scholarly journals Apparent amino acid absorption from feather meal by chicks

1983 ◽  
Vol 49 (3) ◽  
pp. 395-399 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rachel Bielorai ◽  
Z. Harduf ◽  
B. Iosif ◽  
Eugenia Alumot
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Glutamic Acid ◽  
Amino Acid Composition ◽  
Aspartic Acid ◽  
Soya Bean ◽  
Magnesium Ferrite ◽  
Feather Meal ◽  
Two Samples ◽  
Lower Ileum

1. The apparent absorption values of individual amino acids from two samples of feather meal (FM) were determined in the lower ileum of chicks fed on diets containing magnesium ferrite as a marker.2. The average absorption values for FM amino acids were low, approximately 0.50, as compared with approximately 0.85 for soya bean, used as a control. Values for individual amino acids from FM differed distinctly, ranging from 0.20 to 0.70. Low values were obtained for aspartic acid, histidine, lysine, glutamic acid and cystine.3. An indication of the low absorption of the previously-mentioned amino acids was obtained by analysing the amino acid composition of the FM residues undigested by pepsin or pancreatin.4. The reasons for testing the apparent rather than the true absorption are discussed.

scholarly journals The effect of Cladophora glomerata exudates on the amino acid composition of Cladophora fracta and Rhizoclonium sp.

2019 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 313-324 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marta Pikosz ◽  
Joanna Czerwik-Marcinkowska ◽  
Beata Messyasz
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Glutamic Acid ◽  
Amino Acid Composition ◽  
Aspartic Acid ◽  
Defense Mechanisms ◽  
Chemical Stress ◽  
Cladophora Glomerata ◽  
Adaptation To Stress ◽  
Filamentous Green Algae

AbstractFilamentous green algae (FGA) frequently forms dense mats which can be either mono- or polyspecies. While various defense mechanisms of competition in algae are known, little is known about the interactions between different species of FGA. An experiment in controlled laboratory conditions was conducted to gather data on the changes in amino acids (AA) concentrations in FGA species in the presence of exudates from different other species. The aim of the present study was to identify the AA whose concentrations showed significant changes and to assess if the changes could be adaptation to stress conditions. The major constituents of the AA pool in Cladophora glomerata, C. fracta and Rhizoclonium sp. were Glutamic acid (Glu), Aspartic acid (Asp) and Leucine (Leu). In response to chemical stress, that is the increasing presence of exudates, a significant increase in the concentrations Proline (Pro) and Tryptophan (Trp) was noted. The increase in Proline levels was observed in C. fracta and Rhizoclonium in response to chemical stress induced by C. glomerata exudates. As the concentration of exudates increased in the medium, there was a progressive shift in the pattern of AA group in FGA.

scholarly journals Determination of qualitative composition and quantitative content of amino acids in garlic bulbs and leaves

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. I. Fedosov ◽  
V. S. Kyslychenko ◽  
O. M. Novosel
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Glutamic Acid ◽  
Amino Acid Composition ◽  
Aspartic Acid ◽  
Acid Composition ◽  
Bound State ◽  
Quantitative Content ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Plant Amino Acids

Introduction. Plant amino acids have an important impact on functioning of various systems and organs of human body. In addition, they possess a wide range of pharmacotherapeutic properties, improve the digestion and potentiate the activity of biologically active compounds present in plants. Thus, the search of plant species that contain a large complex of plant amino acids and are used as food is of current interest. Garlic (Allium sativum L.) from Alliaceae family is one of such plants, and has been used since ancient times for the treatment of various disorders.The aim of the study – to determine the composition and quantitative content of free and bound amino acids of garlic bulbs and leaves.Research methods. The amino acid composition was determined using the high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method.Results and Discussion. 16 amino acids were detected in garlic bulbs as a result of the experiment. Arginine (3.04 %) and proline (1.56 %) were found to be accumulated infree state, while glutamic acid (10.59 %), aspartic acid (6.06 %) and arginine (5.94 %) prevailed in bound state. 15 free and 16 bound amino acids were identified and quantified in garlic leaves. Glutamic acid (2.11 %), leucine (1.79 %), valine (1.77 %), isoleucine (1.52 %), treonine and phenylalanine (1.44 %) dominated infree state, and glutamic acid (28.49 %), aspartic acid (12.90 %) and leucine (7.61 %) prevailed in bound state. Methionine was found only in bound state in garlic leaves.Conclusions. The amino acid composition of garlic bulbs and leaves was studied using the HPLC method. 16 amino acids in both free and bound state were detected and their content was determined in garlic bulbs, while in garlic leaves – 15 free and 16 bound amino acids. The results of the experiment showed that methionine is present only in bound state in garlic leaves.

The influence of formic acid and formaldehyde additives and type of harvesting machine on the utilization of nitrogen in lucerne silages: 2. Changes in amino-acid composition during ensiling and their influence on nutritive value

1978 ◽  
Vol 91 (3) ◽  
pp. 717-725 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. N. Barry ◽  
D. N. Mundell ◽  
R. J. Wilkins ◽  
D. E. Beever
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Formic Acid ◽  
Glutamic Acid ◽  
Amino Acid Composition ◽  
Aspartic Acid ◽  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Formaldehyde Treatment ◽  
Amino Acid Degradation ◽  
Voluntary Intake

SummaryLucerne was made into ten silages using either a flail or a precision-chop harvester with application of formaldehyde or a range of rates of formic acid during harvesting. Amino-acid analyses were done on the silages and on samples taken from the herbage at ensiling.In excess of 70% of aspartic acid, serine, glutamic acid, tyrosine, threonine, lysine, histidine and arginine were destroyed in untreated silages when a flail harvester was used and in excess of 50% when a precision-chop harvester was used. Glycine, leucine, iso-leucine, valine and methionine showed little change, with net losses or increases of up to 10%, whilst proline, cystine + cysteine and phenylalanine were intermediate between these two categories. Net synthesis of alanine and α and γ amino-butyric acids occurred in the untreated silages. Increasing rates of formic acid addition, and the use of the precision-chop harvester, reduced the loss of the amino acids which were extensively degraded in the untreated silages and minimized the increases in alanine and α and γ amino-butyric acids. Formaldehyde treatment also reduced amino-acid degradation, apart from apparently high losses of lysine, histidine and tyrosine. It was concluded, however, that these losses arose through problems of estimation in formaldehyde-treated silages following HCl hydrolysis.It is suggested that the most probable precursors for alanine and α and γ aminobutyric acids were respectively aspartic acid, threonine and glutamic acid. Voluntary intake and the utilization of silage nitrogen by young sheep were related to the net changes in amino acids involved in decarboxylation reactions, the best measures of this being the interconversions involving the formation of alanine and α and γ aminobutyric acids. Deamination reactions appeared to be of much less importance in limiting silage nutritive value than those involving decarboxylation.

AMINO ACID COMPOSITION AND NITROGEN-TO-PROTEIN FACTORS FOR GRAIN LEGUMES

1980 ◽  
Vol 60 (4) ◽  
pp. 1327-1331 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. W. SOSULSKI ◽  
N. W. HOLT
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Glutamic Acid ◽  
Amino Acid Composition ◽  
Aspartic Acid ◽  
Acid Composition ◽  
Grain Legumes ◽  
Nonprotein Nitrogen ◽  
Adult Human ◽  
Coefficients Of Variation

Eleven grain legumes were analyzed for amino acids (AA), AA scores and essential AA indexes (EAAI). Nitrogen-to-protein (N:P) factors were determined from these data. Concentrations of AA per gram of nitrogen were relatively constant among species with the exception of the AA arginine, methionine, tryptophan and cystine which had coefficients of variation of 23–30%. On average, arginine, leucine, lysine, aspartic acid and glutamic acid accounted for 50% of the total of all AA. These grain legumes met adult human requirements for essential AA except for methionine and cystine which were deficient in all species. This resulted in an average AA score and EAAI of 56 and 89, respectively. The N:P factor was 5.6 for the 11 species but this value was 5.0 if corrected for nonprotein nitrogen.

scholarly journals The digestion by cattle of silage-containing diets fed at two dry matter intakes

1985 ◽  
Vol 54 (2) ◽  
pp. 483-492 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. A. Greife ◽  
J. A. Rooke ◽  
D. G. Armstrong
Keyword(s):  
Small Intestine ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Glutamic Acid ◽  
Amino Acid Composition ◽  
Acid Composition ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Soya Bean ◽  
Rumen Bacteria ◽  
Bean Meal ◽  
Soya Bean Meal

1. In a 4 x 4 Latin square experiment four cows were given, twice daily, diets consisting of (g/kg dry matter (DM)) 500 barley, 400 grass silage and 100 soya-bean meal. The diets were given at either 1.15 (L) or 2.3 (H) times maintenance energy requirements and the soya-bean meal was either untreated (U) or formaldehyde (HCH0)-treated (T).2. The passage of digesta to the duodenum was estimated using chromic oxide as a flow marker;35S was used to estimate the amount of microbial protein entering the small intestine. A microbial fraction was prepared by differential centrifugation from duodenal digesta. Samples of bacteria and of protozoa from rumen digesta were also prepared.3. The total amino acid contents of feedingstuffs, duodenal digesta, duodenal microbial material, rumen bacteria and rumen protozoa were determined by ion-exchange chromatography. The D-alanine and D-glutamic acid contents of the samples were determined by gas–liquid chromatography.4. The quantity of each amino acid entering the small intestine was significantly (P < 0,001) increased by increasing DM intake and tended to be increased by formaldehyde-treatment of the soya-bean meal. There were net losses of all amino acids across the forestomachs except for lysine, methione, o-alanine and D-glutamic acid for which there were net gains.5. There were significant (P < 0.05) differences in amino acid composition between rumen bacteria and duodenal microbial material; differences in amino acid composition between rumen bacteria and rumen protozoa were also observed.6. D-Alanine and D-glutamic acid were present in the silage but not in the barley or either of the soya-bean meals. All samples of microbes and digesta contained D-alanine and D-glutamic acid.7. The use of D-ahine and D-glUtamiC acid as markers for microbial nitrogen entering the small intestine was assessed. Estimates of the quantities of microbial N entering the small intestine based on the D-alanine or D-glutamic acid contents of rumen bacteria or duodenal microbes were significantly higher than those determined using 35S as a marker.

The influence of diet on the nitrogenous components passing to the duodenum and through the lower ileum of sheep

1966 ◽  
Vol 166 (1002) ◽  
pp. 63-79 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Glutamic Acid ◽  
Nitrogen Content ◽  
Aspartic Acid ◽  
Total Nitrogen ◽  
Amino Nitrogen ◽  
Terminal Part ◽  
High Nitrogen ◽  
Low Nitrogen ◽  
Lower Ileum

Analyses of the alimentary contents flowing to the duodenum of sheep during 24 h show that when the sheep are consuming a low-nitrogen diet more total nitrogen and amino nitrogen pass to the duodenum than are eaten daily in the food whereas when the sheep are eating high nitrogen diets, less total nitrogen and less amino nitrogen pass to the duodenum. The disparity between the total nitrogen and amino nitrogen content of the diets largely disappeared by the time the alimentary contents reached the terminal part of the ileum. From 64 to 68% of the nitrogen entering the duodenum and 54 to 64% of the nitrogen in the ileal contents was in the form of amino nitrogen. Proportionately more of the amino nitrogen was in solution in the ileal contents than in the duodenal contents. Losses of amino acids in the stomach when a high-nitrogen diet was consumed were especially large for glutamic acid, aspartic acid, proline, arginine and leucine. They were least for cystine and threonine. Gains of amino acids in the stomach when low nitrogen diets were consumed were all substantial except for proline, where a loss was found when hay and flaked maize were given. When these changes are considered as proportions of the quantities eaten then trends are similar for all acids. Changes in the molar proportions of the amino acids present in hydrolysates of the duodenal and ileal contents are discussed together with the significance of these changes in relation to the nutrition of the sheep.

SEPARATION OF THE PROTEIN CONSTITUENTS OF THE LARVAL DIETS OF THE HONEYBEE BY CONTINUOUS PAPER ELECTROPHORESIS

1959 ◽  
Vol 37 (6) ◽  
pp. 957-964 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. E. J. Habowsky ◽  
R. W. Shuel
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Glutamic Acid ◽  
Free Amino Acid ◽  
Aspartic Acid ◽  
Free Amino ◽  
Royal Jelly ◽  
Paper Electrophoresis ◽  
Protein Fractions ◽  
Electrophoretic Patterns

The protein constituents of the larval diets of queen and worker honeybees were separated by continuous paper electrophoresis. The electrophoretic patterns of royal jelly of any age and the early worker diet were similar and comprised five ninhydrin-reactive bands or fractions. Fraction 1 (nearest the cathode) contained lysine as a free amino acid. Fractions 3 and 4 appeared to be complex polypeptides. Alanine, asparagine, aspartic acid, glutamic acid, glycine, histidine, isoleucine and/or leucine, lysine, phenylalanine, threonine, tyrosine, valine, and an unidentified substance were found in chromatograms of the acid hydrolyzate of fraction 3; the hydrolyzate of fraction 4 contained the same amino acids except for threonine. Fractions 2 and 5 were not characterized. Electrophoresis of the diet of worker larvae older than 3 days showed a pronounced fading of all bands, attributable to the dilution of the solids by the addition of honey which occurs at this time. There appeared to be no qualitative differences between the protein fractions of royal jelly and worker diet which would account for the differentiation of female honeybees into queens and workers. The decrease with age in the percentage of protein in the worker diet may be significant.

SUBSTITUTION OF CHOLINE BY RELATED COMPOUNDS AND FURTHER STUDIES ON AMINO ACID REQUIREMENTS IN NUTRITION OF PHORMIA REGINA (MEIG.)

1956 ◽  
Vol 34 (6) ◽  
pp. 527-532 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ernest Hodgson ◽  
Vernon H. Cheldelin ◽  
R. W. Newburgh
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Glutamic Acid ◽  
Aspartic Acid ◽  
Essential Amino Acids ◽  
Phormia Regina ◽  
Acid Growth ◽  
Dietary Requirement ◽  
Amino Acid Requirements ◽  
Related Compounds

Phormia regina grown on a chemically defined diet under sterile conditions has been shown to have a specific dietary requirement for choline. The present work shows that carnitine and 2,2-dimethylaminoethanol can completely replace this in the diet whereas betaine is ineffective in this respect. Deletion of single amino acids from a mixture of 18 adequate for growth has previously shown the following 10 amino acids to be essential: arginine, histidine, leucine, lysine, phenylalanine, threonine, tryptophan, valine, proline, and isoleucine. The present work: shows by the inability of the organism to grow on these essential amino acids that this method is not adequate to detect amino acid combinations for which alternate requirements exist. By the deletion of groups of two or more amino acids it has been shown that P. regina has a dietary requirement for either methionine or cystine and for either glutamic acid or aspartic acid. Growth on the 10 essential amino acids is stimulated by yeast extract. This is apparently not due to a simple replacement of missing amino acids, since the addition of yeast creates an increased requirement for thiamine.

Regulation of Glyconeogenesis from Amino Acids by Acetate in Tetrahymena pyriformis

1973 ◽  
Vol 51 (4) ◽  
pp. 323-331 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Mavrides
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Glutamic Acid ◽  
Glutamate Dehydrogenase ◽  
Aspartic Acid ◽  
Growth Medium ◽  
Aspartate Aminotransferase ◽  
Alanine Aminotransferase ◽  
Sodium Acetate ◽  
Tetrahymena Pyriformis

The regulation of glyconeogenesis from amino acids by acetate was studied in Tetrahymena pyriformis. Alanine aminotransferase and glutamate dehydrogenase were repressed by 0.1% sodium acetate in the growth medium. Incorporations into the glycogen of washed cells from the respective isotopically labelled amino acids were similarly suppressed.Incorporations into glycogen from uniformly 14C-labelled L-serine, L-leucine, L-isoleucine, L-tyrosine, and DL-β-14C-tyrosine were also suppressed by prior growth in a medium supplemented with 0.1% or 0.3% acetate. Percentage incorporation into glycogen was highest from tyrosine, followed by leucine, isoleucine, and alanine, and lowest from glutamic acid and serine.Supplementation of the medium with 0.25% glucose resulted in repression of the above two enzymes and suppression of incorporation into glycogen from amino acids.Incorporation of aspartic acid into glycogen was negligible and was variously and minimally affected by growth in glucose- or acetate-supplemented media. Aspartate aminotransferase was affected in a like manner.Glycogen content was not significantly affected by growth in media supplemented with 0.1% or 0.3% acetate. On the whole, the data suggest that acetate spares amino acids for glyconeogenesis by a mechanism which entails repression of amino-acid-catabolizing enzymes.

scholarly journals Effect of Growing Seasons, Locations and Planting Dates on Total Amino Acid Composition of Two Valencia Peanut Varieties Grown in New Mexico1

1981 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 131-133 ◽  
Author(s):  
David C. H. Hsi ◽  
Clyde T. Young ◽  
Melchor Ortiz
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
New Mexico ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Glutamic Acid ◽  
Amino Acid Composition ◽  
Acid Composition ◽  
Acid Content ◽  
Amino Acid Content ◽  
Planting Date ◽  
Total Amino Acid

Abstract Two Valencia peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) cultivars, New Mexico Valencia A and New Mexico Valencia C, were grown at Arch and Los Lunas, N. M. All peanuts were grown under either sprinkler or furrow irrigation. Samples were obtained following harvest, hydrolyzed and analyzed in Raleigh, N. C. for amino acid content. With samples from Arch, no variety by planting date effects were noted for amino acid composition. With samples from Los Lunas, however, significant variety by planting date effects were noted for glutamic acid, glycine, methionine, isoleucine, and leucine. Planting date effects were found only for glycine at the Los Lunas location and phenylalanine at both locations. Significant variety differences were found for methionine, tyrosine, phenylalanine, and lysine at the Arch location and for glycine, methionine, phenylalanine, and lysine at the Los Lunas location. A significant year effect, although small, was noted for about half of the amino acids (aspartic acid, serine, glutamic acid, proline, glycine, tyrosine, phenylalanine, arginine, and the sum of all amino acids) studied at the Arch location. Data at Los Lunas were observed only during the second year. The amino acid content agrees closely with that previously reported for other types of peanuts except for a 100% higher level of cystine found in this study.

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