scholarly journals Gestational protein–energy malnutrition affects the composition of developing skins of rat fetuses and their dams

1987 ◽  
Vol 58 (2) ◽  
pp. 215-220
Author(s):  
Takashi Miwa ◽  
Hiromu Shoji ◽  
Moshe Solomonow ◽  
Malektaj Yazdani ◽  
Tetsuo Nakamoto
Keyword(s):  
G Protein ◽  
Protein Concentration ◽  
Protein Energy Malnutrition ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Type Iii Collagen ◽  
Neutral Salt ◽  
Fetal Skin ◽  
Protein Energy ◽  
Experimental Group ◽  
Malnourished Group

1. Various biochemical variables of the skins of rat dams and their fetuses in which protein-energy malnutrition was induced during pregnancy were analysed.2. One group of dams was fed on a 200 g protein/kg diet as a control and the other was fed on a 60 g protein/kg diet as an experimental group. Each group of dams was fed from day 13 of gestation until day 22.3. Water, protein and hexosamine concentrations of the fetal skins in the malnourished group were greater than those in the control group, whereas in the dams′ skins, protein concentration was greater in the malnourished group than in the control group.4. Extractability of collagen with neutral salt and pepsin showed no difference between the groups in the skins of fetuses and dams. The content of type III collagen in the fetal skin did not differ between the groups, but was increased in the malnourished dams′ skins compared with that of the control group.5. The present study showed that protein-energy malnutrition during pregnancy significantly affects the metabolism of the skin in both fetuses and their dams. Furthermore, the skins of fetuses and dams are structurally altered in different ways by this nutritional stress.

scholarly journals Faulty Breast Feeding Practice : A Risk Factor in Malnourished Children

2015 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 43-47
Author(s):  
Sukhendu Shekhar Sen ◽  
Jhulan Das Sharma ◽  
Dhananjoy Das ◽  
Shahed Iqbal ◽  
Md Badruddoza
Keyword(s):  
Breast Feeding ◽  
Protein Energy Malnutrition ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Case Group ◽  
Feeding Practice ◽  
Prelacteal Feeding ◽  
College Hospital ◽  
Major Health Problem ◽  
Protein Energy ◽  
Breast Fed

Background: The predominant form of malnutrition is commonly called proteincalorie malnutrition. Protein Energy Malnutrition (PEM) is still a major health problem in children of developing countries including Bangladesh. The causes of malnutrition are multifactorial including nutritional factors, socioeconomic factors, health status of the mothers and repeated infections in children.Objective: To explore the information regarding the breast feeding practices of children suffering from Protein-Energy Malnutrition.Methods: This case control study was conducted in Chittagong Medical College Hospital from November 2006 to April 2007. A total of 65 controls and 65 cases were selected consecutively for the purpose of the study. Their mothers were interviewed with help of structured questionnaire containing all the variables of interest to attain the study objectives. The test statistics used to analyze the data were descriptive statistics and Chi-square (c2) or Fisher’s Exact Probability Test.Results: A significantly higher frequency of cases (67.7%) were given pre-lacteal feed, predominantly honey and sugar-water compared to control group (41.5%) (p = 0.008). Nearly 100% of controls were given colostrums compared to 75% of the cases. About one-third (31.3%) of the cases was exclusively breast-fed in comparison to 58.5% of the control group (p = 0.003). Over onequarter (27.7%) of the control were breast-fed upto 6 months of age, as opposed to only 1.5% cases (p < 0.001). Duration of predominant breast feeding for more than 6 months of age was also significantly higher in control group than that in case group (p = 0.001). Breast milk substitutes demonstrate their significant presence in cases (38.5%) than that in controls (9%) (p = 0.003).Conclusion: The study showed that rejection of colostrums, practice of prelacteal feeding, delayed initiation of breast feeding, early cessation of exclusive breast feeding and use of formula milk all were significantly higher in the malnourished group of children than those in their normal counterpart.Chatt Maa Shi Hosp Med Coll J; Vol.14 (2); Jul 2015; Page 43-47

NUTRITION, IMMUNITY, AND INFECTIONS: T LYMPHOCYTE SUBPOPULATIONS IN PROTEIN-ENERGY MALNUTRITION

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1995 ◽  
Vol 96 (1) ◽  
pp. 77-77
Author(s):  
H Ozkan ◽  
N Olgun ◽  
E Sasmaz
Keyword(s):  
T Lymphocytes ◽  
Case Control Study ◽  
Protein Energy Malnutrition ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Humoral And Cellular Immunity ◽  
Protein Energy ◽  
Group I ◽  
Suppressor T Lymphocytes ◽  
Degrees Of Severity ◽  
Control Study

This study was a case-control study of 44 children ages 3 to 24 months. The purpose of the study was to compare the humoral and cellular immunity of 29 patients (Group I) who were less than the 3rd percentile for weight by Turkish standards versus a control group of 15 patients (Group II) with weights between the 25th and 90th percentiles. The Group I patients were considered to have protein energy malnutrition (PEM) with various degrees of severity based on a Turkish classification method established by Dogramaci and Wray in 1958. None of the Group I patients had frank kwashiorkor, but 19 had bronchopneumonia, six had gastroenteritis, and four had both forms of infection at the time studies were done. Detailed immunologic evaluation was carried out on all the subjects including IgG, IgM, IgA, C3, mature T lymphocytes (CD3+), helper/inducer T Lymphocytes (CD4+) and suppressor/cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CD8+). The authors chose to study patients with PEM and infections because the immune response is more likely to be suppressed at this time. In the PEM group all of the immunoglobulins (IgG, IgM, IgA) were significantly elevated over the controls level (P &lt; .01). This hyperimmunoglobulinemia state has been previously reported and could be secondary to reduced suppressor T lymphocytes (C8+). C3 complement levels were also significantly lower (P &lt; .01) than controls, which have been previously noted. These low C3 levels could be secondary to decreased production from the liver or increased utilization with an intercurrent infection. In evaluating the lymphocyte series CD3+, CD4+, and CD8+ were all significantly reduced while CD4/CD8 levels were normal.

scholarly journals Expansion of the humoral effector cell compartment of both systemic and mucosal immune systemsin a weanling murine model which duplicates critical features of human protein-energy malnutrition

1996 ◽  
Vol 75 (3) ◽  
pp. 445-460 ◽  
Author(s):  
C.-L. Ha ◽  
L.E. Paulino ◽  
B.D. Woodward
Keyword(s):  
Epithelial Transport ◽  
Biological Fluids ◽  
Protein Energy Malnutrition ◽  
Human Protein ◽  
Control Group ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
Low Protein ◽  
Protein Energy ◽  
Mucosal Antibody ◽  
Zero Time

AbstractA direct comparison of systemic (spleen) and mucosal (intestine) antibody-producing systems was made in weanling male C57BL/6J mice subjected to wasting protein-energy malnutrition (PEM) by means of a low-protein protocol known to duplicate immunological and physiological features of human malnutrition. ELISA revealed low concentrations of biliary and gut lumen immunoglobulin (Ig) A in malnourished mice concomitantly with a high concentration of blood IgA. The low-protein model, therefore, exhibited fidelity to human protein-energy malnutrition in its influence on the concentrations of the mucosal Ig, IgA, in critical biological fluids. The number of IgA-, IgM- and IgG-containing cells was estimated morphometrically on a per organ basis. The low-protein protocol supported expansion in numbers of mucosal IgA-containing cells (18 x relative to a zero-time control group) and of splenic IgG- containing cells (135 x ), albeit an attenuated expansion in comparison with that of well-nourished control animals (132x and 571x respectively relative to zero-time controls). Up to terminal differentiation of Ig-containing cells, systemic and mucosal antibody-producing systems exhibited similarly remarkable resistance to wasting malnutrition. Epithelial transport of IgA may be an aspect of the mucosal antibody response which is particularly sensitive to PEM.

EFFECTS OF EARLY FEEDING OF STRAINED MEAT TO PREMATURELY BORN INFANTS

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1952 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 485-491
Author(s):  
M. B. ANDELMAN ◽  
P. S. GERALD ◽  
A. C. RAMBAR ◽  
B. M. KAGAN
Keyword(s):  
Serum Protein ◽  
Red Blood Cell ◽  
Protein Concentration ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Blood Cell Count ◽  
Control Groups ◽  
Red Blood Cell Count ◽  
Experimental Group ◽  
Breast Fed ◽  
Prematurely Born Infants

This study was undertaken to determine the effect on prematurely born infants of the feeding of strained meat. One group of infants received a standard formula; another an identical formula to which strained meat was added, and a third group was breast fed. Meat added to the diet of prematurely born infants weighing between 2000 and 6750 gm. was well accepted. There was no significant difference in the symptoms or signs of illness among the infants of either of the three groups. It was found that a plot of the body weight of such infants against age generally gives a smooth sigmoid curve. The central portion of the "S" forms a remarkably straight line. The linear portion of the curve is located in the interval between 2500 and 4500 gm. body weight. The location is relatively unaffected by either age or birth weight. The slope of this linear portion was taken as the measure of the weight gain. A similar relationship was found for the crown-heel length. These findings are not only of academic interest but are also of practical importance since they provide an unusually good tool for further nutritional and other studies. Growth as measured by rate of change of weight and length did not differ significantly between the experimental group and the control group. The breast-fed group exceeded the experimental and control groups in both weight and length gain. The greater weight gain in the breast-fed group as compared to the experimental group was statistically significant. Minimum values for red blood cell count and hemoglobin were observed at 12 weeks of age. These values rose steadily until about 20 weeks of age, at which time they became relatively stable. There was no significant difference in the hemoglobin concentration or red blood cell count between the three groups at 12 weeks of age. At 20 weeks, however, the meat-fed or experimental group exceeded the control by a significant amount. The mean difference in hemoglobin concentration of the experimental group and that of the control group was 1.0 gm./100 cc. This finding is of interest especially since the experimental and control groups both received more than adequate amounts of iron added to the diet. A gradual rise in serum protein concentration was noted with increasing age. At 12 weeks of age, the serum protein concentration for the breast-fed group was significantly lower than that for the experimental group, the average difference being 0.40 gm./100 cc. The average difference between these two groups at 20 weeks was 0.35 gm./100 cc. but there were too few in the breast-fed group at this time to give the difference statistical significance. The serum protein concentrations in the experimental and the control groups did not differ significantly at either 12 or 20 weeks of age. Analysis of the total volume intake of the formulae showed that intake of the experimental group was reduced in proportion to the greater caloric content of the meat-containing formula. The result was that the daily intake of calories was the same in both the experimental group and the control group. This remarkable reduction in volume of intake by premature infants in the weight groups concerned and the strikingly uniform caloric intake are of interest particularly in view of current thoughts on self selection of diet. No differences were noted in the weight or length gain, hemoglobin, red blood cell count, or serum protein concentration between the experimental group and the control group when the infants reached one year of age.

The social environment of malnourished children compared with that of other children in Jamaica

1981 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 19-30 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. L. Sheffer ◽  
S. M. Grantham-McGregor ◽  
S. J. Ismail
Keyword(s):  
Protein Energy Malnutrition ◽  
The Other ◽  
Malnourished Children ◽  
Protein Energy ◽  
The Social ◽  
Catch Up ◽  
Home Stimulation ◽  
Different Cultures ◽  
Poor Neighbourhood ◽  
Malnourished Group

SummaryThis investigation was part of a longitudinal study of mental development of seventeen Jamaican children who were admitted to hospital with severe protein energy malnutrition. The children were compared with 20 adequately nourished children who were admitted to hospital for other reasons.Previous research had shown that, 1 month after the children left hospital, both groups had similar scores on a modified Caldwell Inventory of Home Stimulation. When, in the present investigation, the inventory was repeated 24 months later, scores remained similar in both groups. When compared with data collected from a survey in a poor neighbourhood, again the scores of the neighbourhood children were similar to those of the malnourished group. The malnourished children were however living in poorer houses and had failed to catch up to the other groups in nutritional status.Comparison of these findings with those from other countries suggests that the ecology of malnutrition differs in different cultures and that Jamaican mothers of malnourished children are characterized by poverty rather than poor maternal–child relationships.It also appears that, at this age, poor levels of home stimulation were not a major factor in producing the deficit in development manifested by the malnourished group.

Separation from Mother at Time of Weaning

1986 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. 176-177 ◽  
Author(s):  
E Schmutzhard ◽  
W Poewe ◽  
F Gerstenbrand
Keyword(s):  
Protein Energy Malnutrition ◽  
Psychological Aspects ◽  
Healthy Control Group ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Physical Factors ◽  
Protein Energy ◽  
Healthy Control

Weaning is an important factor in the aetiology of protein energy malnutrition (PEM). In the present study it was shown that the psychological aspects of weaning — i.e. separation from the mother — play a more important role in the development of PEM than do physical factors. Of children suffering from PEM, 80.4% were physically separated from the mother at time of weaning, whereas only 32% of a comparable healthy control group had undergone the trauma of separation.

scholarly journals The effect of prenatal protein-energy malnutrition on the development of mandibles and long bones in newborn rats

1983 ◽  
Vol 50 (1) ◽  
pp. 75-80 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tetsuo Nakamoto ◽  
Johnny R. Porter ◽  
Mark M. Winkler
Keyword(s):  
Cell Size ◽  
Protein Energy Malnutrition ◽  
Calcium Content ◽  
Tissue Growth ◽  
Long Bone ◽  
Long Bones ◽  
Newborn Rats ◽  
Protein Energy ◽  
Malnourished Group

1. To evaluate the role of gestational protein-energy malnutrition on fetal hard-tissue growth and metabolism, we measured several variables in the growth centres of mandibles and long bones of newborn rats.2. Control pups and pups of malnourished dams had approximately the same extent of reduction in body-weight, mandibular weight and long-bone weight.3. The malnourished group had more cells in the mandible although cell size was the same as that of controls.4. In contrast, in the long bones, the malnourished group had fewer cells than did controls whereas cell size was unchanged.5. Calcium content was the same in long bones of both groups, but was less in the mandibles of pups from malnourished dams. Ca metabolism as measured by 45Ca uptake was unchanged in the long bones, but was increased in the mandibles of the malnourished group shortly after birth. Calcification patterns at birth in these bones correlated well with alkaline phosphatase (EC 3.1.3.1) activity.6. These findings indicate that the mandibles and long bones of offspring are affected differently by protein–energy malnutrition during the mother's gestation. Prenatal nutritional stress resulted in a disturbance of the pituitary–adrenal system. Increased adrenal corticosterone could possibly be related to the different observed changes in bone metabolism.

scholarly journals Early neonatal features of juvenile offenders

2022 ◽  
pp. 65-69
Author(s):  
D. A. Yakhieva-Onikhimovskaia ◽  
S. M. Kolesnikova ◽  
E. N. Suprun ◽  
V. V. Filippova
Keyword(s):  
Juvenile Offenders ◽  
Developmental Disorders ◽  
Protein Energy Malnutrition ◽  
Subsequent Treatment ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Energy Deficiency ◽  
Continuous Sampling ◽  
Protein Energy ◽  
Oxygen Starvation ◽  
The Central Nervous System

Objective: Identification of perinatal risk factors as differential predictors of violent and non-violent crimes among children and adolescents who come under the attention of juvenile departments of the internal affairs bodies of the Russian Federation.Methods: Study of the perinatal history data of 148 juvenile offenders of comparable age (13-16 years old), selected using continuous sampling method in the course of a clinical observational cohort retrospective study.Results: Children from the control group in half of the cases were “late premature” (48%), with protein-energy malnutrition (frequency of occurrence of FGRP 56.8% BMI 56.1 ± 13.65). The beginning of their life was accompanied by a low score according to Apgar scale (6.9 ± 1.81). From the first minutes of life, they required urgent therapy in the delivery room (35.9%) and subsequent treatment at the ICU (25.7%) due to the damage of the respiratory system (asphyxia 11.5%, RDS 19.6%, episodes of apnea 16.2 %) and increasing dysfunction of the central nervous system (IVH II-IV grade 24.3%). Subsequently, they demonstrated a disruption of early neonatal adaptation and a clinical picture of the realization of intrauterine fetal developmental disorders, which arose both as a result of improper metabolism and of a prolonged oxygen starvation (adrenal hypoplasia 27.7%, cardiomyopathy 29.7%, hypoxia 48.6%).Conclusions: The initial protein-energy deficiency revealed in the course of the study if accompanied by the course of both acute and chronic oxygen starvation could influence the formation of destructive behavior in the group of juvenile offenders.

scholarly journals Biochemical nutritional indicators in children with protein energy malnutrition attending Kanti Children Hospital, Kathmandu, Nepal

1970 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 129-134 ◽  
Author(s):  
SK Mishra ◽  
SP Bastola ◽  
B Jha
Keyword(s):  
Nutritional Status ◽  
Biochemical Parameters ◽  
Nuclear Family ◽  
Protein Energy Malnutrition ◽  
Family Type ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Equal Proportion ◽  
Children Under Five ◽  
Under Five ◽  
Protein Energy

Background: Nutrition is the science of food and its relationship to health. Nutritional status is one of the key indicators of health Nutritional status of Nepal is not satisfactory. Especially Protein Energy Malnutrition (PEM) in Nepal is a very common problem in children under five years of age. There are number biochemical parameters which become altered during protein energy malnutrition. Objectives: The objectives of the study are to determine biochemical nutritional indicators among children suffering from PEM and to compare all biochemical parameters with well nourished children and also to determine the factors affecting PEM among children under five years. Materials and methods: The study design was cross sectional, descriptive study with control. Children between ages 6 to 59 months attending outpatient department (OPD) and wards of Kanti Children's Hospital (KCH), Maharajgunj, Kathmandu, Nepal were purposively selected. The sample size was calculated by using prevalence of malnutrition in Nepalese context and allowable error of 10 %, a total of 120 cases which include 60 PEM cases and 60 controls were selected. They were grouped into two groups based on whether they are above or below the 80% of 50th percentile of weight for height based on growth chart of National Centre of Health Statistics 3 (NCHS), USA. Results: The educational status of parents of children with PEM was found to be significantly less (p<0.05) as compared to their non-PEM counterparts. Occupations of parents whose children were in PEM group include mainly housewives and labourers. Larger proportions of children in our study were born at home and exact birth weights of children were not known. Most of the children are colostrum fed. Most of the children in our study were immunized. Almost equal proportion of children belonged to nuclear family type and joint family type. The mean serum glucose, sodium, potassium, cholesterol, haemoglobin was not significantly different in both groups while mean total protein, albumin, and calcium were significantly (p<0.05) low in PEM group when compared to well nourished children (control). There was significantly (p<0.05) higher incidence of hypoproteinemia, hypoalbuminaemia, and hypocalcaemia, in PEM group when compared to control group. Conclusion: A significant proportion of children with protein energy malnutrition had altered biochemical parameters which were related to food intake and biochemical metabolism mandatory during growth and development of children less than five years of age. There was significantly higher proportion of hypoglycaemia, hypoproteinemia, hypoalbuminaemia, anaemia, hypocholesterolemia and hypocalcaemia in children with PEM when compared to normally nourished children. Key words: PEM; Biochemical nutritional indicators; anthropometry DOI: 10.3126/kumj.v7i2.2705 Kathmandu University Medical Journal (2009) Vol.7, No.2 Issue 26, 129-134

scholarly journals Effects of propylene glycol supplementation on blood indicators of hepatic function, body condition score, milk fat-protein concentration and reproductive performance of dairy cows

2014 ◽  
Vol 83 (1) ◽  
pp. 27-32 ◽  
Author(s):  
Silviu Ionuţ Borş ◽  
Gheorghe Solcan ◽  
Alina Vlad-Sabie
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Propylene Glycol ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Protein Concentration ◽  
Body Condition Score ◽  
Post Partum ◽  
Hepatic Function ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Condition Score ◽  
Experimental Group

The aim of the present study was to determine the effects of propylene glycol on metabolic variables of hepatic function, body condition score, milk fat-protein concentration and reproductive performance of dairy cows after ending administration. Postparturient dairy cows (n = 200) of Holstein Friesian breed were divided into two groups of 100 individuals. The experimental group received during days 0-7 post partum an oral daily dose of 600 ml of propylene glycol; the control group was without any supplement. The hepatic enzymes, glucose, cholesterol and serum albumin were measured on days 10-15, 45-50 and 70 post partum. Reproduction indicators of dairy cows were calculated from the farm recording data and the milk data record from a regular dairy control (days 10, 20, 30, and 50 post partum). Animals that received propylene glycol in the first 7 days post partum had reduced activities of aspartate transaminase and gamma-glutamyl transferase, elevated cholesterol concentration (P < 0.05) and low milk fat percentage (P < 0.05) compared to control animals. Direct influence of propylene glycol drenching on the calving to first oestrus interval was observed, the smallest values being detected for the cows in the experimental group compared to the control group (P < 0.05). Our results suggest that some blood indicators of hepatic function, milk fat concentration and calving to first oestrus interval can be improved for 70 days post partum by the use of propylene glycol drenching in the first 7 days post partum. The beneficial effect of this treatment could be evaluated by easily available data, which can be used by practitioners in the field to analyze fertility problems in dairy herds and more exactly to examine whether metabolic stress, among other factors, is involved in the fertility problem.

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