Virtual and Actual Existentials in English, Swedish and Icelandic

2000 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 163-190
Author(s):  
Piotr Twardzisz
Keyword(s):  
Present Article ◽  
Dynamic Process ◽  
Theoretical Background ◽  
Cognitive Grammar ◽  
Abstract Setting ◽  
Virtual Plane ◽  
Existential Construction ◽  
Direct Apprehension

The focus of my analysis is the so-called existential construction. The languages examined are English, Swedish and Icelandic. The present article assumes the perspective of Ronald W. Langacker's cognitive grammar as the theoretical background. First of all, the assumption is that the unstressed, initial pronoun there, or its Scandinavian equivalents, are semantically definable as abstract-setting subjects of their respective sentences, with, possibly, the exception of Icelandic það. Secondly, the conceptualization of the existential scenes in the three languages is a dynamic process in each case. The dynamicity of the semantics of existential scenes is the result of assuming two planes, the actual and a virtual one, and establishing correspondences between them. The actual plane reflects our direct apprehension of reality. A virtual plane consists in the dynamic re-assignment of roles to the actual elements introduced by means of the virtual abstract-setting subject.

scholarly journals The Cognitive Grammar of drunkenness: Consciousness representation in Under the Volcano

2020 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
pp. 39-56
Author(s):  
Eric Rundquist
Keyword(s):  
Attentional Focus ◽  
Theoretical Background ◽  
Human Cognition ◽  
Cognitive Grammar ◽  
Style Analysis ◽  
Linguistic Features ◽  
Delayed Reaction ◽  
State Of Mind ◽  
Under The Volcano ◽  
Free Indirect Style

Cognitive Grammar analyses the semantics of linguistic features in relation to human cognition; Free Indirect Style allows authors to represent their characters’ cognition with language. This article applies Cognitive Grammar to the analysis of a character’s mind that is represented with Free Indirect Style. In the tradition of mind style analysis, it aims to use linguistics to reveal some of the underlying cognitive processes and proclivities at work in the character’s psychology. The character in question is the protagonist in Malcolm Lowry’s Under the Volcano, an alcoholic who is largely characterised by his drunken behaviour and ideation. This article therefore focuses on the linguistic features that serve to represent his inebriated state of mind. It analyses the semantic effects of those features primarily in terms of attentional focus, drawing on Cognitive Grammar concepts, such as objective construal, specificity, scope, profile and domain, and relating these to the protagonist’s cognitive proclivities for solipsism, partial awareness, delayed reaction, attenuated experience and self-delusion. The article also discusses the theoretical background for mind style analysis, arguing for the continued importance of focusing on the relationship between the text and a character’s mind, alongside the focus on the reader’s mind that has come to dominate cognitive stylistics.

Rhetorical Devices of Palestinian and Israeli Official Memory: Palestinian and Israeli History School Textbooks as a Case Study

2020 ◽  
pp. 002205742096676
Author(s):  
Tarak Dridi
Keyword(s):  
Present Article ◽  
Theoretical Background ◽  
History Textbooks ◽  
Educational Systems ◽  
Formal Institutions ◽  
Educational History ◽  
Oslo Accords ◽  
Rhetorical Devices ◽  
The Past

Oslo Accords have stringently underscored that both rivalries, the Palestinians and the Israelis, must abstain from incitement to terror and violence. Their educational systems, consequently, have to refrain from convulsive, fundamentalist, and heinous skirmishes leading to stalled reconciliation. History school textbooks are deemed, from both parties, so relevant that they inherently embody their official memories. Regarded as the representations of the past and the formal institutions of the group, official memory incarnates the true existence of one’s nation as it gives prominence to its history. To stave off potential detriments that may menace a country’s viability, official memory is deployed as a shield against enticement, incitement, and lies’ mongering. The present article indulges into a comparative rhetorical inspection of Israeli and Palestinian history school textbooks. Since it falls into the scope of argumentation and persuasion, rhetoric stands for the theoretical background of the study. The latter seeks to unveil the various rhetorical devices deployed by Palestinians and Israelis while conceiving their educational history textbooks to highlight the interconnectedness between history and official memory, on one hand, and the extent to which both school textbooks comply with Oslo Accords, on other hand.

scholarly journals Cultural Challenges Facing Turkey’s Membership in the European Union

2016 ◽  
Vol 12 (9) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Ahmad Jansiz ◽  
Saeed Sadeghi ◽  
Jalal Mirzaei ◽  
Mustafa Tarin
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Present Article ◽  
Theoretical Background ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Social Barriers ◽  
Cultural Challenges ◽  
Active Involvement ◽  
Political Principles ◽  
Identity Problems ◽  
The Eu

Turkey is one of the first countries asking for membership in the European Union but has not been able to achieve this goal. Even today the prospect of its membership is vague. Turkey hopes to join the EU in its 100<sup>th</sup> anniversary of independence in 2023 and has set its strategies and policies in line with this goal. It is an Islamic country which might challenge the relatively homogeneous culture of the EU. Some European countries consider the EU a community with a homogeneous cultural, social and political principles and values and regard the orientalist policy of Turkey as an evidence for its heterogeneity with the values existing in the European societies. The present article attempts to investigate the cultural and social barriers as the main obstacle to Turkey’s membership in the EU. Erdogan also believes that cultural problems are the most important obstacle to his country’s presence in the EU. Turkey has only three alternatives if it cannot become an EU member: active involvement, becoming a bridge between East and West, and being an ordinary neighbor to Europe. If Turkey becomes a member of the EU, it can play an important and influential role in the union as the only Islamic member. The present article uses constructivism as its theoretical background and takes it for granted that Turkey faces serious challenges in its path to membership in the EU due to cultural and identity problems.

scholarly journals Polskie liczebniki główne w świetle gramatyki kognitywnej

2021 ◽  
Vol LXXVII (77) ◽  
pp. 211-226
Author(s):  
HUBERT KOWALEWSKI
Keyword(s):  
Theoretical Background ◽  
Cognitive Grammar ◽  
Main Assumption ◽  
Cardinal Numbers ◽  
Relational Aspect

Artykuł analizuje semantykę polskich liczebników głównych z zakresu 5-10 i 100. Analiza wykorzystuje model gramatyki kognitywnej proponowany przez Ronalda Langackera. Główna teza artykułu głosi, że ewolucja tych liczebników polegała na przesunięciu aspektu relacyjnego (tj. przymiotnikowego) do profilu liczebnika, w wyniku czego liczebniki stopniowo traciły swój rzeczownikowy charakter. Proces ten nie zaszedł jednak w pełni, gdyż niektóre liczebniki zachowały pewne gramatyczne własności rzeczownika. Takie przesunięcie profilu rozpatrywać można z kategoriach metonimii pojęciowej, a było ono możliwe dzięki wysokiej żywotności relacyjnego aspektu znaczenia względem aspektu rzeczownikowego. Polish cardinal numbers in light of Cognitive Grammar Summary: The article discusses the semantics of Modern Polish adjectival numerals from the range 5-10 and 100. The theoretical background for the analysis is Ronald Langacker’s Cognitive Grammar. The main assumption in the article is that the evolution of numerals consisted in shifting the relational (adjectival) aspect to the profile of the numeral, which resulted in the numerals gradually losing their nominal character. The process, however, has not been completed, since the numerals under discussion retain some of their original nominal properties. This profile shift, best accounted for in terms of conceptual metonymy, was facilitated by the high vitality of the relational aspect of meaning in relation to the nominal aspect.

scholarly journals On prerequisites for developing artistic time theory

2014 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 49-58
Author(s):  
Natalia Eevgenyevna Marievskaja
Keyword(s):  
Present Article ◽  
Dynamic Process ◽  
Formation Processes ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Linear Dynamics ◽  
The Past ◽  
Structural Principle ◽  
Process Pattern ◽  
Temporal Features ◽  
Time Theory

Basic prerequisites for developing artistic time theory have been considered in the present article in reference to Aurelius Augustine time interpretation, P. Florenskys doctrine of time within time procedural construction aspect, and Ilya Prigozhins processes formation. Film is a sequence of segments having quite different temporal features depending on a certain structural principle. Anyhow all the segments in question predominate the current present. The differences in duration exist in human beings soul. Their multi-layered features were proved by Aurelius Augustine. He differentiated present of the current, i.e., contemplation; current of the coming - expectation; current of the past - reminiscence. Structural principle realization of current segments, linking as a whole, is found in P. Florenskys works. It was he who stated scientific realizing of artistic time (as procedural construction). Formation processes on non-linear dynamics were particularly considered in Ilya Prigozhins works. Realizing story as a dynamic process pattern, the process of one realitys being by another reality, ushers in the possibilities for film artistic time theory. For the aim of film artistic study it is reasonable to engage priorities considered as: 1. Investigation of this very principle. 2. Investigation of perfect feature for intra-frame time. Artistic time realizing is the corner-stone for film product shaping.

Mandarin existential construction as a reference-point construction

2016 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 91-112 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keding Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Mandarin Chinese ◽  
Reference Point ◽  
Spatial Location ◽  
Vital Role ◽  
Cognitive Grammar ◽  
Spatial Region ◽  
Nominal Phrase ◽  
The World ◽  
Existential Construction ◽  
Linguistic Means

All languages of the world provide their speakers with linguistic means to express existential relations, but such means may vary from language to language. For instance, the existential construction in English is usually introduced by the so-called dummy word there whereas such a construction in Mandarin Chinese directly begins with a locative phrase. From the perspective of Cognitive Grammar, we propose that the Mandarin existential construction (MEC) is a reference-point construction. As such, the initial locative phrase (PLOC) serves as the dominion and the reference point (D/R) to make mental contact with the final nominal phrase which indicates the existence of an entity (Existent) in the spatial region singled out by the PLOC. In the process of the conceptualizer’s construing an entity’s existence in a spatial location, it is the location that gets activated and profiled as salient first, and this location subsequently recedes into the background to serve as the reference point to locate an entity as the target which is finally profiled as salient. Therefore, a reference-point relation is formed between the PLOC and the Existent, the former of which functions as the reference point and the latter as the target. Due to this particular cognitive property of MEC, it is also a presentational construction at the discourse level in that it performs a discursive function of introducing new participants into a discourse. This discursive function of MEC plays a vital role in enabling a discourse to unfold smoothly, thus making the discourse into a cohesive and coherent semantic whole. In addition, when a couple of MECs occur together in a discourse successively, a kind of reference-point chain may be developed.

scholarly journals Student Teachers’ Views on Grammar and Grammar Teaching, and its Communication to their Students

2018 ◽  
Vol 22 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 89-102
Author(s):  
Bal Ram Adhikari
Keyword(s):  
Mixed Methods ◽  
Student Teachers ◽  
Present Article ◽  
Teacher Educators ◽  
Classroom Practices ◽  
Classroom Observation ◽  
Theoretical Background ◽  
Related Literature ◽  
Grammar Teaching ◽  
English Grammar

The present article builds on the study entitled “English Grammar: Views of Student Teachers and Communication of Grammar to their Students” carried out under and submitted to University Grants Commission, Nepal. The study adopted the mixed-methods of questionnaire and semi-structured classroom observation. Against a brief theoretical background of grammar and grammar teaching and review of the related literature, the article presents respondent teachers’ views on grammar and grammar teaching collected by means of a set of questionnaire. Their views are further compared with the classroom data collected by observation. It is found that there is a lack of congruence between the teachers’ views, and their actual classroom practices in the areas, such as methods, techniques, resources and activities. Finally, the article presents conclusion and some pedagogical recommendations for teachers and teacher educators. Journal of NELTA ,  Vol. 22, No. 1-2, 2017 December, page: 89-102

Training Methods With Clinicians and Students—A Personal Story and Change: Narrative Therapy for Stuttering

2008 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 37-42 ◽  
Author(s):  
Margaret Leahy
Keyword(s):  
Narrative Therapy ◽  
Evidence Based Practice ◽  
Theoretical Background ◽  
Evidence Based ◽  
Training Methods ◽  
Sense Of Control ◽  
Case Description ◽  
General Outline ◽  
Personal Story ◽  
Fluency Disorders

Abstract Educating students and informing clinicians regarding developments in therapy approaches and in evidence-based practice are important elements of the responsibility of specialist academic posts in universities. In this article, the development of narrative therapy and its theoretical background are outlined (preceded by a general outline of how the topic of fluency disorders is introduced to students at an Irish university). An example of implementing narrative therapy with a 12-year-old boy is presented. The brief case description demonstrates how narrative therapy facilitated this 12-year-old make sense of his dysfluency and his phonological disorder, leading to his improved understanding and management of the problems, fostering a sense of control that led ultimately to their resolution.

Red Flags: Barriers to Listening and Spoken Language in Children with Hearing Loss

2014 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 11-18
Author(s):  
Andrea Bell ◽  
K. Todd Houston
Keyword(s):  
Hearing Loss ◽  
Early Diagnosis ◽  
Skill Acquisition ◽  
Dynamic Process ◽  
Spoken Language ◽  
Red Flags ◽  
Careful Monitoring ◽  
Auditory Development ◽  
Children With Hearing Loss ◽  
Family Centered

To ensure optimal auditory development for the acquisition of spoken language, children with hearing loss require early diagnosis, effective ongoing audiological management, well fit and maintained hearing technology, and appropriate family-centered early intervention. When these elements are in place, children with hearing loss can achieve developmental and communicative outcomes that are comparable to their hearing peers. However, for these outcomes to occur, clinicians—early interventionists, speech-language pathologists, and pediatric audiologists—must participate in a dynamic process that requires careful monitoring of countless variables that could impact the child's skill acquisition. This paper addresses some of these variables or “red flags,” which often are indicators of both minor and major issues that clinicians may encounter when delivering services to young children with hearing loss and their families.

The German Post-Critical Belief Scale: Internal and External Validity

2003 ◽  
Vol 34 (4) ◽  
pp. 219-226 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bart Duriez ◽  
Claudia Appel ◽  
Dirk Hutsebaut
Keyword(s):  
Internal Structure ◽  
Present Article ◽  
External Validity ◽  
German Version ◽  
Dutch Version ◽  
German Sample ◽  
Belief Scale ◽  
Internal And External Validity

Abstract: Recently, Duriez, Fontaine and Hutsebaut (2000) and Fontaine, Duriez, Luyten and Hutsebaut (2003) constructed the Post-Critical Belief Scale in order to measure the two religiosity dimensions along which Wulff (1991 , 1997 ) summarized the various possible approaches to religion: Exclusion vs. Inclusion of Transcendence and Literal vs. Symbolic. In the present article, the German version of this scale is presented. Results obtained in a heterogeneous German sample (N = 216) suggest that the internal structure of the German version fits the internal structure of the original Dutch version. Moreover, the observed relation between the Literal vs. Symbolic dimension and racism, which was in line with previous studies ( Duriez, in press ), supports the external validity of the German version.

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