Bacteriosis of Stone Fruit Trees in Britain VI. Field Observations on Bacteriosis of Sweet Cherry Trees

1938 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 33-48
Author(s):  
H. Wormald
Keyword(s):  
Sweet Cherry ◽  
Fruit Trees ◽  
Stone Fruit ◽  
Field Observations ◽  
Cherry Trees

scholarly journals Occurrence and detection of lesser known viruses and phytoplasmas in stone fruit orchards in Poland

2010 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 51-57 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mirosława Cieślińska ◽  
Halina Morgaś
Keyword(s):  
Sweet Cherry ◽  
Sour Cherry ◽  
Fruit Trees ◽  
Stone Fruit ◽  
Mottle Virus ◽  
Green Ring ◽  
Japanese Plum ◽  
Fruit Orchards ◽  
Leaf Virus ◽  
Cherry Trees

Abstract A survey was carried out on 38 commercial and experimental stone fruit orchards located in major growing areas of stone fruit trees in Poland to determine the incidence of lesser known viruses and phytoplasmas. Leaf samples from 145 sweet cherry and 102 sour cherry trees were tested for Little cherry virus 1 (LChV-1), Little cherry virus 2 (LChV-2), Cherry green ring mottle virus (CGRMV), Cherry mottle leaf virus (CMLV), and Cherry necrotic rusty mottle virus (CNRMV) using RT-PCR. Sixty samples collected from peach and 20 apricot trees were also tested for CGRMV. Eleven out of 145 sweet cherry and three out of 102 sour cherry trees were infected by LChV-1. CGRMV was detected in 10 sweet cherry, four sour cherry, 14 peach and two apricot trees. No LChV-2, CMLV and CNRMV were detected in any of the tested trees. Phloem tissue from samples of shoots collected from 145 sweet cherry, 102 sour cherry, 128 peach, 37 apricot, five nectarine and 20 European as well as Japanese plum trees were tested for phytoplasmas. The nested PCR of the extracted DNA with universal and specific primer pairs showed the presence of phytoplasmas in six sweet cherry, three sour cherry, nine peach, four apricot, one nectarine and three Japanese plum trees. The RFLP patterns of 16S rDNA fragments after digestion with RsaI, MseI, AluI, and SspI endonucleases indicated that selected stone fruit trees were infected by two distinct phytoplasmas belonging to the apple proliferation group. The stone fruit trees infected by LChV-1, CGRMV and phytoplasmas were grown in orchards localised in all seven regions

scholarly journals Serological and molecular detection of Prune dwarf virus infecting stone fruits of Charmahal-va-Bakhtiari province, a central region of Iran

2013 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 4
Author(s):  
Nourolah Soltani ◽  
Jamshid Hayati ◽  
Ghobad Babaei ◽  
Maryam Ebrahim Qomi
Keyword(s):  
Sweet Cherry ◽  
Fruit Trees ◽  
Coat Protein Sequence ◽  
Elisa Test ◽  
Stone Fruit ◽  
Stone Fruits ◽  
Rt Pcr ◽  
Leaf Chlorosis ◽  
Fruit Orchards ◽  
Das Elisa

<em>Prune dwarf</em> virus (PDV) is one of the major positive RNA viruses which cause economical damages in stone fruit trees. The symptoms of PDV vary between different stone fruits namely sour and sweet cherry, almond, peach, apricot and plum including leaf narrowing, leaf chlorosis, vein clearing, mosaic, leaf whitening, leathery leaf, bushy branches and stunt trees. During the years 2011 and 2012, 251 leaf samples were collected for detection of PDV in stone fruit orchards of Charmahal-va-Bakhtiari province. DAS-ELISA test proved PDV presence serologically. Then, total RNA were extracted and tested by two-step RT-PCR which replicated partial and full coat protein sequence of PDV. One hundred and eighty one out of total samples (251 samples) showed PDV infection using serological and two-step RT-PCR assays, hence, incidence of PDV in Charmahal-va-Bakhtiari province was confirmed. This is the first report of PDV in stone fruit orchards of Charmahal-va-Bakhtiari province and in Iran.

Application of phenoclimatographic models to establish the period of the greatest need for fruit plants in moisture

2021 ◽  
pp. 223-228
Author(s):  
V.A. Odyntsova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Growth And Development ◽  
Sweet Cherry ◽  
Fruit Trees ◽  
Original Method ◽  
Limit Values ◽  
High Prediction ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Fruit Formation ◽  
Calendar Dates ◽  
Cherry Trees

The author presents results of the original method of calculating the dates of watering, which correspond to the quantitative accumulation of conditional energy by the trees of the cultivars of the apricot 'Melitopolskyi luchistyi' and of the sweet cherry 'Krupnoplidna' respectively at the appropriate stage of their growth and development by means of applying phenoclimatographic models. The above mentioned CU- and ASYMCUR-models are used, first of all, to establish constant limit values for CU (chill unit), which ought to be accumulated by fruit trees to be removed from the period of the biological dormancy and GDH (growing degree hour), that are necessary for the beginning of their flowering. So the sweet cherry trees are to accumulate 1350 °С CU to be removed from the dormancy state, apricot trees – 940 °С CU while for the beginning of blooming – 4839 °С GDH for sweet cherry and 3725 °С GDH – for apricot. The release date from the biological dormancy and flowering period of the sweet cherry and apricot trees was designed on the basis of those limit values. The validation of the models as the comparison of the calculated and actual dates of the beginning of a tree flowering in the orchard has shown that their divergence is in the range from 0 to 3 days. That is indicative of the high prediction accuracy of these dates. According to the calculated CU limit values, we determined the dates of the release from the biological dormancy period and for GDH – those the dates of the beginning of the apricot and sweet cherry trees flowering as well as the dates of the ripening beginning for these crops. The GDH indicators predict the calendar dates of the most critical period of the studies crops trees growth and development, namely: the period of the fruit formation in the phase of the stone hardening. This corresponds to the accumulation of 50 % GDH from the maximum sum required for the beginning of the fruits picking maturity. This term has appeared to be optimal for the timely watering carrying out. The difference between the dates of watering for apricot and sweet cherry varies from 6 to 12 days depending on their biological characteristics, meteorological conditions after the tree flowering, infructescense and development.

scholarly journals First Report of Plum bark necrosis stem pitting-associated virus in Stone Fruit Trees in China

Plant Disease ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 95 (11) ◽  
pp. 1483-1483 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. G. Cui ◽  
N. Hong ◽  
W. X. Xu ◽  
J. F. Zhou ◽  
G. P. Wang
Keyword(s):  
Sweet Cherry ◽  
Northern China ◽  
Fruit Trees ◽  
The United States ◽  
Stone Fruit ◽  
Rt Pcr ◽  
Sequence Comparisons ◽  
Fruit Species ◽  
Flowering Cherry ◽  
Stem Pitting

Plum bark necrosis and stem pitting disease was first observed on a ‘Black Beaut’ plum (Prunus salicina Lindl.) in the United States in 1986 and later is several other countries. Plum bark necrosis stem pitting-associated virus (PBNSPaV; genus Ampelovirus, family Closteroviridae), the putative causal agent of the disease, infects many stone fruit species and causes decline, gummosis, flattening of scaffold branches, and stem necrotic pits in some diseased trees (1,3). An investigation of the incidence of PBNSPaV on stone fruit trees in China was conducted during 2009 and 2010. Leaf samples were collected from 47 trees, including peach (P. persica L. Batsch), nectarine (P. persica L. var. nucipersica Schneider), plum (P. domestica L.), ornamental plum (P. cerasifera Ehrb), sweet cherry (P. avium L.), and flowering cherry (P. serrulata L.), grown in Hubei, Henan, and Shandong provinces in central and northern China. Most of sampled trees showed trunk gummosis or stem pitting. The presence of PBNSPaV was tested by reverse transcription (RT)-PCR using primer set PBN195F/PBN195R (5′-CTGGTCTTCCTGCTACTCCTT-3′/5′-AAGCCCACAATCTCAGAGCG-3′) designed for the detection of the coat protein (CP) gene of the virus. Total RNA was extracted from leaves using a CTAB protocol reported by Li et al. (2). Products of the expected size of 190 bp were amplified from 20 samples, including seven cultivated peach, four ornamental peach, one nectarine, two plum, one ornamental plum, three sweet cherry, and two flowering cherry samples. All trees positive for PBNSPaV showed stem pitting symptoms on the base of the trunk. To further confirm these results, a 590-base region of the heat shock protein 70 homolog (HSP70h) gene was amplified by RT-PCR using primers HSP-P1/HSP-P2 (5′-GGAATTGACTTCGGTACAAC-3′/5′-TCGAAAGTACCACCACCGAA-3′). Amplicons of the expected size were cloned into the vector pMD18-T (TaKaRa, Dalian, China) and sequenced by Genscript Corp. (Nanjing, China). Sequences of 18 PBNSPaV isolates were deposited in GenBank with Accession Nos. JF810177–JF810194. Sequence comparisons showed that the partial HSP70h gene from the Chinese PBNSPaV isolates shared 82.2 to 100% nucleotide (nt) and 94.0 to 100% amino acid (aa) similarities between them and 83.6 to 99.1% nt and 94 to 100% aa similarities with the corresponding region of the other PBNSPaV isolates deposited in GenBank. In July 2010, peach GF305 seedlings were inoculated by side grafting with budwoods from two PBNSPaV-positive ornamental peach plants. In June 2011, grooving symptom was observed on the stems of the seedlings and the virus was detected by RT-PCR. The results further confirmed PBNSPaV infection in China. These results show that PBNSPaV and the associated disease occur in main cultivated and ornamental Prunus species in China. Given the importance and the devastating symptoms of the disease, it is important to prevent virus spread by using virus-tested propagation materials. References: (1) M. Al Rwahnih et al. Arch. Virol. 152:2197, 2007. (2) R. Li et al. J. Virol. Methods 154:48, 2008. (3) D. B. Marini et al. Plant Dis. 86:415, 2002.

scholarly journals First Report of Cherry necrotic rusty mottle virus on Stone Fruit Trees in China

Plant Disease ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 97 (2) ◽  
pp. 290-290 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. F. Zhou ◽  
G. P. Wang ◽  
L. N. Qu ◽  
C. L. Deng ◽  
Y. Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sweet Cherry ◽  
Prunus Persica ◽  
Sour Cherry ◽  
Fruit Trees ◽  
Stone Fruit ◽  
Mottle Virus ◽  
Rt Pcr ◽  
Cherry Tree ◽  
First Report ◽  
Pcr Products

During the growing seasons of 2010 through 2012, leaf tissues from 206 stone fruit trees, including one flowering cherry, three sour cherry, six nectarine (Prunus persica L. var. nucipersica Schneider), 14 apricot, 24 plum (P. domestica L.), 41 sweet cherry, and 117 peach [P. persica (L.) Batsch] trees, grown in six provinces of China, were randomly collected and tested for the CNRMV infection by RT-PCR. Out of those sampled trees, 37 showed shot holes and vein yellowing symptoms. Total RNA was extracted from leaves using the CTAB protocol reported by Li et al. (2). The primer pair CGRMV1/CGRMV2 (1) was used to amplify a fragment of 949 bp from CNRMV genome, which includes the CP gene (804 bp). PCR products with the expected size were detected in one sweet cherry, one apricot, one peach, one plum, and two sour cherry plants. However, no correlation between PCR data and symptom expression could be found. PCR products were cloned into the vector pMD18-T (TaKaRa, Dalian, China). Three independent clones from each isolate were sequenced by Genscript Corp., Nanjing, China, and sequences were deposited in the GenBank under accession nos. JX491635, JX491636, JX491637, JX648205, and JX648206. Results of sequence analysis showed that sequences of the five CNRMV isolates shared the highest nt (99.0 to 99.6%) and aa (98.9 to 100%) similarities with a cherry isolate from Germany (GenBank Accession No. AF237816). The sequence of one isolate from a peach tree (JX648205) was divergent and shared only 84.7 to 86.1% nt and 94.4 to 95.1% aa similarities with those cp sequences. Clones intra each isolate shared more than 99% nt similarities. To confirm CNRMV infection, seedlings of peach GF 305 were graft-inoculated with bud-woods from a peach and a sweet cherry tree, which was positive to CNRMV and also two other viruses: Cherry green ring mottle virus (CGRMV) and Plum bark necrosis stem pitting-associated virus (PBNSPaV), as tested by RT-PCR. Grafted seedlings were kept in an insectproof greenhouse and observed for symptom development. In May of the following year, some newly developed leaves of inoculated seedlings showed vein yellowing, ringspot, and shot hole symptoms. Results of Protein A sandwich (PAS)-ELISA using an antiserum raised against the recombinant CP of a CNRMV isolate (unpublished) and RT-PCR confirmed CNRMV infection in inoculated trees. In addition to CNRMV, tested seedlings were also found to be infected with CGRMV and PBNSPaV by RT-PCR. To our knowledge, this is the first report on the occurrence of CNRMV on stone fruit trees in China, and also the first record of the CNRMV infection in peach and plum plants. Given the economic importance of its hosts and the visible symptoms of the viral disease, it is important to prevent the virus spread by using virus-tested propagation materials. References: (1) R. Li and R. Mock. J. Virol. Methods 129:162, 2005. (2) R. Li et al. J. Virol. Methods 154:48, 2008.

scholarly journals Fungi detected in trunk of stone fruits in the Czech Republic

2019 ◽  
pp. 121-127
Author(s):  
Jakub Pečenka ◽  
Eliška Peňázová ◽  
Dorota Tekielska ◽  
Ivo Ondrášek ◽  
Tomáš Nečas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sweet Cherry ◽  
Molecular Genetic ◽  
Fruit Trees ◽  
Stone Fruit ◽  
Stone Fruits ◽  
Irpex Lacteus ◽  
The Czech Republic ◽  
Fomes Fomentarius ◽  
Stereum Hirsutum ◽  
Fusarium Sp

This study was focused on detection of the spectrum of fungi in the wood of stone fruits using molecular genetic methods. Samples were obtained from apricots, plums and sweet cherry trees from region of Moravia, one sample was obtained from Myjava (Slovakia). Segments of symptomatic wood were obtained from dying stone fruit trees with very significant symptoms. This study describes detection of the fungi in the wood of 11 trees in general in 5 localities. The cultivation of the fungi from symptomatic wood and sequencing of ITS was carried out. Eleven fungal genera were determined in the stone fruits wood, particularly Irpex lacteus, Fomes fomentarius, Neofabraea corticola, Calosphaeria pulchella, Cytospora leucostoma, Phellinus tuberculosus, Stereum hirsutum, Collophora sp., Pithomyces chartarum, Aureobasidium pullulans,Fusarium sp. The results of this study demonstrate that the reason of declining of stone fruit trees in Moravia is caused probably by trunk pathogens.

scholarly journals Timing Cyclanilide and Cytokinin Applications in the Nursery to Obtain Desired Lateral Branch Height in Apple and Sweet Cherry Trees

HortScience ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 41 (5) ◽  
pp. 1238-1242 ◽  
Author(s):  
Don C. Elfving ◽  
Dwayne B. Visser
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Science ◽  
Sweet Cherry ◽  
Final Height ◽  
Tree Height ◽  
Science Research ◽  
Fruit Trees ◽  
Shoot Tip ◽  
Response Characteristics ◽  
Species Specific ◽  
Cherry Trees

The height above the bud union at which induced feathers develop on fruit trees in the nursery is an important determinant of tree quality for an intended market. The bioregulators cyclanilide (CYC; Bayer Environmental Science, Research Triangle Park, NC) and a proprietary formulation of 6-benzyladenine and gibberellins A4 and A7 (Promalin [PR]; Valent BioSciences, Walnut Creek, CA) affected the final height above the union of the lowest induced sylleptic shoot (feather) differently in apple and sweet cherry trees in the nursery. In apple, both products resulted in the lowest induced feather developing at approximately 4 to 20 cm below the height of the central leader shoot tip at the time of bioregulator application. In sweet cherry, the lowest induced feather typically originated starting approximately 2 to 20 cm above the central leader shoot tip height at the time of bioregulator application. Nursery tree height can serve as a suitable criterion for timing bioregulator applications to obtain feathers starting within a specific range of height above the bud union as long as species-specific feathering response characteristics are taken into account. Chemical names used: 1-(2,4-dichlorophenylaminocarbonyl)-cyclopropane carboxylic acid (Cyclanilide), N-(phenylmethyl)-1H-purine-6-amine + gibberellins A4A7 (Promalin), polyoxyethylenepolypropoxypropanol, dihydroxypropane, 2-butoxyethanol (Regulaid).

Prediction of root damaging during mechanical shaking of fruit trees

2014 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-15
Author(s):  
Z. Láng
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiments ◽  
Calculated Data ◽  
Fruit Trees ◽  
List Type ◽  
Structure Model ◽  
Root Damage ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Simple Tree ◽  
The Given ◽  
Cherry Trees

The possible effect of shaker harvest on root damage of 10-year-old cherry trees was studied on a simple tree structure model. The model was composed of elastic trunk and rigid main roots, the ends of which were connected to the surrounding soil via springs and dumping elements. Equations were set up to be able to calculate the relation between shaking height on the trunk and strain in the roots. To get the data for root break and their elongation at different shaking heights on the trunk, laboratory and field experiments were carried out on cherry trees and on their roots. Having evaluated the measured and calculated data it could be concluded that root damage is to be expected even at 3.6% strain and the risk of it increases with increased trunk amplitudes, i.e.with the decrease of shaking heightat smaller stem diameters (i.e. in younger plantation), andif the unbalanced mass of the shaker machine is too large for the given tree size.

Studies of rootstocks for stone fruit breeds (sweet cherry) in the condition of Hissar valley in Tajikistan

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 (4) ◽  
pp. 28-34
Author(s):  
Rahima I. Ismoilova ◽  
Sodzhida D. Umarova
Keyword(s):  
Sweet Cherry ◽  
Sour Cherry ◽  
High Specificity ◽  
Stone Fruit ◽  
Wild Cherry ◽  
Phenological Observation ◽  
Entire Observation Period ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Leaf System ◽  
Observation Period

This paper is about studying the rootstocks for stone fruit breeds (sweet cherry) in condition of Hissar valley in Tajikistan. Each type of rootstock has its own biological characteristics and imposes specific requirements for growing and development, both during reproduction in the mother plantation and during the growth of trees. For example, the root system in sour cherry is more superficial that of wild sweet cherry. Therefore, the care of trees grafted on sour cherry and wild cherry and of mother plantation bushes of these rootstocks cannot be same. Besides, there are very significant differences among the individual groups of rootstocks. Wild cherry, Mahaleb cherry and Lubskaya cherry are used as rootstocks in the conditions of the Hissar Valley in Tajikistan. High specificity of sweet cherry cultivar varieties depends on the rootstocks. Phenological observation were carried out in our experiments during years 2013-2018 in order to study their winter resistance, yield capacity and fruit quality. The same care for root and grafted plants was carried out during the entire observation period. At the same time a certain ratio between the leaf system of the rootstock and the graft was maintained by trimming the crown. As a result of the evolution and selection, we have identified the wild cherry forms which are distinguished by the highest yields. The most valuable cultivar varieties are Napoleon cherry and Bagration cherry. Compotes made of these varieties have received high evaluation in tasting.

Bacterial canker of stone-fruit trees in California

Hilgardia ◽  
1933 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 83-123 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edward E. Wilson
Keyword(s):  
Fruit Trees ◽  
Stone Fruit ◽  
Bacterial Canker
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