The social environment of malnourished children compared with that of other children in Jamaica

1981 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 19-30 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. L. Sheffer ◽  
S. M. Grantham-McGregor ◽  
S. J. Ismail
Keyword(s):  
Protein Energy Malnutrition ◽  
The Other ◽  
Malnourished Children ◽  
Protein Energy ◽  
The Social ◽  
Catch Up ◽  
Home Stimulation ◽  
Different Cultures ◽  
Poor Neighbourhood ◽  
Malnourished Group

SummaryThis investigation was part of a longitudinal study of mental development of seventeen Jamaican children who were admitted to hospital with severe protein energy malnutrition. The children were compared with 20 adequately nourished children who were admitted to hospital for other reasons.Previous research had shown that, 1 month after the children left hospital, both groups had similar scores on a modified Caldwell Inventory of Home Stimulation. When, in the present investigation, the inventory was repeated 24 months later, scores remained similar in both groups. When compared with data collected from a survey in a poor neighbourhood, again the scores of the neighbourhood children were similar to those of the malnourished group. The malnourished children were however living in poorer houses and had failed to catch up to the other groups in nutritional status.Comparison of these findings with those from other countries suggests that the ecology of malnutrition differs in different cultures and that Jamaican mothers of malnourished children are characterized by poverty rather than poor maternal–child relationships.It also appears that, at this age, poor levels of home stimulation were not a major factor in producing the deficit in development manifested by the malnourished group.

Increased Food Intake after the Addition of Amylase-Rich Flour to Supplementary Food for Malnourished Children in Rural Communities of Bangladesh

2005 ◽  
Vol 26 (4) ◽  
pp. 323-329 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Iqbal Hossain ◽  
M. A. Wahed ◽  
Shaheen Ahmed
Keyword(s):  
Rural Communities ◽  
Food Intake ◽  
Protein Energy Malnutrition ◽  
Effective Means ◽  
The Other ◽  
Community Nutrition ◽  
Supplementary Food ◽  
Malnourished Children ◽  
Protein Energy ◽  
Added Water

Background In Bangladesh, as in other developing countries, protein–energy malnutrition is most prevalent among children during weaning. After weaning, children are often fed cereal-based diluted low-calorie porridge, resulting in growth-faltering. Objective To assess the effect on food intake of adding amylase-rich flour (ARF) from germinated wheat to supplementary food among children in nine rural Community Nutrition Centers under the Bangladesh Integrated Nutrition Project (BINP). Methods A total of 166 malnourished children of either sex, aged 6 to 24 months, received one of three diets randomly allocated to the Community Nutrition Centers. The composition of the diets was the same; however, the consistency and calorie density were altered by adding either ARF or water. Thirty-five children received the standard supplementary food of the BINP (S-SF), 65 received supplementary food with added ARF (ARF-SF), and 66 received supplementary food with added water (W-SF). The children were studied for six weeks. Results The mean ± SD intake of supplementary food from a single meal by children completing six weeks on the diets was higher for children receiving ARF-SF (33.91 ± 8.25 g) than for those receiving S-SF (25.66 ± 6.73 g) or W-SF (30.26 ± 8.39 g) (p < .05 for both comparisons). The weight of vomited food was significantly higher for children receiving W-SF than for children in the other two groups. Weight gain and increments in length and weight-for-height were higher for children who received ARF-SF than for children in the other two groups, but the differences were not statistically significant. The acceptability of ARF-SF was higher than that of the two other diets. The additional cost of adding 2 g of ARF to the diet was about Taka 0.25 (US$1 = Taka 48). Conclusions Addition of ARF to existing standard supplementary food, as used under the BINP program, is a simple and effective means to increase the intake of food by changing its consistency, thus making it easier for malnourished children to ingest.

scholarly journals Evaluation of children with protein energy malnutrition and level of malaria parasitemia in Kwara State, Nigeria

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Aishat Oluwatoyin Saka ◽  
Mohammed Jamiu Saka ◽  
Lateefat Olayinka Sa’adu
Keyword(s):  
Protein Energy Malnutrition ◽  
Venous Blood ◽  
Relevant Information ◽  
Blood Film ◽  
Childhood Mortality ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Insecticide Treated Nets ◽  
Malnourished Children ◽  
Malaria Parasitemia ◽  
Protein Energy

Malaria and Protein-Energy-Malnutrition (PEM) are two major causes of childhood mortality in sub-Saharan Africa. Malaria can predispose a child to PEM and the reverse may also be true. Recent studies have presented inconsistent findings about nutritional status and the occurrence of malaria among the children. The goal of this study was to evaluate the association between PEM and malaria parasitemia if any. A case control study in which 90 children diagnosed for PEM (aged 6-59 months), and another well-nourished 90 children age and sex-matched controls were evaluated for malaria parasitemia. A semi-structured proforma was used to obtain relevant information on the children’s sociodemographic characteristics, nutritional indices amongst others. Venous blood sample was collected and thick and thin blood film were prepared and viewed under the microscope. Malaria parasitemia was present in 82 (91.1%) of malnourished group and 12 (13.3%) of the well-nourished group (P<0.05 OR=66.62). Malaria parasitemia was highest in those with kwashiorkor and marasmic kwashiorkor compared with underweight. These differences were statistically significant (P<0.05). The study demonstrates that malnourished children have higher degree of malaria parasitemia and are at risk of malaria. It also shows that severe forms of malnutrition are associated with heavier malaria parasitemia. It is therefore recommended that all malnourished children should have access to use of Insecticide Treated Nets (ITN), malaria chemoprophylaxis as well as empiric treatment of malaria in endemic areas where access to malaria parasite diagnosis is difficult.

scholarly journals Flow Cytometry Study of Lymphocyte Subsets in Malnourished and Well-Nourished Children with Bacterial Infections

2004 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 577-580 ◽  
Author(s):  
Oralia Nájera ◽  
Cristina González ◽  
Guadalupe Toledo ◽  
Laura López ◽  
Rocío Ortiz
Keyword(s):  
Flow Cytometry ◽  
B Lymphocytes ◽  
T Lymphocyte ◽  
Bacterial Infections ◽  
B Lymphocyte ◽  
Lymphocyte Subsets ◽  
Protein Energy Malnutrition ◽  
T Lymphocyte Subsets ◽  
Malnourished Children ◽  
Protein Energy

ABSTRACT Protein-energy malnutrition is the primary cause of immune deficiency in children across the world. It has been related to changes in peripheral T-lymphocyte subsets. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effects of infection and malnutrition on the proportion of peripheral-lymphocyte subsets in well-nourished non-bacterium-infected (WN), well-nourished bacterium-infected (WNI), and malnourished bacterium-infected (MNI) children by flow cytometry. A prospectively monitored cohort of 15 MNI, 12 WNI, and 17 WN children was studied. All the children were 3 years old or younger and had only bacterial infections. Results showed a significant decrease in the proportion of T CD3+ (P < 0.05 for relative and P < 0.03 for absolute values), CD4+ (P < 0.01 for relative and absolute values), and CD8+ (P < 0.05 for relative values) lymphocyte subsets in WNI children compared to the results seen with WN children. Additionally, B lymphocytes in MNI children showed significant lower values (CD20+ P < 0.02 for relative and P < 0.05 for absolute values) in relation to the results seen with WNI children. These results suggest that the decreased proportions of T-lymphocyte subsets observed in WNI children were associated with infection diseases and that the incapacity to increase the proportion of B lymphocyte was associated with malnutrition. This low proportion of B lymphocytes may be associated with the mechanisms involved in the immunodeficiency of malnourished children.

scholarly journals The effect of prenatal protein-energy malnutrition on the development of mandibles and long bones in newborn rats

1983 ◽  
Vol 50 (1) ◽  
pp. 75-80 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tetsuo Nakamoto ◽  
Johnny R. Porter ◽  
Mark M. Winkler
Keyword(s):  
Cell Size ◽  
Protein Energy Malnutrition ◽  
Calcium Content ◽  
Tissue Growth ◽  
Long Bone ◽  
Long Bones ◽  
Newborn Rats ◽  
Protein Energy ◽  
Malnourished Group

1. To evaluate the role of gestational protein-energy malnutrition on fetal hard-tissue growth and metabolism, we measured several variables in the growth centres of mandibles and long bones of newborn rats.2. Control pups and pups of malnourished dams had approximately the same extent of reduction in body-weight, mandibular weight and long-bone weight.3. The malnourished group had more cells in the mandible although cell size was the same as that of controls.4. In contrast, in the long bones, the malnourished group had fewer cells than did controls whereas cell size was unchanged.5. Calcium content was the same in long bones of both groups, but was less in the mandibles of pups from malnourished dams. Ca metabolism as measured by 45Ca uptake was unchanged in the long bones, but was increased in the mandibles of the malnourished group shortly after birth. Calcification patterns at birth in these bones correlated well with alkaline phosphatase (EC 3.1.3.1) activity.6. These findings indicate that the mandibles and long bones of offspring are affected differently by protein–energy malnutrition during the mother's gestation. Prenatal nutritional stress resulted in a disturbance of the pituitary–adrenal system. Increased adrenal corticosterone could possibly be related to the different observed changes in bone metabolism.

scholarly journals Effect of PEM on thyroid status, serum total protein and A/G ratio in pre-school going children

2017 ◽  
Vol 5 (10) ◽  
pp. 4486
Author(s):  
Sumesh Prasad Sah ◽  
Manisha Aroral ◽  
Sudeep Kumar ◽  
Jyoti Batra ◽  
Imran Mustafa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Total Protein ◽  
Protein Energy Malnutrition ◽  
Thyroid Stimulating Hormone ◽  
Healthy Children ◽  
Serum Total Protein ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Malnourished Children ◽  
Protein Energy ◽  
Serum T3 ◽  
G Ratio

Objective: The objective of the study was to evaluate and compare serum total protein, serum albumin and thyroid hormones in children with Protein Energy Malnutrition (PEM) and in healthy controls.Methods: Present study was a cross sectional hospital based case control study, total 75 children of age group 1-5 years were included in this study. Triiodothyronine (T3), thyroxine (T4) and thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) was estimated by electro-chemiluminescence immunoassay method, serum total protein by biuret method, albumin by BCG method and plasma hemoglobin by CMG method. Result: In malnourished children, there is significant decrease in serum total protein (4.76 gm %), albumin (2.24 gm %) and Hb (10.57 gm %) as compared to normal healthy children. Serum T3 (0.51 ng/ml), and T4 (3.93 µg/ml) levels were significantly decreased and non-significant changes in TSH (4.26 µUI/ml) levels in children with PEM was observed as compared to healthy controls. Conclusion: The reduction in protein is due to decreased intake of proteins and reduced biosynthesis. The decreased in T3 and T4 levels in malnourished children is probably due to a decrease in circulating plasma proteins.

scholarly journals Serum albumin and transferrin in protein-energy malnutrition: Their use in the assessment of marginal undernutrition and the prognosis of severe undernutrition

1976 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
pp. 255-263 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. J. Reeds ◽  
A. A. O. Laditan
Keyword(s):  
Serum Albumin ◽  
Protein Energy Malnutrition ◽  
Severe Malnutrition ◽  
Serum Transferrin ◽  
Malnourished Children ◽  
Protein Energy ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Index Of Severity ◽  
Mean Concentration ◽  
Made In

1. Deficits in weight- and length-for-age, and serum albumin and transferrin concentrations were determined for children who were either marginally undernourished (twenty-five children) or suffering from either marasmus (thirty-two children) or kwashiorkor (twenty-six children) defined according to the Wellcome Classification (Waterlow, 1972). The measurements were also made in eight children with kwashiorkor after the loss of oedema, and in sixteen children who were recovering from either marasmus or kwashiorkor.2. The mean concentration of serum albumin was similar for children from the ‘under-nourished’ group and from the group with marasmus, but was significantly reduced in those with kwashiorkor.3. The concentration of serum transferrin was significantly reduced in both the group of children with marasmus and those with kwashiorkor. The serum transferrin concentration was significantly lower in children with kwashiorkor when compared with the level in those with marasmus.4. Seventeen children (seven with kwashiorkor and ten with marasmus) died. These children were neither lighter nor shorter than the severely malnourished children who survived. The concentration of serum albumin was not lower in the children who died than in those who survived.5. In contrast to the results for serum albumin concentrations, the children who died had significantly lower levels of serum transferrin than those who survived.6. There was a significant linear relationship between serum transferrin concentrations and the deficits in length-for-age (P < 0·05) and weight-for-length (P < 0·001) in the marginally undernourished children. The deficit in weight-for-length was also linearly related to the serum transferrin concentrations (P < 0·001) in children recovering from severe malnutrition.7. It is suggested that the measurement of serum transferrin concentrations provides an index of severity in severely malnourished children, and should prove useful in field assessments of nutritional status.

scholarly journals A study on prevalence of symptomatic not confirmed pulmonary tuberculosis under 5 to 15 years of age in protein energy malnutrition children in a tertiary care centre

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 1571
Author(s):  
Sudhanshu Kumar Das ◽  
Monalisa Subudhi
Keyword(s):  
Pulmonary Tuberculosis ◽  
Protein Energy Malnutrition ◽  
Tertiary Care ◽  
Treatment Guideline ◽  
Indian Academy ◽  
Morbidity And Mortality ◽  
Common Cause ◽  
Pulmonary Tb ◽  
Malnourished Children ◽  
Protein Energy

Background: Tuberculosis (TB) and malnutrition are important causes of morbidity and mortality in  children, in developing countries. Tuberculosis  can be a  cause of  malnutrition in children and also a common cause of pneumonia  in such malnourished children. In the present study ,our aim is to know the  prevalence and early clinical diagnosis of symptomatic not confirmed TB, in recent challenging environment,  in protein energy malnutrition  children, this information would certainly help clinicians in early detection, diagnosis and management of PTB (Pulmonary Tuberculosis) in such populations ,to reduce morbidity and mortality.Methods: We prospectively investigated protein energy malnutrition children, with clinical features of tuberculosis, between 5 to 15 years of age , admitted during 18 months of study period. Clinical and demographic data  of studied children were collected. Anthropometric (Height and Weight) measurement and physical examination were made. PEM (Protein energy malnutrition) children were classified according to Indian academy of pediatric classification. History of BCG vaccination and exposure to contact were inquired. Chest radiography was done for all  children in our study.Results: A total of 150 protein energy malnutrition children, between 5 to 15 years, admitted over 18 months  period were  studied. Majority of children were female as compared to male and under 5 to 10 years of age. Out of these, symptomatic not confirmed pulmonary TB 93 (62%) and Extra pulmonary TB 18 (12%) and Non TB cases were 39 (26%). According to Grade of PEM, symptomatic not confirmed pulmonary TB cases under grade III were 45 (48.5%) and 35 (37.6%) were under grade II .Conclusions: Pulmonary tuberculosis may be a common cause of pneumonia in malnourished children and  the cause of death in these population. So  Its frequency and early clinical detection ,even without microbiological confirmation and supportive evidence and treatment guideline should be made by more further study. So that, it  will help clinicians to treat these population to reduce morbidity and mortality.

Protein Turnover, Synthesis and Breakdown before and after Recovery from Protein-Energy Malnutrition

1977 ◽  
Vol 53 (5) ◽  
pp. 473-477 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. H. N. Golden ◽  
J. C. Waterlow ◽  
D. Picou
Keyword(s):  
Protein Turnover ◽  
Protein Intake ◽  
Protein Energy Malnutrition ◽  
Daily Intake ◽  
Protein Breakdown ◽  
Malnourished Children ◽  
Protein Energy ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Before And After ◽  
15N Urea

1. Rates of total protein turnover, synthesis and breakdown were measured in five children before and after recovery from severe protein-energy malnutrition and while receiving 0·6 g of protein and 397 kJ day−1 kg−1. 2. These rates were calculated after giving doses of [15N]glycine every 2 h along with the feeds and measuring the rate of excretion of [15N]urea in urine. 3. Malnourished children had significantly lower rates of protein turnover, synthesis and breakdown than after they had recovered. 4. During recovery from protein-energy malnutrition, two children on a daily intake of 1·2 g of protein and 605 J/kg body weight, had rates of protein turnover, synthesis and breakdown that were twice as great as those found on admission and higher than after recovery. 5. On the study diet the malnourished children maintained their weight while the recovered children lost weight; the apparent nitrogen balance was more positive in the malnourished children. 6. In recovered children, the rate of protein synthesis was unchanged over a wide range of protein intake, whereas the rate of protein breakdown appeared to rise with a reduction in protein intake.

scholarly journals Gestational protein–energy malnutrition affects the composition of developing skins of rat fetuses and their dams

1987 ◽  
Vol 58 (2) ◽  
pp. 215-220
Author(s):  
Takashi Miwa ◽  
Hiromu Shoji ◽  
Moshe Solomonow ◽  
Malektaj Yazdani ◽  
Tetsuo Nakamoto
Keyword(s):  
G Protein ◽  
Protein Concentration ◽  
Protein Energy Malnutrition ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Type Iii Collagen ◽  
Neutral Salt ◽  
Fetal Skin ◽  
Protein Energy ◽  
Experimental Group ◽  
Malnourished Group

1. Various biochemical variables of the skins of rat dams and their fetuses in which protein-energy malnutrition was induced during pregnancy were analysed.2. One group of dams was fed on a 200 g protein/kg diet as a control and the other was fed on a 60 g protein/kg diet as an experimental group. Each group of dams was fed from day 13 of gestation until day 22.3. Water, protein and hexosamine concentrations of the fetal skins in the malnourished group were greater than those in the control group, whereas in the dams′ skins, protein concentration was greater in the malnourished group than in the control group.4. Extractability of collagen with neutral salt and pepsin showed no difference between the groups in the skins of fetuses and dams. The content of type III collagen in the fetal skin did not differ between the groups, but was increased in the malnourished dams′ skins compared with that of the control group.5. The present study showed that protein-energy malnutrition during pregnancy significantly affects the metabolism of the skin in both fetuses and their dams. Furthermore, the skins of fetuses and dams are structurally altered in different ways by this nutritional stress.

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