Are children able to distinguish among the concepts of aloneness, loneliness, and solitude?

2004 ◽  
Vol 28 (5) ◽  
pp. 435-443 ◽  
Author(s):  
Evangelia Galanaki
Keyword(s):  
Total Sample ◽  
Sixth Graders ◽  
Second Graders ◽  
Research Literature ◽  
School Age Children ◽  
School Age ◽  
Individual Interviews ◽  
Age And Gender Differences ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Human Desire

School-age children’s ability to distinguish among the concepts of aloneness, loneliness, and solitude was the focus of this study. This ability has been largely neglected by researchers. Also, the relation of this ability with self-reported loneliness was examined. Individual interviews were conducted with 180 second, fourth, and sixth graders from Athens, Greece. Their responses were qualitatively and quantitatively analysed. Results showed that school-age children were able to perceive the differences between aloneness and loneliness, although they frequently associated being alone with feeling lonely. Nearly half of them perceived the motivational dimension, which distinguishes voluntary from involuntary aloneness. The ability to recognise the existence of beneficial aloneness, that is, solitude, was extremely limited among second graders, but increased dramatically up to the beginning of adolescence. About two thirds of the total sample acknowledged the human desire to be alone. Girls were significantly more able than boys to perceive the differences between aloneness and loneliness, the motivational dimension, and the desire to be alone. More than two-thirds of the total sample had experienced loneliness, but this experience appeared to be unrelated to their understanding of the various aloneness concepts. Age and gender differences, as well as children’s various justifications of their responses, are discussed in the framework of the existing theoretical and research literature on children’s aloneness, loneliness, and solitude.

Are Primary-School-Aged Children Experts in Spatial Associate Learning?

2007 ◽  
Vol 54 (3) ◽  
pp. 236-242 ◽  
Author(s):  
Petra Jansen-Osmann ◽  
Martin Heil
Keyword(s):  
Performance Improvement ◽  
Sixth Graders ◽  
Second Graders ◽  
The Other ◽  
School Age Children ◽  
School Age ◽  
Associate Learning ◽  
School Aged Children ◽  
Monosyllabic Words ◽  
Spatial Condition

Abstract. In two experiments (Experiment 1: N = 180, Experiment 2: N = 150), we investigated the anecdotal observation that school age children are assumed to be experts in spatial associate learning. In the first experiment, second graders, sixth graders, and adults learned the associations between 32 pictures and either a position or a word. 16 pictures had each to be associated with one position in a 4-by-4 grid of squares (spatial condition); the other 16 pictures had each to be associated to one of 16 monosyllabic words (verbal condition). After a 3 min distractor interval the associated position or word had to be retrieved with the pictures as cues. In Experiment 2, the results were replicated in principle with modifications in the experimental details. Performance improvement as a function of age turned out to be substantially larger in the verbal condition compared to the spatial one. The results are traced back to the idea that spatial associate learning is a cognitive function maturating early during life span.

scholarly journals Age-related characteristics of the reaction of the cardiovascular system of young swimmers to dosed physical activity

2020 ◽  
pp. 172-176
Author(s):  
A. Yushko ◽  
N. Balamutova ◽  
E. Bloshenko ◽  
L. Sheyko
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Cardiovascular System ◽  
Bicycle Ergometer ◽  
School Age Children ◽  
System Response ◽  
School Age ◽  
Age And Gender ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Age And Gender Differences ◽  
And Gender

In the age-related pedagogy and physiology one of important questions is the study of the influence of physical activities on the state of the cardiovascular system of children and teenagers. The reactions of the cardiovascular system in response to physical activity have significant age and gender differences. In this regard, the indicators of the cardiovascular system were analyzed when working on a bicycle ergometer in schoolchildren before, during, at the time of completion of puberty. The aim of this research was to study the age-related characteristics of the testes` cardiovascular system response to dosed physical activity. The revealed regularities of the reaction of the cardiovascular system of school-age children to physical activity can serve as a criterion for assessing their functional possibilities.

scholarly journals Life-Changing Experiences of Mothers with School-Age Children during the COVID-19 Pandemic: Focusing on Their Health Risk Perceptions and Health-Related Behaviors

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (9) ◽  
pp. 4523
Author(s):  
Hye Jin Yoo ◽  
JaeLan Shim ◽  
Namhee Kim
Keyword(s):  
Health Risk ◽  
Risk Perceptions ◽  
Qualitative Content Analysis ◽  
School Age Children ◽  
School Age ◽  
Individual Interviews ◽  
The Family ◽  
Health Related Behaviors ◽  
Health Related ◽  
Prevention Methods

This study aimed to explore health risk perceptions, changes in health-related behaviors, and life experiences of mothers with school-age children during the early coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic. Data were collected between 16 July and 10 September 2020, by individual interviews and analyzed through qualitative content analysis. After the twelve participants’ experiences were analyzed, four themes and ten sub-themes were derived. The four themes were: “Struggling to identify the substance of COVID-19,” “Taking the initiative to protect the health of the family,” “Frustrated by the brutal reality of no end in sight,” and “Trying to adjust wisely to an inevitable new lifestyle.” The findings suggest that while the world remains in an ongoing battle with COVID-19, national health institutions should prepare a health education system for specific infection prevention methods that can be practiced by individuals in daily life.

Alimentary factors affecting the formation of the nutritional status of school-age children

2021 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
pp. 83-88
Author(s):  
O.V. Sazonova ◽  
◽  
L.I. Mazur ◽  
S.A. Pyrkova ◽  
M.Yu. Gavryushin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nutritional Status ◽  
Fruits And Vegetables ◽  
Sixth Graders ◽  
School Age Children ◽  
School Age ◽  
School Meals ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Confectionery Products ◽  
Group 3 ◽  
Group 2

Objective. To reveal the dependence of the alimentary factor’s influence on the formation of nutritional status disorders in organized groups of school-age children. Patients and methods. A sample questionnaire and an anthropometric survey of 488 school children aged 8–9 years (group 1), 12–13 years (group 2) and 16–17 years (group 3) were conducted. Nutritional status was analyzed by anthropometric measurements using regional modified regression scales for the Samara Region. The analysis of the results obtained, including the risk of nutritional status disorders, was performed with the use of parametric statistical procedures. Results. Hot school meals were provided to 85.6% of pupils in grades 2–3, to 55.6% of sixth graders and 36.4% of pupils in the senior classes. A rational diet was revealed in 18.3% of cases in the junior school group and only in 7.0% of cases in group 3. The consumption of bread and bakery products, vegetables, fruits, milk, and dairy products increases by high school age. The frequency of fish and seafood consumption in most cases in each age group is limited to a few meals per month. Anthropometric studies showed a significant increase in the proportion of children with nutritional status disorders (underweight or overweight) between the ages of 12 and 17. Conclusion. The risk of nutritional status disorders in the examined children was due to the high frequency of consumption of bakery and confectionery products, decreased consumption of fruits and vegetables, and infrequent meals. Key words: school meals, regimen, nutritional structure, nutritional status

scholarly journals Simultaneous assessement of social skills and behavior problems: Education and gender

2016 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 453-464 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alessandra Turini BOLSONI-SILVA ◽  
Sonia Regina LOUREIRO
Keyword(s):  
Social Skills ◽  
Behavior Problems ◽  
Behavior Problem ◽  
Primary Caregivers ◽  
School Age Children ◽  
School Age ◽  
The Social ◽  
And Gender ◽  
And Behavior

Abstract The aim was to compare the social skills of preschool and school-age children, considering groups differentiated by behavior problem indicators, according to the assessment performed by parents and teachers. Children of both genders participated in this study. Parents/primary caregivers assessed 194 children and 294 children were assessed by their teachers. The results indicated that, for the parents and teachers, the children without problems were more socially skilled. The gender of the children distinguished the repertoire of social skills, according to their parents, mainly the school-age children. For the teachers, considering both school periods, girls were more socially skilled and, for both parents and teachers, boys presented more behavior problems. These data have implications for assessment and intervention procedures.

scholarly journals Age, Gender, Height and Weight in Relation to Joint Cartilage Thickness Among School-aged Children From Ultrasonographic Measurement

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chunchun Gau ◽  
Tsung-Chieh Yao ◽  
Shu-Ting Gan ◽  
Syh-Jae Lin ◽  
Kuo-Wei Yeh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Cartilage Thickness ◽  
School Age Children ◽  
School Age ◽  
Sectional Study ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
School Aged Children ◽  
Asian Children ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Gender Specific

Abstract Background: Among school-age children, the decrease of cartilage thickness (Cth) with increasing age is well known. However, the influence of body mass index (BMI), height or weight on Cth has not been revealed. Here in, we aim to establish an age- and gender-specific Cth standard reference among Asians and investigate the possible prestige of BMI, height and weight. Methods: A cross-sectional study was performed in healthy Asian children. Bilateral knees, ankles, wrists, second metacarpophalangeals (MCPs) and proximal interphalangeals (PIPs) were measured using ultrasound. The children’s height, weight and BMI were also recorded for later adjustment.Results: A total of 200 school age Asian children (including 86 girls and 114 boys, aged between 5 to 13 years-old) were investigated. Cth differences were observed in the knees, ankles, wrists, MCPs and PIPs between sexes (p<0.05), with girls having thinner cartilage thickness. While Cth decreases with increasing age ( p <0.0001, 0.039, 0.001, 0.023, 0.091 in girls’ knees, ankles, wrists, MCPs and PIPs and p = 0.002, 0.001, <0.0001, 0.001, 0.045 in boys’, respectively). Our data showed that weight, height and BMI are not the main factors contributing to Cth. A formula to calculate gender-specific cartilage thickness for Asian school age children is suggested. There was no difference in Cth after adjusting for height or weight between Asian or Caucasian group.Conclusions: A formula to calculate gender-specific cartilage thickness for Asian school age children is suggested. Height, weight and BMI were not the major contributor for Cth among school age children.

scholarly journals State of actual nutrition for children of school age

2020 ◽  
Vol 99 (7) ◽  
pp. 719-724
Author(s):  
Sergey N. Filimonov ◽  
Natalia V. Tapeshkina ◽  
Elena V. Koskina ◽  
Oksana P. Vlasova ◽  
Elena M. Sitnikova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Food Consumption ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Meat Products ◽  
Total Sample ◽  
School Age Children ◽  
Animal Origin ◽  
School Age ◽  
Daily Diet ◽  
Recommended Level ◽  
Milk And Dairy Products

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the nutritional status of school-age children living in monotown.Material and methods. A computer test was used to assess nutrition, namely, the program of the analysis of the frequency of food consumption «Human nutrition analysis» differentiated by classes of education for schoolchildren aged 7-10 years (junior classes), 11-13 years (middle link of education) and 15-16 years (high school). The total sample size amounted to 612 schoolchildren. The comparative analysis of qualitative and quantitative indices of the composition of the diet was carried out based on existing regulations.Results. In all age groups of schoolchildren, an imbalance in the intake of macro- and micronutrients with diets was revealed, which was due to the imbalance of the food set. In the daily diet of children of 7-16 years, there was a fairly adequate caloric value, however, they were deficient in total protein (89.0-96.4%) and excessive in fat (100.4-124.3%) and carbohydrates (105.3-118.5% of physiological norms). The protein content of animal origin in the daily diets of all schoolchildren was below the norms of physiological needs and accounted for 88.0%, 85.4%, 90.7%, respectively. Diets were scarce in their content of meat and meat products (68.1-73.2% from the recommended level of consumption), fish and seafood (32.9-47.5%), eggs (62.3-82.4%), milk and dairy products (48.5%-72.1% per day), bakery products (79.4-93.6%), potatoes (62.9-71.0%). Actual food consumption and the intake of nutrients are influenced by the age of the schoolchild (the determination coefficient of 0.53).Conclusion. The development of programs to optimize the nutrition of schoolchildren should be carried out in the light of previously identified violations corresponding to the regional nature.

scholarly journals Determination of Moving Speed of School Age Children

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-16
Author(s):  
Milan Simeunović ◽  
Ilija Tanackov ◽  
Pavle Pitka ◽  
Milja Simeunović ◽  
Zoran Papić
Keyword(s):  
School Age Children ◽  
Experimental Measurements ◽  
School Age ◽  
Age And Gender ◽  
Average Speed ◽  
Gender And Age ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Moving Speed ◽  
Number Of Authors

School age children (pedestrians) can move at different speeds, which are conditioned by certain parameters. Not all parameters have the same effect on the pedestrian speed. According to the literature, gender and age are the most researched parameters that have an impact on the speed of pedestrians. However, a small number of authors have dealt with the influence of movement regimes (slow, normal, fast, run, and rush) on pedestrian speed, while at the same time taking into account age and gender. For that reason, this article measured the speed of movement of school age children by movement regimes, taking into account age and gender. Within the same movement regime, the influence of age, sex, height, and weight on the speed of movement was investigated. Experimental measurements of the speed of movement of pedestrians aged 7 to 20 years were performed. Based on the results of measurements and statistical analyzes, recommendations on the average speed of movement regimes, age, and gender are given.

Wayfinding Behavior and Spatial Knowledge of Adults and Children in a Virtual Environment

2006 ◽  
Vol 53 (3) ◽  
pp. 171-181 ◽  
Author(s):  
Petra Jansen-Osmann ◽  
Petra Fuchs
Keyword(s):  
Virtual Environment ◽  
Sixth Graders ◽  
Second Graders ◽  
Spatial Knowledge ◽  
School Age ◽  
Survey Knowledge ◽  
Start Position ◽  
Environmental Space ◽  
Adults And Children ◽  
Landmark Location

This study investigated the effect of different organizations of landmark-location pairings as fine-space information on wayfinding behavior and spatial knowledge on a total of 90 participants: 30 second graders, 30 sixth graders, and 30 adults. All participants had to find their way to a goal in a virtual environment with either randomized or categorical landmarks, or without any landmarks. Thereafter, they had to find the shortest way from the start position to the goal in two consecutive trials (wayfinding performance), and they had to solve a number of spatial knowledge tasks. The results showed that independent of their categorical function, the existence of landmarks influenced the wayfinding performance of adults and children in the same way. Whereas the presence of landmarks had no effect on spatial survey knowledge, landmark knowledge itself was influenced by the categorical function of the landmarks presented. Moreover, second graders showed limited achievement compared to adults independent of the existence of landmarks. The main results implicate firstly that children at school age indeed are able to use landmark-location pairings as fine-space information like adults during learning an unknown environmental space, and secondly that a dissociation between wayfinding behavior and spatial knowledge might exist.

scholarly journals Helminthiasis among School-Age Children and Hygiene Conditions of Selected Schools in Lafia, Nasarawa State, Nigeria

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 112 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eniola M. Abe ◽  
Onyinye C. Echeta ◽  
Akwashiki Ombugadu ◽  
Linus Ajah ◽  
Peter O. Aimankhu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Primary Schools ◽  
School Health ◽  
Strongyloides Stercoralis ◽  
School Age Children ◽  
Multiple Infections ◽  
School Age ◽  
School Health Program ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Government ◽  
And Gender

The burden of soil-transmitted helminths (STHs) infections in Nigeria is enormous with serious public health significance. This study, therefore, assessed helminthiasis among school-age children and the hygiene conditions of schools in Lafia, Nasarawa State, Nigeria between December 2015 and April 2016 from four randomly selected primary schools. Stool samples were collected from 200 primary school pupils including 80 males (40%) and 120 females (60%) between five and 16 years, using clean sample bottles and a standard parasitology examination technique at the central laboratory at the Federal University, Lafia. An overall prevalence of 33.5% (67/200) helminths infections was recorded. A checklist of Ascaris lumbricoides, hookworm, Trichuris trichiura, and Strongyloides stercoralis was generated from the pooled data of the four studied schools in which A. lumbricoides occurred highest with 13% (26/200) while S. stercoralis was the least prevalent at 2.50% (5/200). Among the schools sampled, St. James Pilot Science Primary School’s children were the most infected at 44% (22/50). Multiple infections were observed in three of the four schools sampled. There was no significant difference (p > 0.05) in prevalence rates of different STHs infections in relation to age group and gender across schools. Our findings showed that the hygiene conditions in the studied schools were poor without water, hand washing materials, refuse bins, as well as poor sanitary conditions. This study also identified ova and larvae of STHs parasites in the analyzed soil samples from the studied schools. Most school-age children had knowledge about contamination but few among them washed their hands with water and soap. The obtained result indicated a negative association between the prevalence of STHs and the proportion of pupils that cleaned up with water after defection. We, therefore, advise that hygiene conditions in schools be improved and that the government should prioritize enrolling all primary schools in Nasarawa state for the school health program so as to reduce the burden of STHs among school-age children in the state.

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