Nation‐building, state structure, and ethnic groups: The Scandinavian Sámis 1905–1919

1995 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 61-69 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roald Berg
Keyword(s):  
Ethnic Groups ◽  
Nation Building ◽  
State Structure

scholarly journals Ethiopia: From a Centralised Monarchy to a Federal Republic

Afrika Focus ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 20 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 13-48
Author(s):  
Christophe Van der Beken
Keyword(s):  
Ethnic Identity ◽  
Federal Republic ◽  
Ethnic Groups ◽  
Ethnic Diversity ◽  
Nation Building ◽  
State Structure ◽  
Military Rule ◽  
Liberation Movements ◽  
Radical Transformation

Ethiopia: From a Centralised Monarchy to a Federal Republic Although the Ethiopian state traces its roots back to the empire of Axum in the first centuries AD, the modern Ethiopian state took shape in the second half of the 19th century. During that period the territory of the Ethiopian empire expanded considerably. Several ethnic groups were incorporated into the empire and the foundations for a strong, centralised state were laid Centralisation of authority in the hands of the emperor and a strategy of nation building that denied the ethnic diversity of Ethiopian society characterised the rule of Emperor Haile Selassie. At the same time, these elements contributed to its decline. Haile Selassie was ultimately deposed by a military committee in 1974. This announced the end of the Ethiopian monarchy and the transformation of the Ethiopian state, following the Marxist model. In spite of Marxist-Leninist attention to the 'nationalities issue', Ethiopia remained a centralised state, dominated by one ethnic identity. This gave rise to increasing resistance from various regional and ethnic liberation movements. The combined effort of these movements caused the fall of military rule in May 1991. The new regime, which was dominated by ethnically organised parties, initiated a radical transformation of the Ethiopian state structure that leads to the establishment of a federation in 1995.

Afars of Ethiopia in the system of ethnic federalism

2018 ◽  
pp. 126-146
Author(s):  
Roza Ismagilova
Keyword(s):  
Ethnic Identity ◽  
Ethnic Groups ◽  
Fundamental Principle ◽  
Ethnic Relations ◽  
The State ◽  
Political Crisis ◽  
The Political ◽  
Horn Of Africa ◽  
State Structure ◽  
Ethnic Federalism

The article pioneers the analyses of the results of ethnic federalism introduced in Ethiopia in 1991 – and its influence on Afar. Ethnicity was proclaimed the fundamental principle of the state structure. The idea of ethnicity has become the basis of official ideology. The ethnic groups and ethnic identity have acquired fundamentally importance on the political and social levels . The country has been divided into nine ethnically-based regions. The article exposes the complex ethno-political and economic situation in the Afar State, roots and causes of inter- and intra-ethnic relations and conflicts with Amhara, Oromo, Tigray and Somali-Issa, competition of ethnic elites for power and recourses. Alive is the idea of “The Greater Afar”which would unite all Afar of the Horn of Africa. The protests in Oromia and Amhara Regions in 2015–2017 influenced the Afar state as welll. The situation in Ethiopia nowadays is extremely tense. Ethiopia is plunging into serious political crisis. Some observers call it “the beginning of Ethiopian spring”, the others – “Color revolution”

scholarly journals Positive and Negative Aspects of Globalization in Nation Building in Africa

2020 ◽  
pp. 59-70
Author(s):  
Alexander Kavina
Keyword(s):  
Ethnic Groups ◽  
Developing World ◽  
Nation Building ◽  
The Other ◽  
Social Classes ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Building Process ◽  
Golden Opportunity

There is no doubt to the fact that globalization has become a buzz word of our time and has significantly impacted the whole world and Africa without exception. Despite it being a buzz word, it has also become very confusing. Some people when asked to specify how they understand it, reply with considerable hesitation, vagueness and inconsistency. However, whether one understands it or not, the fact remains that globalization is real and it is impossible to avoid it, but we have to act. In recent decades globalization has become a factor that obstructs nation-building process in the developing world and Africa in particular. Increasing inequalities between social classes, ethnic groups, regions and nations are on the rise while nations are becoming more powerless to solve these problems. On the other hand, globalization will represent a golden opportunity for nation-building process, if Africa manages to grab the opportunities presented.

scholarly journals Pauline Imperatives (Eph. 4:31-32): Necessities for the Enhancement of Christian Faith and National Integration.

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anthony Ikechukwu Ezeogamba
Keyword(s):  
Ethnic Groups ◽  
Nation Building ◽  
Christian Faith ◽  
Traditional Religion ◽  
Religious Groups ◽  
Will Emit ◽  
National Integration ◽  
Proper Understanding ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
African Traditional Religion

Eph. 4:31-32 urges believers to, "Put away all bitterness and wrath and anger and wrangling and slander, together with all malice, and be kind to one another, tenderhearted, forgiving one another, as God in Christ has forgiven us." The above is strongly worded. A cursory look at the Nigerian nation reveals that Nigeria as a nation is sectionalized along ethnic, religious as well as gender line. Apart from the three main dominant ethnic groups in Nigeria, there are still very many ethnic groups that are not even recognized and they feel marginalized and out of the equation. There is unwritten and unexpressed anger that exists among all the three major ethnic groups in Nigeria; each claiming to have been marginalized by others. Again, there are three main religious groups in Nigeria namely, Islam, Christianity and African Traditional Religion. Among these three dominant groups, there is deep-rooted antagonism. Hence, each of these religious groups is internally divided. There are so many sects in Islam and in most cases they are at each other's throat. In the same way, there are several denominations or sects in Christianity and each of the sets claim to be with the authentic doctrine to the neglect and detriment of others. African Traditional Religion on her part is localized in each region and each region claims that theirs is more authentic and more godly than of others. The worst hatred is between the so-called infidels and Muslim believers. Any nation that has the above qualities, has unknowingly taken underdevelopment, and godlessness as her second name. This paper sets out to prove that if there is mutual love among all the ethnic groups in Nigeria, among religious groups both ad extra and within, then godliness will prevail everywhere and Nigeria as a nation will be better for it. This paper argues that a proper understanding and appreciation of Eph. 4:31-32 by Christians and none Christians alike will emit so many green lights that could promote nation building and oneness. Significantly, this paper will be of immense benefit to all men and women of good will both in Nigeria and outside Nigeria.

scholarly journals BaTonga Culture: A Rich Heritage

2017 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 45-60
Author(s):  
Umali Saidi ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Ethnic Groups ◽  
African Country ◽  
Nation Building ◽  
Public Spaces ◽  
Active Participation ◽  
Heritage Management ◽  
Education Curriculum ◽  
Marginalized Groups ◽  
The Rich

There is a tendency in which so called ‘developed’ ethnic groups, given their economic, political and social advantage placing them at the ‘center’, are the chanters of development even for the groups considered to be at the periphery. Ironically, in heritage terms, so called marginalized groups have had much of their heritage less contaminated by forces of modernity as has been the case with much of the BaTonga culture. This article explores the BaTonga culture and heritage as the Zimbabwean aquaculture from which its consumption, preservation and use can benefit other ethical groups in the country. Using results from studies by Saidi (2016a) as well as complementary studies by Mashingaidze (2013) and Ndlovu (2013), this article establishes the richness of BaTonga culture which subsequently feeds the rich Zimbabwe multicultural heritage. The article argues that heritage utilization reflects the active participation of its owners pointing to the character of the culture making heritage management a priority for any African country seeking its true identity. Further, the article argues that a rich heritage is a shared commodity regardless of ethnic-specific dichotomies in oriented communities like Zimbabwe. Given this basis, the article shows that public spaces, media and the education curriculum are expected to uphold and incorporate all aspects of heritage such as BaTonga cultural realities in order to foster tolerance, acceptance as well as visibility and ultimately cultural and economic development of all ethnic groups in nation building.

scholarly journals Specifics of the Development of the Ethno-National Space of Modern Russia as a Factor in Nation Building: A Strategic Situational Analysis

REGIONOLOGY ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 27 (4) ◽  
pp. 734-755 ◽  
Author(s):  
Irina G. Napalkova ◽  
Anna S. Soldatova ◽  
Ksenia V. Kurochkina
Keyword(s):  
Ethnic Groups ◽  
Building Materials ◽  
Swot Analysis ◽  
Nation Building ◽  
The State ◽  
Situational Analysis ◽  
Subject Field ◽  
National Space ◽  
Swot Matrix ◽  
Development Risks

Introduction. In Russia, the problem of interaction and search for balance in the ‘center – periphery’ system is considered to be common and is an impulse to socio-economic differentiation. However, no less important is the factor in multi-ethnicity, which organizes the space of Russia into a set of interconnected individual locations associated with certain ethnic groups. Features of the ethno-national space largely determine the (in)stability of the development of the state, which increases relevance of research in this field. The objective of this piece of research is to analyze the specifics of development and the potential of the ethno-national space of modern Russia as a factor in nation building. Materials and Methods. Strategic situational analysis (the SWOT analysis technique) was used as the main method, which makes it possible to consider the subject field, relying on factors that capture the dynamics of the current situation. Results. The authors have identified the historical and genetic, legal, institutional, managerial, programmatic, ethno-mental and other factors that comprehensively characterize the modern ethno-national space of Russia as a complex system that translates the essence and nature of the relationship between ethnic groups within the state. The identified factors have been evaluated in terms of strengths or weaknesses, opportunities or threats. A SWOT matrix has been developed, stating the prevalence of weaknesses and threats; in accordance with this matrix, development risks that can accelerate negative ethno-national processes have been identified. Discussion and Conclusion. On the whole, the ethno-national space of Russia has a contrasting nature: some factors simultaneously relate to both the strengths and weaknesses of the SWOT matrix. There has been a decrease in the acuteness of ethno-national problems in society as well as a reduction in the proneness to conflict and interethnic discord. The main conflicts and protests have been localized within the socio-political sphere, the electoral issues being their catalyst currently. The results of the study can be used by state executive and administrative bodies to improve the ethno-national sphere, to adjust certain areas of ethno-national policies and spatial development in the context of nation building.

scholarly journals THEORIES OF ETHNICITY, NATIONALITY, AND ETHNIC IDENTITY

Adam alemi ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 90 (4) ◽  
pp. 106-113
Author(s):  
D.S. Kaliyev ◽  
◽  
A. Ventsel ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Ethnic Identity ◽  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Ethnic Group ◽  
Ethnic Groups ◽  
21St Century ◽  
Nation Building ◽  
Constructive Theory ◽  
Constructivist Approaches ◽  
Over Time

Ethnicity, nationality, and ethnic identity remain to be unresolved issues that need to be addressed. It is thus important to compare different approaches to understand the nature of ethnic phenomena and to identify appropriate techniques to understand the essence of «nation-building» concept. First, the article discusses the concepts of nation, ethnicity, changes in ethnic identity where the concepts of ethnos and nation are further explained. Second, the nature, dynamics and factors of the processes of ethnic identity are analyzed. Third, the author seeks answers to questions of why some ethnic identities change, while others remain unchanged. Fourth, ethnicity in conflict, the role of «belonging to a certain ethnic group» is considered. Finally, past and present debates of the primordialist and constructivist approaches to nation-building are described. The main methodology of the article is a comparative analysis of the theoretical literature of foreign and domestic research through the lenses of primordialism and constructivism. The paper argues that there is no reason for all ethnic groups to reach the level of a nation, that constructive theory has advantages at the highest level of integration between nations and ethnic groups in the 21st century, and that ethnic identity is adaptable and changeable over time. The results of this work contribute to further studies and scientific works related to the nation-building in Kazakhstan.

scholarly journals THE ETHNIC POLICY OF THE RULING GOVERNMENTS IN IRAN UNTIL THE END OF THE PAHLAVI DYNASTY

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohsen Nashir Liqvan ◽  
Asghar Partovi ◽  
Bahman Keshavarz ◽  
Hasan Eaivazzadeh
Keyword(s):  
Ethnic Groups ◽  
Nation Building ◽  
Cultural Conflict ◽  
Global Level ◽  
The Past ◽  
National Unit ◽  
Political Management ◽  
The Government ◽  
Pahlavi Dynasty ◽  
Ethnic Policy

Many of the world's political analysts who have contributed to the theory and study of contradictions and crises, they agree that today, unlike the past, the main sources of conflicts and crises on the global level are not the economy. But the main source of challenges and contradictions is ethnic, cultural conflict and many of the countries that were born in the past with a painful process of nation-building. Now they have been questioned as a national unit, and the moves of ethnicity and separatism have absorbed them. Purpose: Attention to traditional and ethnic structures and the entry and presence of the government in the field of policy and political management of tribal diversity in Iran, which has been followed up by regulating ethnicity, state, and supervision of the movements of the ethnic groups (Jenkins, Richard, 1997). Method: The practices and methods and rules have been examined by governments and regulating their interactions and relations with their relatives and their management and policy. As a result, Iran is described as a tumultuous society in which various ethnic and tribal groups have been in constant conflict with the state and with each other.

scholarly journals Nation-Building in the Developing States: A Case Study of Pakistan

2018 ◽  
Vol III (IV) ◽  
pp. 1-16
Author(s):  
Husnul Amin ◽  
Maryam Siddiqa ◽  
Lubna Batool
Keyword(s):  
Ethnic Groups ◽  
Political System ◽  
Nation Building ◽  
The State ◽  
Economic Disparities ◽  
Economic Issues ◽  
Building Process ◽  
Administrative Units ◽  
Demographic Shifts

This research concerns the process of nation-building in developing states with a focus on Pakistan. The study explores hurdles in the process of nation-building in Pakistan. In this connection, the study takes into account key political disparities such as uneven representation of various ethnic groups and regions in legislature and provincial assemblies, state-led cosmetic political reforms and feudalism and biradri-based political system that exist in various administrative units (and their tiers) of the state. The study also highlights the major administrative flaws and demographic shifts and divisions that are hampering the process of nation-building in Pakistan. The research also details the economic disparities found in various forms and at various levels in the state which minimize the prospects of nation-building in Pakistan. The study concludes that nation-building is always a state-controlled process and Pakistan has hardly addressed various hindrances in nation-building process such as political, demographic, administrative and economic issues of the various administrative units (and their tiers) as a state.

scholarly journals Dokument myśli otwartej. Studia poleskie Józefa Obrębskiego a rozważania o grupach etnicznych i stosunkach narodowościowych w polskiej etnologii i socjologii

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marcin Lubaś
Keyword(s):  
Ethnic Groups ◽  
Ethnic Diversity ◽  
Process Integration ◽  
Nation Building ◽  
Critical Distance ◽  
The Other ◽  
Close Reading ◽  
Local Populations ◽  
Building Process ◽  
The One

A document of open thought: Józef Obrębski’s studies on the Polesie region and debates on ethnic groups and nationality relations in Polish ethnology and sociologyThis article attempts to reconstruct and examine the concept of the ethnic diversity and nationalization process found in the writings of the Polish anthropologist and sociologist Józef Obrębski (1905-1967). It will be argued that Obrębski view on ethnic diversity and the nationalization allowed him not only to conceive of a highly original idea of nation-building process but also maintain a critical distance from the two forms of reflection and practice – “investigative modalities” – influential in the field of ethnic and national studies in prewar as well as in postwar Poland: “ethnogeography” and the “sociology of nation”. In the same time this text aims at underscoring usefulness of Obrębski ideas for contemporary analysis. Close reading of Obrębski works provides us with fresh tools for the ethnographic processual examination of the nationalization policies. It draws special attention to the process of nationalization of local populations, highlighting various and contradictory consequences of nationalization process: integration and homogenisation on the one hand and exclusions of minorities and class hierarchization of people on the other. Dokument myśli otwartej. Studia poleskie Józefa Obrębskiego a rozważania o grupach etnicznych i stosunkach narodowościowych w polskiej etnologii i socjologiiCelem artykułu jest omówienie koncepcji grup etnicznych i procesów unaradawiania wyłaniających się z prac Józefa Obrębskiego. W szczególności chodzi o wykazanie, że swoimi badaniami na Polesiu Obrębski wniósł niezwykle oryginalny wkład w badania stosunków etnicznych i narodowościowych, podając jednocześnie w wątpliwość niektóre założenia tkwiące u podstaw dwu modalności dociekań obecnych w polskich badaniach nad etnicznością i kwestiami narodowymi: czyli etnogeografii oraz socjologii narodu. Jednocześnie tekst służy ukazaniu aktualności propozycji teoretycznych i metodologicznych Obrębskiego w badaniach stosunków etnicznych i narodowościowych. Lektura pism Obrębskiego dostarcza perspektywy umożliwiającej nie tylko krytykę nacjonalizmu metodologicznego ale również daje podstawy do procesualnej, etnograficznej - uwzględniającej mikrostrukturalny wymiar władzy - analizy zjawisk etnicznych i stosunków narodowościowych. Otwiera to możliwość badania różnych niekiedy odmiennych i sprzecznych ze sobą efektów procesów unaradawiania, zarówno integracji i wyrównywania szans jak też konfliktów i wykluczenia społecznego.

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