An investigation of the roof of the genital chamber in female plant-bugs with special emphasis on the “dorsal sac” (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Miridae)

2017 ◽  
Vol 53 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-16 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dominique Pluot-Sigwalt ◽  
Armand Matocq
Keyword(s):  
Female Plant ◽  
Dorsal Sac

Observations on Digestion in the Ruminant

1932 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 409-426
Author(s):  
H. E. MAGEE
Keyword(s):  
Blood Sugar ◽  
Circular Muscle ◽  
Percentage Increase ◽  
X Rays ◽  
Rapid Rate ◽  
Range Of Movement ◽  
Heavy Particles ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Dorsal Sac ◽  
Light Material

The results of experiments conducted on goats and sheep by X-rays and by blood-sugar analyses have been considered with the data of other observers and the deductions outlined below have been made. Ingesta, whether liquid or solid, first enter the reticulum and rumen. Heavy matter lodges in the former and light material may enter the same cavity or the rumen. Heavy particles remain in the reticulum for several days until they are broken down, probably by maceration. Light particles move all through the reticulo-rumen at a rapid rate, but the range of movement is least in the posterior ruminal sac. The reticulo-rumen is a mixing and fermentation cavity. Mixing is caused by rhythmical waves of contraction which pass over the reticulum, dorsal sac, ventral sac and posterior sac of the rumen in this order at intervals of 40 to 80 sec., the whole cycle requiring 25 to 40 sec. Onward passage of ingesta from reticulo-rumen is probably due, chiefly to an aspiratory act on the part of the omasum, the leaves of which filter off coarse materials and, by alternating contractions, grind them, while the contraction of the viscus as a whole squeezes the fluid and fine materials into the abomasum. The fundus of the abomasum shows no gross movements, but maintains a steady pressure on its contents, and thus drives them into the pylorus which expels them by peristalsis into the duodenum. Distension of the abomasum probably prevents its overfilling by reflexly inhibiting the movements of the fore-stomachs. The essential factors causing the rejection of the food mass in rumination are (I) thoracic negative pressure produced by sudden descent of the diaphragm and closure of the glottis, (2) relaxation of the circular muscle of the cardia and its dragging forwards by extension of the head and contraction of the longitudinal oesophageal muscle, (3) contraction of the dorsal ruminal sac. A reticular contraction precedes rejection, and swallowing of the remasticated bolus just precedes the succeeding reticular contraction. The fore-stomachs attain adult form at about the 7 month. The vagus is motor and the splanchnics inhibitory to the fore-stomachs. The fore-stomachs contain food after 7 days' starvation. The fasting blood sugar varies from 63 to 86 mg. per 100 c.c., and it rises steadily from the 40th to the 169th hour of fasting. The blood sugar rises slightly but very variably after carbohydrate meals. The inconstancy is related to the X-ray findings, which showed that barium meals may remain in the reticulo-rumen for 60 min. or more, or may pass into the omasum and abomasum within 5 min. after ingestion. The percentage increase in blood sugar after carbohydrate meals is greater in fasted than in non-fasted animals.

scholarly journals The role of the male flower spike as a cue for selective grazing in bladder saltbush

2005 ◽  
Vol 27 (2) ◽  
pp. 97 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Walsh ◽  
R. Sinclair ◽  
M. H. Andrew ◽  
D. Coleman
Keyword(s):  
Plant Material ◽  
Male Flower ◽  
Female Plant ◽  
Visual Cue ◽  
Merino Sheep ◽  
The Third ◽  
Selective Grazing

This paper reports the results of three cafeteria trials used to study palatability variation between the sex phenotypes of bladder saltbush (Atriplex vesicaria Heward ex Benth.). The results of the first trial show that Merino sheep preferentially grazed female samples compared to male ones, which supported earlier paddock-scale grazing trials and observations. In the second trial, the removal of male flower spikes led to increased consumption of male samples, suggesting that male flower spikes contain a grazing deterrent. The third trial showed that sheep were able to detect male material with or without spikes even when it was completely hidden within female plant material. In combination with observations made during the trials, these results suggest that there is a grazing deterrent present in male plants and that sheep use the male flower spike primarily as a visual cue when making grazing decisions.

Testing the diagnostic value of the dorsal sac and other structures of the roof of the female genital chamber within the plant bugs genus Psallus Fieber (Hemiptera, Heteroptera, Miridae, Phylinae)

Zootaxa ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 4286 (2) ◽  
pp. 215 ◽  
Author(s):  
DOMINIQUE PLUOT-SIGWALT ◽  
ARMAND MATOCQ
Keyword(s):  
Diagnostic Value ◽  
Species Group ◽  
Vaginal Wall ◽  
Dorsal Wall ◽  
Diagnostic Characters ◽  
Difficult Genus ◽  
Lateral Margins ◽  
Spermathecal Gland ◽  
Dorsal Sac ◽  
Female Genital

The roof (dorsal wall) of the female genital chamber (bursa copulatrix) was compared in 31 species representing six subgenera of the taxonomically difficult genus Psallus Fieber, 1858. This investigation tested the potential value of different elements of the dorsal wall (dorsal sac, sclerotized rings, spermathecal gland, lateral oviducts, and infolding of the lateral margins), anticipating diagnostic characters and phylogenetic information for a genus in need of revision. The dorsal sac, a very variable membranous pouch differentiated from the vaginal wall, appears highly informative in providing reliable diagnostic characters at species level; to some extent it may also reveal related species. At subgenus or genus level, the dorsal sac must be examined with other equally informative structures of the roof. In some cases, strong evidence is provided by these structures aiding the recognition of related and unrelated species. The subgenus Pityopsallus Wagner forms a homogenous species-group which does not seems closely related to Psallus s.l. and should be raised to generic status as already proposed by several authors. The subgenus Hylopsallus Wagner appears to gather several species united by at least one synapomorphy after removing unrelated species such as P. (Hylopsallus) callunae Reuter. Also, it is clear that Psallus pardalis Seidenstücker and Psallus jungaricus Vinokurov & Luo should be excluded from Psallus. One or several characters in the roof of some phyline species (Atractotomus Fieber, Campylomma Reuter, Europiella Reuter, Phoenicocoris Reuter, Plagiognathus Fieber, Phylus Hahn, Sthenarus Fieber) appear to be distinct from those of Psallus species. 

scholarly journals Silage intake, rumination and pseudo-rumination activity in sheep studied by radiography and jaw movement recordings

1981 ◽  
Vol 46 (2) ◽  
pp. 327-335 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. G. Deswysen ◽  
H. J. Ehrlein
Keyword(s):  
Solid Particles ◽  
Digestion Time ◽  
Jaw Movement ◽  
Intake Level ◽  
Cardiac Region ◽  
Dorsal Sac ◽  
Main Meal

1. The eating and ruminating activity of four rams given long-chopped silage ad lib. in two daily meals was studied by jaw movement recordings. The events of rumination and pseudo-rumination were observed by fluoroscopy and by cineradiography.2. The rate of eating was highest at the beginning of the main meal and then declined gradually.3. The silage intake level was low.4. The swallowed silage did not accumulate at the cardiac region but was forced into the dorsal sac of the rumen by the contractions of the reticulum and cranial sac of the rumen. For regurgitation the solid particles had to return via the ventral and cranial sac of the rumen into the reticulum.5. Liquid reticular contents with floating solid particles were aspirated into the oesophagus during the maximum of the regurgitation contraction of the reticulum.6. The rumination activity during the day presented a high proportion of pseudo-rumination cycles whereas during the night the rumination became progressively normal.7. Pseudo-rumination was caused by delayed return of the fibrous silage particles into the reticulum. Thus in pseudo-rumination the regurgitated material consisted predominantly of fluid containing only a small quantity of solid particles.8. The results explain why long-chopped silage intake is associated with pseudo-rumination, a lower breakdown of particles and a waste of digestion time.

scholarly journals The effect of fishmeal on the digestion of grass silage by growing cattle

1990 ◽  
Vol 63 (3) ◽  
pp. 489-502 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. E. Beever ◽  
M. Gill ◽  
J. M. Dawson ◽  
P. J. Buttery
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Organic Matter ◽  
Small Intestine ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Ammonia Concentration ◽  
Total N ◽  
Grass Silage ◽  
Growing Cattle ◽  
Dorsal Sac

The effect of two levels of fishmeal substitution (50 (FM1) and 150 (FM2) g/kg) of a grass silage control diet (C) on the rumen digestion of organic matter and nitrogen, and the small intestinal disappearance of amino acids was examined in young growing cattle each equipped with simple PVC cannulas in the dorsal sac of the reticulo-rumen, the proximal duodenum and the terminal ileum. The silage was a primary growth of perennial ryegrass (Lnlium pevenne) (+formic acid) with a total N content of 22 g/kg dry matter (DM) (diet C). Fishmeal substitution increased this to 26 (diet FM1) and 34 (diet FM2) g/kg DM. On diets C and FM1, approximately 0.71 of digestible organic matter intake was apparently digested in the rumen, but this was significantly (P < 0.05) reduced on diet FM2 (0.60). Whilst duodenal flows of non-ammonia N and total amino acids were significantly (P < 001) increased at the highest level of fishmeal inclusion only, the synthesis of microbial N was significantly (P < 0.001) reduced by fishmeal inclusion, and feed N degradability declined progressively in response to increased fishmeal. Both levels of fishmeal addition caused a significant (P< 0.05) reduction in the fractional outflow rate of water from the rumen, and on the highest level of fishmeal significant (P< 0.05) increases in rumen ammonia concentration and rumen propionate molar proportions were observed. The net effect of the highest level of fishmeal substitution was to increase amino acid absorption from the small intestine by 0.47 compared with the control diet (P< 0.05), but due to an elevated ileal flow of amino acid no such effect was detected at the lowest level of fishmeal substitution. Composition of the absorbed amino acid fraction was relatively unaffected by the treatments imposed, despite large changes in the composition of the duodenal protein. The apparent non-linearity of response to fishmeal substitution is discussed and the amino acid supply findings are compared with the protein retention findings obtained in an earlier study by Gill et al. (1987). By two methods of calculation it was estimated that the amino acid N fraction disappearing from the small intestine was utilized with an efficiency of between 0.51 and 0.53 and no apparent effects due to diet or level of amino acid supply were detected.

scholarly journals Memoirs: Nephridia and Body-cavity of some Decapod Crustacea

1893 ◽  
Vol s2-34 (136) ◽  
pp. 403-426
Author(s):  
EDGAR J. ALLEN
Keyword(s):  
Nerve Cord ◽  
Anterior Part ◽  
Posterior Part ◽  
Body Cavity ◽  
The Body ◽  
Shell Gland ◽  
Central Cavity ◽  
Typical Structure ◽  
Pericardial Cavity ◽  
Dorsal Sac

1. The green gland of Palæmonetes (and Palæmon) at the time of hatching of the larva has not developed a lumen, although the external opening can be detected. When the larva leaves the egg the lumen commences to open, and the gland consists of an end-sac and a U-shaped tube, of which the distal portion gives rise to the bladder. The bladder then enlarges greatly, growing at first inwards towards the middle ventral line, then upwards, within the oesophageal nerve-ring and anterior to the oesophagus, to the middle dorsal line, where it meets its fellow of the opposite side. The two bladders grow backwards over the stomach and beneath the dorsal sac, subsequently fusing together in the middle line to form the unpaired nephro-peritoneal sac. 2. The shell-glands are the functional excretory organs at the time of hatching and during the latter part of the embryonal period. They open at the bases of the second maxillæ, and each consists of an end-sac and a Y-shaped renal tube, which have the typical structure of a crustacean nephridium. 3. A dorsal sac, which is completely enclosed by an epithelial lining, persists in adults of Palsem on, Palæmonetes, and Crangon. This sac, which does not contain blood, lies upon the nephro-peritoneal sac and the front end of the ovary, being much enlarged at its posterior end. The cephalic aorta (ophthalmic artery) lies within the dorsal sac. 4. At its anterior end the dorsal sac is surrounded by a mass of tissue which appears to be producing blood-corpuscles. 5. The dorsal sac is formed as a hollowing out in masses of mesoderm-cells, which lie on either side of the cephalic aorta. Two lateral cavities are thus formed, which increase in size and unite below the aorta. Taking into account this mode of development, a comparison with Peripatus shows that the dorsal sac is homologous with the dorsal portions of the mesoblastic somites of that animal, and must therefore be regarded as a true cœlom. 6. The body-cavity of these Crustaceans varies in different regions. (a) In the anterior part of the thorax it consists of a true cœlom (the dorsal sac and nephridia) and a hæmocœle. The hæmocœle consists of (1) a central cavity, in which the stomach and intestine, the liver and the nerve-cord lie; (2) two lateral cavities, which contain the end-sac and proximal end of the tube of the shell-gland, and which communicate with the central cavity and with the cavities of the legs; and (3) these leg-cavities, which, in the second maxillæ, contain the tube of the shell-gland. (b) In the posterior part of the thorax the body-cavity is entirely a hæmocœle. It consists of (1) the pericardial cavity, in which lies (2) the heart, and which is separated by the pericardial septum from (3) the central cavity of the body, which contains the genital organs, liver, intestine, and nerve-cord; (4) the lateral cavities, which communicate with the central cavity and with (5) the cavities of the legs. (c) In the abdomen the body-cavity is entirely a hæmocœle. It consists of a dorsal and a ventral sinus, which communicate with one another by lateral sinuses.

Aspects of digestive function in sheep related to phenotypic variation in methane emissions

2019 ◽  
Vol 59 (1) ◽  
pp. 55 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. J. Bond ◽  
M. Cameron ◽  
A. J. Donaldson ◽  
K. L. Austin ◽  
S. Harden ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Phenotypic Variation ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Dry Matter Intake ◽  
Atmospheric Methane ◽  
Host Animal ◽  
Ch4 Emissions ◽  
Dorsal Sac ◽  
The Masses ◽  
Maintenance Requirements ◽  
Block Experiment

Ruminant livestock contribute to atmospheric methane (CH4) from enteric microbial fermentation of feed in the reticulo-rumen. Our research aimed to increase understanding of how digestive characteristics and rumen anatomy of the host animal contribute to variation in CH4 emissions between individual sheep. In total, 64 ewes were used in an incomplete block experiment with four experimental test periods (blocks). Ewes were chosen to represent the diversity of phenotypic variation in CH4 emissions: there were at least 10 offspring from each of four sires and a range of liveweights. Throughout the experiment, the ewes were fed equal parts of lucerne and oaten chaff, twice daily, at 1.5 times the maintenance requirements. Daily CH4 emission (g/day) increased significantly (P &lt; 0.001) with an increasing dry-matter intake (DMI) and reticulo-rumen volume (P &lt; 0.001). Lower methane yield (g CH4/kg DMI) was associated with shorter mean retention times of liquid (r = 0.59; P &lt; 0.05) and particle (r = 0.63; P &lt; 0.05) phases of the digesta in the rumen. Significant between sire variation was observed in CH4 emissions and in rumen volume (P = 0.02), the masses of liquids (P = 0.009) and particles (P &lt; 0.03) in the rumen and the proportion of gas in the dorsal sac of the rumen (P = 0.008). The best predictors of variation in CH4 emissions due to the host were DMI, CO2 emissions, rumen volume, liveweight, mean retention time of particles in the rumen, dorsal papillae density and the proportion of liquid in the contents of the rumen compartments.

scholarly journals Meat Qualities and Interior Features of Crossbred Young Sheep when Using a Microbiological Preparation

2021 ◽  
pp. 61-66
Author(s):  
О.В. Филинская ◽  
Е. Г. Скворцова ◽  
Е.А. Пивоварова ◽  
М.А. Еремеева
Keyword(s):  
Relative Weight ◽  
Liver Weight ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Ventral Part ◽  
Carcass Yield ◽  
Mucus Membrane ◽  
Liver And Kidney ◽  
Dorsal Sac ◽  
Meat Productivity ◽  
Experimental Group

Представлены результаты исследований влияния микробиологического препарата ЭМ-Курунга на мясные качества и интерьерные особенности помесных ягнят, полученных на базе МАУ «Ярославский зоопарк». Мясную продуктивность молодняка овец оценивали по показателям массы туши, выхода туши и убойному выходу. Интерьерные особенности определяли по абсолютной и относительной массе внутренних органов (печени и почек), желудочно-кишечного тракта и развитию слизистой оболочки рубца. У опытных ягнят оказались лучше развиты мясные качества (предубойная масса, масса и выход туши), чем у сверстников контрольной группы. Преимущество по предубойной массе у опытных ягнят над их сверстниками, не получавшими микробиологический препарат, составило 2,7 кг, по выходу туши – 2,7%, убойному выходу – 2,9%. По линейным размерам печени и почек существенных отличий обнаружено не было. При этом масса печени у ягнят опытной группы была на 21,1 г больше. Включение микробиологического препарата ЭМ-Курунга в рацион ягнят способствовало лучшему развитию органов пищеварительного тракта, слизистой оболочки рубца и сосочков на ней. Самые высокие и крупные сосочки имелись на вентральной части рубца, их высота у ягнят составила 3–4 мм. В дорсальном мешке рубца они менее развиты, в среднем в группах высота сосочков составила 1,5–2,3 мм. При лучшем их развитии увеличивается контактная поверхность рубца, в результате повышается использование питательных веществ кормов, что выражается в лучших мясных качествах животных. The research results of influence of microbiological preparation EM-Kurung on meat qualities and interior features of crossbred lambs obtained on the basis of MAI "Yaroslavl Zoo" are presented. The meat productivity of young sheep was assessed by the mass of carcass, the yield of carcass and the slaughter yield. Interior features were determined by the absolute and relative weight of innards (liver and kidneys), the gastrointestinal tract and the development of the rumen mucus membrane. Experimental lambs turned out to have better developed meat qualities (pre-slaughter mass, mass and carcass yield) than herdmates of the control group. The advantage in pre-slaughter weight of experimental lambs over their herdmates who did not receive the microbiological preparation was 2.7 kg, in carcass yield – 2.7%, in slaughter yield – 2.9%. No significant differences were found in linear liver and kidney sizes. At the same time, the liver weight of the experimental group lambs was 21.1 g more. The inclusion of the microbiological preparation EM-Kurung in the lamb diet contributed to the better development of the digestive tract organs, the rumen mucus membrane and papillae on it. The highest and largest papillae were on the ventral part of the rumen, their height in the lambs was 3–4 mm. In the dorsal sac of the rumen they are less developed, on average in groups the height of papillae was 1.5–2.3 mm. With their best development the contact surface of the rumen increases, as a result, the use of nutrients of feed increases, which is expressed in the best meat qualities of animals.

scholarly journals Completing the jigsaw: the first record of the female plant of Daphnopsis filipedunculata (Thymelaeaceae), an endemic species from the Brazilian Amazon

PhytoKeys ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 109 ◽  
pp. 93-101
Author(s):  
Maurício Takashi Coutinho Watanabe ◽  
Nara Furtado de Oliveira Mota ◽  
Mayara Pastore ◽  
Fernando Marino Gomes dos Santos ◽  
Daniela Zappi
Keyword(s):  
Endemic Species ◽  
Brazilian Amazon ◽  
First Record ◽  
Female Plant ◽  
National Forest ◽  
Missing Information

The results of intensive fieldwork in the National Forest of Carajás (FLONA Carajás) led to the discovery of pistillate plants of Daphnopsisfilipedunculata, an endemic species from the Serra dos Carajás, previously known only from staminate individuals. These newly discovered populations add valuable missing information related to pistillate buds, mature flowers and fruits.

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