–2017 using multistate survival models. Trends in the number of life years free of MI and after MI were calculated separately for income groups by applying multistate life table analyses. Results MI incidence and mortality risks decreased over time, but declines were strongest among men and women in the higher-income group. While life years free of MI increased in men and women with higher incomes, no MI-free life years were gained in the low-income group. Among men, life years after MI increased irrespective of income group. Conclusions Income inequalities in the lifespan spent free of MI and after MI widened over time. In particular, men with low incomes are disadvantaged, as life years spent after MI increased, but no life years free of MI were gained.

scholarly journals SOCIODEMOGRAPHIC FACTORS AFFECTING PATIENT COMPLIANCE TO LONG-TERM THERAPIES

2021 ◽  
pp. 59-62
Author(s):  
SHAKEEL AHMAD MIR
Keyword(s):  
Patient Compliance ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Income Group ◽  
Sociodemographic Factors ◽  
High Income Group ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Validated Questionnaire ◽  
Adherence Scale ◽  
Study Population

Objective: The aim is to study the effect of various sociodemographic factors on patient compliance in long-term therapies. Methods: This is a questionnaire-based study of 195 adult outdoor patients suffering from chronic illnesses and receiving long-term drug therapy. Various sociodemographic factors were noted in a validated questionnaire. Questions about drugs being taken were asked. The compliance was measured by General Medication Adherence Scale. Results: The study population consists of 51.3% of males and 48.7% of females. About 39.0% of participants were literate and 61.0% were illiterate. About 72.3% belonged to the rural area, 13.3% urban, and 14.4% to the main city. About 33.3% were self-employed or unemployed, 17.4% government employees, and 49.3% were private employees. About 20.0% belonged to high-income group, and 40.0% to middle- and 40.0% to low-income group. Statistically significant correlation was found between compliance and age, gender, area of residence, education, and marital status (p<0.05). Better compliance was observed in men, unmarried,middle-aged, literate, and urban populations. Conclusions: We conclude that some sociodemographic factors correlate with compliance to long-term therapies.

scholarly journals The Effect of Government Policy on Housing Delivery in Nigeria: A Case Study of Port Harcourt Low Income Housing Programme

2015 ◽  
Vol 61 ◽  
pp. 87-98 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Owuike Iheme ◽  
James Bassey Effiong ◽  
Samuel Bassey Ekung
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Government Policy ◽  
Income Group ◽  
Mortgage Market ◽  
Government Policies ◽  
Survey Method ◽  
Related Factors ◽  
High Interest Rate ◽  
Housing Needs ◽  
The Impact

Housing is one of the most important needs of individuals next to food and clothing. Housing needs for low income earners has reached an alarming stage in Nigeria. On the supply side, numerous government policies have earlier aimed at disabling the massive shortage through numerous housing reform programmes. Despite these preceding efforts, housing remains an illusion to an average Nigerian. This research assessed the effect of government policy on housing delivery in Nigeria. The objectives were to determine housing needs of the low income group in Nigeria and to determine the impact of government policies on affordable housing provision to the low income group. Survey method was used to collect data from 44 respondents through the administration of questionnaires which was analyzed with statistical tools. The findings from the study shows that insufficient fund is closely related to other finance related factors identified as barriers to the accessibility of public housing by the low income group who are non-public servants. Such factors as high interest rate, low per capita income, lack of security of income, lack of collateral and high cost of public houses. The study suggest the creation of a viable secondary mortgage market, improvement of land registration and allocation, compassionate urban renewal programmes, cost saving house designs amongst others.

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