Long-term supplementation with selenate and selenomethionine: Selenium and glutathione peroxidase (EC1.11.1.9) in blood components of New Zealand women

Thirty-three New Zealand women aged 18–23 years received daily for 32 weeks, 200 μg Se as Seenriched yeast (selenomethionine), or brewer's yeast mixed with selenate, or no added Se (placebo) in a double-blind trial. Se supplementation raised (P= 0.001), platelet glutathione peroxidase (EC1.11.1.9; GSHPx) activity, and also Se and GSHPx in whole blood, erythrocytes and plasma. Selenomethionine was more effective in raising blood Se concentrations than selenate, but both were equally effective in raising GSHPx activities in whole blood, erythrocytes and plasma, indicating a similar bioavailability for the two forms. These observations and those of gel filtration studies of erythrocytes and plasma proteins reported elsewhere (Butleret al.1991) are consistent with the incorporation of Se from selenomethionine into a general tissue protein pool while selenate is directly available for GSHPx synthesis, and explain the poorer correlation between Se and GSHPx in individuals with higher Se status. However, selenate raised platelet GSHPx activities to a greater extent than did selenomethionine suggesting some other effect of selenate on platelets which needs further investigation. A response of GSHPx activity in these New Zealand subjects indicates that their dietary Se intake is insufficient to meet recommended intakes based on the criterion of saturation of GSHPx activity, and could reflect a marginal Se status. The level of blood Se necessary for saturation of GSHPx of about 100 ng Se/ml whole blood confirms observations in earlier studies.

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Relation between erythrocyte selenium concentrations and glutathione peroxidase (EC 1.11.1.9) activities of New Zealand residents and visitors to New Zealand

British Journal Of Nutrition ◽

10.1079/bjn19790107 ◽

1979 ◽

Vol 42 (2) ◽

pp. 201-208 ◽

Cited By ~ 100

Author(s):

Heather M. Rea ◽

Christine D. Thomson ◽

Dianne R. Campbell ◽

Marion F. Robinson

Keyword(s):

New Zealand ◽

Glutathione Peroxidase ◽

Surgical Patients ◽

Blood Levels ◽

Short Term ◽

Overseas Travel ◽

I 11 ◽

Gshpx Activity ◽

Se Status

1. Erythrocyte, plasma and whole blood selenium concentrations and glutathione peroxidase (EC I.11. 1.9; GSHPx) activities were measured (1) in 104 healthy New Zealand residents living in Otago, a low-soil-Se area (2) in sixty-four surgical patients, including nineteen patients on total parenteral nutrition and twenty-three cancer patients (3) in fifty-two ‘overseas subjects’ (twenty-five visitors to Otago from outside New Zealand and twenty-seven Otago residents on return from overseas travel).2. Blood Se concentrations reflected dietary Se intake; means for Otago patients, healthy subjects and overseas subjects were different (0043, 0.059, 0.136 μg Se/ml blood respectively) and mean for overseas residents was greater than for New Zealand overseas travellers.3. Erythrocyte Se concentration was always greater than plasma Se, and plasma Se was a smaller pro- portion of erythrocyte Se for patients compared with the controls.4. GSHPx activities were different in the three groups, and vaned directly with erythrocyte Se until a plateau was reached at approximately 0.14 μg Se/ml erythrocytes.5. Overseas subjects showed no relationship between erythrocyte Se and GSHPx activity. This agrees with some overseas studies and the significance of this finding is discussed.6. Plasma Se concentration remained the most sensitive index of short-term changes in Se status, and erythrocyte Se and GSHPx activities for long-term changes in New Zealand subjects. Use of these measure- ments for overseas subjects with higher blood levels is discussed.

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Selenium and Glutathione Peroxidase Levels in Cystic Fibrosis

PEDIATRICS ◽

10.1542/peds.65.5.1010 ◽

1980 ◽

Vol 65 (5) ◽

pp. 1010-1012

Author(s):

John D. Lloyd-Still ◽

Howard E. Ganther

Keyword(s):

Cystic Fibrosis ◽

New Zealand ◽

Glutathione Peroxidase ◽

Whole Blood ◽

Selenium Concentration ◽

Selenium Level ◽

Infants And Children ◽

Healthy Children ◽

Normal Range

Whole blood selenium and glutathione peroxidase levels were measured in 20 infants and children (aged 6 months to 15 years) with cystic fibrosis. The whole blood selenium concentration in cystic fibrosis was 0.122 ± 0.025 µg/gm. Although the levels of selenium in cystic fibrosis children were below the levels found in a study of healthy children (0.223 ± 0.007 µg/gm), they are comparable to those found in children with phenylketonuria treated dietetically and exceed the blood selenium level of healthy children in New Zealand. Levels of the selenoenzyme glutathione peroxidase in children with cystic fibrosis (0.042 ± 0.007 units/mg Hb) were in the normal range (0.035 ± 0.003 units/mg of Hb). These results do not support the hypothesis that deficiency of selenium is responsible for cystic fibrosis.

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Impact of long-term supplementation of zinc and selenium on their content in blood and hair in goats

Veterinární Medicína ◽

10.17221/1581-vetmed ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 56 (No. 2) ◽

pp. 63-74 ◽

Cited By ~ 13

Author(s):

L. Pavlata ◽

M. Chomat ◽

A. Pechova ◽

L. Misurova ◽

R. Dvorak

Keyword(s):

Blood Plasma ◽

Whole Blood ◽

Average Concentration ◽

The Other ◽

Control Group ◽

Selenium Yeast ◽

Hair Samples ◽

The Impact ◽

Se Status

This paper evaluates the impact of long-term supplementation of different forms of zinc (Zn) and selenium (Se) on the content of these substances in the blood and hair of goats. Two analogous supplementation experiments were performed. 37 goats divided into four groups were used in the first trial with the Zn supplementation. Group A (n = 10) was a control group (with no Zn administered). A further three groups (B, C, D) were supplemented with Zn in various forms. Group B (n = 9) with zinc oxide, Group C (n = 9) with zinc lactate and Group D (n = 9) with zinc chelate. The second trial with Se supplementation was carried out on 20 goats divided into four groups. Group E (n = 5) was a control group. The other three groups were administered Se. Group F (n = 5) was supplied with a selenium lactate-protein complex, Group G (n = 5) with sodium selenite and Group H (n = 5) with selenium yeast. Three months later blood and hair samples were taken from all animals and Zn and Se concentrations were determined in whole blood, plasma, and hair. Glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activity was determined in the Se supplementation trial group. At the end of the trial the Zn concentrations in plasma and whole blood were without major differences between the groups. The plasma concentration of Zn did not increase from the initial value at the start of the trial. In hair the average concentration of Zn was 95.2–100.0 mg/kg<br />in all groups. No conclusive relation was confirmed between the values of Zn in hair and its concentration in blood. The Se concentration in whole blood (µg/l) at the end of trial in supplemented groups (F – 188.8 ± 24.6; G – 197.2 ± 10.9; H – 190.1 ± 26.3) was significantly higher (P < 0.01) than in the control group (E – 103.1 ± 23.5). Similarly, the activity of GSH-Px (µkat/l) was significantly higher in all supplemented groups (F – 872.3 ± 94.8; G – 659.5 ± 176.4; H – 839.8 ± 150.8) than in the control group (E – 379.1 ± 63.5). Se content in hair (µg/kg) was higher also in all trial groups (F – 242.3 ± 41.5; G – 200.5 ± 46.9; H – 270.0 ± 106.8) than in the control group (E – 174.7 ± 38.0). However, it was significantly (P < 0.05) higher only in Group F. A conclusive correlation was identified between the Se concentration in whole blood and its content in hair (r = 0.54; P < 0.05; n = 20). Based on the results it can be concluded that none of the supplemented forms of Zn increased its concentration in blood, plasma and hair. On the other hand, the administration of Se led to an increase in the Se concentration in blood, increased the activity of GSH-Px in whole blood and the Se content in hair. Based on the proven correlation and regression relation between the Se concentration in blood and its content in hair, hair can be considered as a suitable material for the diagnosis of long-term Se status in goats. Goats with sufficient Se status are those that have more than 160 µg/kg of Se in hair dry weight.

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Comparison of organic and inorganic forms of selenium in the mother and kid relationship in goats

Czech Journal of Animal Science ◽

10.17221/6271-cjas ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 57 (No. 8) ◽

pp. 361-369 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

L. Pavlata ◽

L. Mišurová ◽

A. Pechová ◽

R. Dvořák

Keyword(s):

Glutathione Peroxidase ◽

Whole Blood ◽

Sodium Selenite ◽

Dry Matter ◽

Control Group ◽

Individual Trial ◽

Significant Difference ◽

The Individual ◽

Se Status

The goal of the experiment was to compare the effect of four different forms of selenium (Se) − sodium selenite (SS), lactate-protein selenium complex (SL), selenium enriched yeast (SY), and selenium-proteinate (SP) supplemented to pregnant goats on Se concentration and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activity in the blood of goats on the day of delivery and also on Se concentration and GSH-Px activity in the blood of newborn kids. The experiment involved 33 pregnant goats of White Short-haired breed. The supplementation started 6 weeks before the parturition. The goats were divided into 5 groups: control group C, not supplemented, and 4 trial groups (SL, SP, SS, SY), which received Se in the above stated forms by the means of supplemented pellets (300 g per animal per day) at a rate 900 μg Se/kg of dry matter. The average Se concentrations in the blood of the goats were 79.6 μg/l in group C, 152.6 μg/l in group SL, 167.1 μg/l in group SP, 144.9 μg/l in group SS, and 152.9 μg/l in group SY. Selenium concentrations in all 4 trial groups were significantly higher (P < 0.01) than in control group, however no significant difference was found between individual trial groups. Likewise, the activity of GSH-Px in goat blood increased significantly in all supplemented groups compared to the controls; however we did not discover any significant differences in activity of GSH-Px between the individual selenium-supplemented groups. The Se concentrations in the blood of kids were significantly (P < 0.01) higher in the selenium-supplemented groups (SL – 94.9 μg/l, <br />SP – 87.5 μg/l, SS – 87.6 μg/l, SY – 92.5 μg/l) than in the control group (C – 49.4 μg/l), but we did not discover any differences between the individual experimental groups. The activity of GSH-Px in the blood of the kids tended towards higher values in the supplemented groups than in the control group, but the values were significantly higher (P < 0.05) only in groups SY and SL. We have found significant correlation between GSH-Px activity and Se concentration in the blood of goats (r = 0.86) and newborn kids (r = 0.95). Likewise, there was significant correlation between Se concentration in the blood of goats and their kids (r = 0.74). We discovered that the kids are reaching physiologically only about 60% of Se status in whole blood in comparison with their mothers. Our results are suggesting that all the above forms of Se were similarly utilised and transferred into the foetus in the goats.  

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Effect of selenium on markers of risk of pre-eclampsia in UK pregnant women: a randomised, controlled pilot trial

British Journal Of Nutrition ◽

10.1017/s0007114514000531 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 112 (1) ◽

pp. 99-111 ◽

Cited By ~ 61

Author(s):

Margaret P. Rayman ◽

Elizabeth Searle ◽

Lynne Kelly ◽

Sigurd Johnsen ◽

Katherine Bodman-Smith ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Placebo Group ◽

Pregnant Women ◽

Whole Blood ◽

Pilot Trial ◽

Growth Factor Receptor ◽

Treated Group ◽

Angiogenic Factor ◽

Secondary Outcome ◽

Double Blind ◽

Se Status

Pre-eclampsia is a serious hypertensive condition of pregnancy associated with high maternal and fetal morbidity and mortality. Se intake or status has been linked to the occurrence of pre-eclampsia by our own work and that of others. We hypothesised that a small increase in the Se intake of UK pregnant women of inadequate Se status would protect against the risk of pre-eclampsia, as assessed by biomarkers of pre-eclampsia. In a double-blind, placebo-controlled, pilot trial, we randomised 230 primiparous pregnant women to Se (60 μg/d, as Se-enriched yeast) or placebo treatment from 12 to 14 weeks of gestation until delivery. Whole-blood Se concentration was measured at baseline and 35 weeks, and plasma selenoprotein P (SEPP1) concentration at 35 weeks. The primary outcome measure of the present study was serum soluble vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-1 (sFlt-1), an anti-angiogenic factor linked with the risk of pre-eclampsia. Other serum/plasma components related to the risk of pre-eclampsia were also measured. Between 12 and 35 weeks, whole-blood Se concentration increased significantly in the Se-treated group but decreased significantly in the placebo group. At 35 weeks, significantly higher concentrations of whole-blood Se and plasma SEPP1 were observed in the Se-treated group than in the placebo group. In line with our hypothesis, the concentration of sFlt-1 was significantly lower at 35 weeks in the Se-treated group than in the placebo group in participants in the lowest quartile of Se status at baseline (P= 0·039). None of the secondary outcome measures was significantly affected by treatment. The present finding that Se supplementation has the potential to reduce the risk of pre-eclampsia in pregnant women of low Se status needs to be validated in an adequately powered trial.

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On supplementing the selenium intake of New Zealanders

British Journal Of Nutrition ◽

10.1079/bjn19780074 ◽

1978 ◽

Vol 39 (3) ◽

pp. 589-600 ◽

Cited By ~ 73

Author(s):

Marion F. Robinson ◽

Heather M. Rea ◽

Gaylene M. Friend ◽

R. D. H. Stewart ◽

P. C. Snow ◽

...

Keyword(s):

New Zealand ◽

Urinary Excretion ◽

Whole Blood ◽

Daily Intake ◽

Clinical Findings ◽

Multiple Dosing ◽

Double Blind ◽

Faecal Excretion ◽

Short Period ◽

Close Relationship

1. The daily intake of selenium by three subjects was supplemented with 100 μg Se as selenomethionine (Semet-Se) or sodium selenite (selenite-Se)/d for 10–11 weeks, or with 65 μg Se as in mackerel (Scomber japonicus) (fish-Se)/d for 4 weeks.2. Urinary and faecal excretion of Se was measured and also Se concentration in whole blood, plasma and erythrocytes. Measurements on blood were made at intervals after supplementation had ceased.3. Selenite-Se was not as well absorbed (0.46 of the intake) during the first 4 weeks as Semet-Se (0.75 of the intake) and fish Se (0.66 of the intake).4. Blood Se increased steadily with Semet-Se, from 0.08 to 0.18 μg Se/ml, but more slowly with selenite-Se, reaching a plateau in 7–8 weeks at 0.11 μg Se/ml. Plasma Se increased more rapidly with Semet-Se than with selenite-Se, so that initially with Semet-Se plasma Se was greater than erythrocyte Se.5. Daily urinary excretion increased with all forms of supplement, with initially a greater proportion of absorbed selenite-Se being excreted than Semet-Se or fish-Se. A close relationship was found between plasma Se and 24 h urinary excretion. The findings suggested that there was a rapid initial excretion of presumably unbound Se then a slower excretion of residual unbound, loosely bound or bound Se.6. Total retentions of 3.5 mg selenite-Se and 4.5 mg Semet-Se were large when compared with an estimate of body content of 6 mg Se, derived in another paper (Stewart, Griffiths, Thomson & Robinson, 1978). Retentions of Semet-Se and fish-Se appeared to be reflected in blood Se, whereas for selenite-Se, blood Se reflected retention for only a short period after which Se appeared to be retained without altering the blood Se. This suggested that Semet-Se and selenite-Se were metabolized differently.7. A double blind-dosing trial with 100 μg Semet-Se was carried out for 12 weeks on twenty-four patients with muscular complaints in Tapanui, a low-Se-soil area. Blood Se increased in the experimental group (from 0.067 to 0.143 μg Se/ml); clinical findings were not conclusive and will be presented elsewhere.8. Blood Se was measured in New Zealand residents before travelling to Europe or to North America. On return their blood Se was increased, and depending upon the period of time spent outside New Zealand some values reached concentrations found in visitors and new settlers to New Zealand.9. The results from these studies and the earlier studies of single and multiple dosing have been used to look at the various criteria in use for assessing Se status of subjects. It is suggested that plasma Se be used in preference to 24 h urinary excretion, and in addition to whole blood Se and glutathione peroxidase (EC 1.11.1.9) activity.

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Altered platelet lipoxygenase activity in patients with low selenium

Clinical Science ◽

10.1042/cs0730525 ◽

1987 ◽

Vol 73 (5) ◽

pp. 525-529 ◽

Cited By ~ 14

Author(s):

A. M. Van Rij ◽

C. Wade ◽

I. Kirk ◽

C. Thomson ◽

M. F. Robinson

Keyword(s):

Arachidonic Acid ◽

Whole Blood ◽

Acid Metabolism ◽

Arachidonic Acid Metabolism ◽

Lipoxygenase Pathway ◽

Gshpx Activity ◽

Low Selenium ◽

Hydroperoxyeicosatetraenoic Acid ◽

Reduced Activity ◽

Se Status

1. Arachidonic acid metabolism through the lipoxygenase pathway in platelets was investigated in 11 patients with low selenium (Se) nutritional status and compared with 14 patients with a normal Se status. 2. Plasma and whole blood Se levels, as well as plasma, whole blood and platelet glutathione peroxidase (GSHPx) activity, were measured in both groups and found to be significantly lower in the group with low Se status. 3. Studies on [14C]arachidonic acid stimulated platelets demonstrated that reduced conversion of the active metabolite 12-hydroperoxyeicosatetraenoic acid to 12-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid occurred in patients with low Se nutrition. 4. Changes in [14C]arachidonic acid metabolism are attributed to reduced activity of the seleno-enzyme GSHPx. The effects of other factors cannot be entirely excluded.

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Long-term supplementation with selenate and selenomethionine: urinary excretion by New Zealand women

British Journal Of Nutrition ◽

10.1079/bjn19970056 ◽

1997 ◽

Vol 77 (4) ◽

pp. 551-563 ◽

Cited By ~ 23

Author(s):

Marion F. Robinson ◽

Christine D. Thomson ◽

Christopher P. Jenkinson ◽

Gu Luzhen ◽

Philip D Whanger

Keyword(s):

New Zealand ◽

Urinary Excretion ◽

Minor Component ◽

Double Blind Trial ◽

Double Blind ◽

Close Relationship ◽

Glomerular Filtrate ◽

Renal Clearances ◽

A Minor

Thirty-six New Zealand women aged between 18 and 23 years received daily for 32 weeks, 200 µg Se as Se-enriched yeast (selenomethionine, SeMet), or brewer's yeast mixed with selenate, or no added Se (placebo) in a double-blind trial. Mean daily Se excretion increased with both supplements; the selenate group excreted more than the SeMet group, 123v. 66 µg/d respectively at week 2, equivalent to 57v. 27 % of the dose. Thereafter Se output increased for the SeMet group reaching a plateau at about 100 µg/d at week 16, when plasma Se had also plateaued at 190 ng/ml. The selenate group had reached an earlier plateau of 110 ng Se/ml at week 7. There was a close relationship between 24 h urine and plasma Se for the SeMet group but not for the selenate group. Renal plasma clearances showed two distinctly different responses; the clearance of 0·4 ml/min reached by the SeMet group at week 2 plateaued as plasma Se increased almost 2-fold; whereas for the selenate group the clearance varied between 0·8 and 1·1 ml/min whilst plasma Se remained almost constant at 110 ng/ml. Previous studies, also of 200 µgSe/d as Se-rich bread, in New Zealand (NZ) and elsewhere showed similar responses to Se-yeast; the selenite response was intermediate between selenate and Se-yeast (SeMet). The full significance of these studies awaits identification of Se components in plasma, glomerular filtrate and urine; meanwhile renal clearances serve as a pointer to changes in the distribution of Se-containing fractions in the plasma. Trimethylselenonium was detected in basal urines, and was a minor component in urines of supplemented NZ subjects at about 1 % of the total Se.

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Immunogold localization of fibrinogen (FIB) and its receptor on human platelets by conventional and intermediate-voltage EM (IVEM)

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100162144 ◽

1990 ◽

Vol 48 (3) ◽

pp. 916-917

Author(s):

Mary E. Hensler ◽

Roy R. Hantgan ◽

Andra S. Willard ◽

Jon C. Lewis

Keyword(s):

Plasma Proteins ◽

Gel Filtration ◽

Human Platelets ◽

Thick Section ◽

Immunogold Localization ◽

Ultrastructural Studies ◽

Early Activation ◽

Human Volunteers ◽

Activation Times

Platelet aggregation involves fib, which serves as a molecular bridge within hemostatic plugs. The interaction of fib with platelets is mediated by glycoprotein IIb/IIIa (GPIIb/IIIa), which binds fib after platelet activation. Ultrastructural studies have documented relocation of GPIIb/IIIa with long-term activation. However, little is known about GPIIb/IIIa redistribution during early activation. Reported is the use of immunogold chemistry along with thick-section stereo IVEM and TEM stereology to document the location of fib and GPIIb/IIIa during early activation.Platelets were isolated from anticoagulated blood obtained following informed consent from human volunteers. Plasma proteins were removed by gel-filtration over Sepharose 2B in a Hepes-albumin-Tyrodes buffer. The gel-filtered platelets (GFP) were activated in suspension with 10 umol/L ADP in the presence of 2 mmol/L CaCl2 and in select experiments 100 μg/mL fib. GFP at various activation times were fixed in 1% glutaraldehyde, and the following monoclonal antibodies (mabs) were used to localize GPIIb/IIIa: P2 (AMAC, Inc.), AP-2 (provided by Dr. T. Kunicki), and 7E3 (an activation dependent mab from Dr. B. Coller).

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The effect of inorganic and organically bound forms of selenium on glutathione peroxidase activity in the blood of goats

Veterinární Medicína ◽

10.17221/1576-vetmed ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 56 (No. 2) ◽

pp. 75-81 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

L. Pavlata ◽

L. Misurova ◽

A. Pechova ◽

R. Dvorak

Keyword(s):

Glutathione Peroxidase ◽

Lactobacillus Acidophilus ◽

Whole Blood ◽

Sodium Selenite ◽

Complex Form ◽

Biologically Active ◽

Glutathione Peroxidase Activity ◽

The Difference ◽

Se Status

The goal of the experiment was to compare the effect of supplementation of inorganic and the new organically bound (lactate-protein selenium complex) form of selenium (Se) in feed for goats. The 31 goats were split into three groups: control (C) without Se supplementation, AN group administered sodium selenite, ORG group administered lactate-protein selenium complex (Selene Chelate, Agrobac, Czech Republic) produced by cultivation of Lactobacillus acidophilus on a substrate containing natrium selenite. The total Se intake in goats was 0.15 mg in group C, and 0.43 mg in the groups AN and ORG. The effect of Se supplementation was assessed based on the determination of Se concentration and the activity of glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) in whole blood. Samples were taken before the beginning of Se supplementation, 14 and 30 days after the start of supplementation, and then two and three months after the beginning of supplementation. Average Se concentrations in the blood of goats in individual groups (C, AN, ORG) before the start of supplementation were 109.6 ± 34.3, 117.5 ± 34.7, and 105.4 ± 43.6 μg/l respectively, and the activity of GSH-Px in whole blood was 745.3 ± 289.2, 810.7 ± 280.4, and 791.0 ± 398.1 μkat/l respectively. While in group C goats neither the Se concentration nor the GSH-Px activity changed substantially during the experiment, in the goats in the experimental groups there was a statistically significant increase (P < 0.01) in both Se concentrations and the GSH-Px activities. At the end of the experiment Se concentrations in the blood of AN and ORG groups amounted to 168.5 ± 12.2 and 168.8 ± 26.8 μg/l. The GSH-Px activities in goats supplemented with Se also increased significantly over the course of the experiment (at the end of the experiment it was 1178.0 ± 127.3 in the AN group and 1030.1 ± 152.3 μkat/l in the ORG group), and the difference between the groups was significant (P = 0.038). Regarding the dynamics of GSH-Px activity changes during the monitored period, a markedly quicker increase in GSH-Px activity was recorded in the AN group – one month after the beginning of Se supplementation, compared to three months after the beginning of Se supplementation in the ORG group. The results thus show that the effects of supplementation with selenite and the lactate-protein selenium complex are similar with regard to Se status, but that the increase in GSH-Px activity occurred much faster with selenite, which therefore appears to be a more biologically available form of selenium for creation of biologically active selenoproteins.

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