Chrysopogon zizanioides (vetiver).
Abstract Chrysopogon zizanioides is a grass native to Asia, now widely introduced and cultivated in tropical and subtropical regions of the world. There are two types, an infertile domesticated type and a fertile wild type. C. zizanioides can grow in a wide range of soils and climatic conditions and is very tolerant of disturbance including grazing, fire, floods and drought. This is in part due to its dense root system that can reach depths of over 3 m. All these features have made this species an excellent option for soil and water conservation (among other uses), but also make the fertile wild type of this plant a problematic invasive species. Once established, it grows very densely and has the potential to displace other plant species including other grasses. Currently, vetiver is listed as invasive in China, Fiji, Costa Rica, Anguilla and the Philippines. This species is highly efficient in absorbing dissolved nutrients such as nitrogen and phosphorous, and its dense root system can directly alter the soil structure and modify or inhibit nutrient and water acquisition by native species. Due to its deep root system, it is difficult to remove manually. It can be controlled by dense shade and by digging up the crown, and it is susceptible to glyphosate.