Application of phenoclimatographic models to establish the period of the greatest need for fruit plants in moisture

2021 ◽  
pp. 223-228
Author(s):  
V.A. Odyntsova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Growth And Development ◽  
Sweet Cherry ◽  
Fruit Trees ◽  
Original Method ◽  
Limit Values ◽  
High Prediction ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Fruit Formation ◽  
Calendar Dates ◽  
Cherry Trees

The author presents results of the original method of calculating the dates of watering, which correspond to the quantitative accumulation of conditional energy by the trees of the cultivars of the apricot 'Melitopolskyi luchistyi' and of the sweet cherry 'Krupnoplidna' respectively at the appropriate stage of their growth and development by means of applying phenoclimatographic models. The above mentioned CU- and ASYMCUR-models are used, first of all, to establish constant limit values for CU (chill unit), which ought to be accumulated by fruit trees to be removed from the period of the biological dormancy and GDH (growing degree hour), that are necessary for the beginning of their flowering. So the sweet cherry trees are to accumulate 1350 °С CU to be removed from the dormancy state, apricot trees – 940 °С CU while for the beginning of blooming – 4839 °С GDH for sweet cherry and 3725 °С GDH – for apricot. The release date from the biological dormancy and flowering period of the sweet cherry and apricot trees was designed on the basis of those limit values. The validation of the models as the comparison of the calculated and actual dates of the beginning of a tree flowering in the orchard has shown that their divergence is in the range from 0 to 3 days. That is indicative of the high prediction accuracy of these dates. According to the calculated CU limit values, we determined the dates of the release from the biological dormancy period and for GDH – those the dates of the beginning of the apricot and sweet cherry trees flowering as well as the dates of the ripening beginning for these crops. The GDH indicators predict the calendar dates of the most critical period of the studies crops trees growth and development, namely: the period of the fruit formation in the phase of the stone hardening. This corresponds to the accumulation of 50 % GDH from the maximum sum required for the beginning of the fruits picking maturity. This term has appeared to be optimal for the timely watering carrying out. The difference between the dates of watering for apricot and sweet cherry varies from 6 to 12 days depending on their biological characteristics, meteorological conditions after the tree flowering, infructescense and development.

scholarly journals Occurrence and detection of lesser known viruses and phytoplasmas in stone fruit orchards in Poland

2010 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 51-57 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mirosława Cieślińska ◽  
Halina Morgaś
Keyword(s):  
Sweet Cherry ◽  
Sour Cherry ◽  
Fruit Trees ◽  
Stone Fruit ◽  
Mottle Virus ◽  
Green Ring ◽  
Japanese Plum ◽  
Fruit Orchards ◽  
Leaf Virus ◽  
Cherry Trees

Abstract A survey was carried out on 38 commercial and experimental stone fruit orchards located in major growing areas of stone fruit trees in Poland to determine the incidence of lesser known viruses and phytoplasmas. Leaf samples from 145 sweet cherry and 102 sour cherry trees were tested for Little cherry virus 1 (LChV-1), Little cherry virus 2 (LChV-2), Cherry green ring mottle virus (CGRMV), Cherry mottle leaf virus (CMLV), and Cherry necrotic rusty mottle virus (CNRMV) using RT-PCR. Sixty samples collected from peach and 20 apricot trees were also tested for CGRMV. Eleven out of 145 sweet cherry and three out of 102 sour cherry trees were infected by LChV-1. CGRMV was detected in 10 sweet cherry, four sour cherry, 14 peach and two apricot trees. No LChV-2, CMLV and CNRMV were detected in any of the tested trees. Phloem tissue from samples of shoots collected from 145 sweet cherry, 102 sour cherry, 128 peach, 37 apricot, five nectarine and 20 European as well as Japanese plum trees were tested for phytoplasmas. The nested PCR of the extracted DNA with universal and specific primer pairs showed the presence of phytoplasmas in six sweet cherry, three sour cherry, nine peach, four apricot, one nectarine and three Japanese plum trees. The RFLP patterns of 16S rDNA fragments after digestion with RsaI, MseI, AluI, and SspI endonucleases indicated that selected stone fruit trees were infected by two distinct phytoplasmas belonging to the apple proliferation group. The stone fruit trees infected by LChV-1, CGRMV and phytoplasmas were grown in orchards localised in all seven regions

Determination of the dates of the sweet cherry (Cerasus avium Moench.) trees dormant period completion and beginning of flowering

2020 ◽  
pp. 132-136
Author(s):  
V.A. Odyntsova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Air Temperature ◽  
Sweet Cherry ◽  
Physiological State ◽  
Late Time ◽  
Dormant Period ◽  
Limit Values ◽  
Environment Temperature ◽  
Beginning Of Flowering ◽  
Minimum Air Temperature ◽  
Cherry Trees

The author presents the results of evaluating the phenoclimatographic models application for determining the dates of the sweet cherry trees dormant period completion and beginning of flowering in the soil and climatic conditions of the South Steppe of Ukraine as well as the effect of the external factors (maximum and minimum air temperature), as the models parameters for the generative buds growth and development. The limit values of the phenoclimatographic indicators were established: CU (chill unit) required for the cultivar Krupnoplidna dormant period completion and GDH (growing degree hour) specified for the beginning of flowering. In order to emerge from the mentioned period completion cherries need to accumulate – 1350 оС CU, and for the beginning of flowering – 4839 оС GDH. The dates of the biological dormancy completion and flowering were based on these limit values of CU and GDH. The validation of the models by comparing the calculated and actual dates of the flowering beginning in the orchard showed that their divergence was in the range from 0 to 3 days. That is indicative of the high prediction accuracy of these dates. The intensity of the generative buds development appered depend on their physiological state, which was influenced significantly by the environment temperature conditions, first of all, maximum and minimum air temperature. After the accumulation of 43 % of the GDH limit index the period of the accelerated growth processes rate in the buds began which lasted just until the beginning of of the sweet cherry trees flowering. This occursed mainly in the period with positive air temperatures. The studies showed the possibility of using the phenoclimatographic indicators limit values: CU – for the selection of varieties with the late time of the dormant period completion, and GDH a criterion of the plant resistance to the negative effect of the spring frosts.

scholarly journals Timing Cyclanilide and Cytokinin Applications in the Nursery to Obtain Desired Lateral Branch Height in Apple and Sweet Cherry Trees

HortScience ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 41 (5) ◽  
pp. 1238-1242 ◽  
Author(s):  
Don C. Elfving ◽  
Dwayne B. Visser
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Science ◽  
Sweet Cherry ◽  
Final Height ◽  
Tree Height ◽  
Science Research ◽  
Fruit Trees ◽  
Shoot Tip ◽  
Response Characteristics ◽  
Species Specific ◽  
Cherry Trees

The height above the bud union at which induced feathers develop on fruit trees in the nursery is an important determinant of tree quality for an intended market. The bioregulators cyclanilide (CYC; Bayer Environmental Science, Research Triangle Park, NC) and a proprietary formulation of 6-benzyladenine and gibberellins A4 and A7 (Promalin [PR]; Valent BioSciences, Walnut Creek, CA) affected the final height above the union of the lowest induced sylleptic shoot (feather) differently in apple and sweet cherry trees in the nursery. In apple, both products resulted in the lowest induced feather developing at approximately 4 to 20 cm below the height of the central leader shoot tip at the time of bioregulator application. In sweet cherry, the lowest induced feather typically originated starting approximately 2 to 20 cm above the central leader shoot tip height at the time of bioregulator application. Nursery tree height can serve as a suitable criterion for timing bioregulator applications to obtain feathers starting within a specific range of height above the bud union as long as species-specific feathering response characteristics are taken into account. Chemical names used: 1-(2,4-dichlorophenylaminocarbonyl)-cyclopropane carboxylic acid (Cyclanilide), N-(phenylmethyl)-1H-purine-6-amine + gibberellins A4A7 (Promalin), polyoxyethylenepolypropoxypropanol, dihydroxypropane, 2-butoxyethanol (Regulaid).

Prediction of root damaging during mechanical shaking of fruit trees

2014 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-15
Author(s):  
Z. Láng
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiments ◽  
Calculated Data ◽  
Fruit Trees ◽  
List Type ◽  
Structure Model ◽  
Root Damage ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Simple Tree ◽  
The Given ◽  
Cherry Trees

The possible effect of shaker harvest on root damage of 10-year-old cherry trees was studied on a simple tree structure model. The model was composed of elastic trunk and rigid main roots, the ends of which were connected to the surrounding soil via springs and dumping elements. Equations were set up to be able to calculate the relation between shaking height on the trunk and strain in the roots. To get the data for root break and their elongation at different shaking heights on the trunk, laboratory and field experiments were carried out on cherry trees and on their roots. Having evaluated the measured and calculated data it could be concluded that root damage is to be expected even at 3.6% strain and the risk of it increases with increased trunk amplitudes, i.e.with the decrease of shaking heightat smaller stem diameters (i.e. in younger plantation), andif the unbalanced mass of the shaker machine is too large for the given tree size.

THE INFLUENCE OF TILLAGE SYSTEMS ON THE GROWTH, DEVELOPMENT AND YIELD OF LONG-FLAX

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. Dumych ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Growth And Development ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Conservation Tillage ◽  
Mineral Fertilizers ◽  
Tillage Systems ◽  
Yield And Quality ◽  
Tillage System ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Flax Seeds

The purpose of research: to improve the technology of growing flax in the Western region of Ukraine on the basis of the introduction of systems for minimizing tillage, which will increase the yield of trusts and seeds. Research methods: field, laboratory, visual and comparative calculation method. Research results: Field experiments included the study of three tillage systems (traditional, canning and mulching) and determining their impact on growth and development and yields of trusts and flax seeds. The traditional tillage system included the following operations: plowing with a reversible plow to a depth of 27 cm, cultivation with simultaneous harrowing and pre-sowing tillage. The conservation system is based on deep shelfless loosening of the soil and provided for chiseling to a depth of 40 cm, disking to a depth of 15 cm, cultivation with simultaneous harrowing, pre-sowing tillage. During the implementation of the mulching system, disking to a depth of 15 cm, cultivation with simultaneous harrowing and pre-sowing tillage with a combined unit was carried out. Tillage implements and machines were used to perform tillage operations: disc harrow BDVP-3,6, reversible plow PON-5/4, chisel PCh-3, cultivator KPSP-4, pre-sowing tillage unit LK-4. The SZ-3,6 ASTPA grain seeder was used for sowing long flax of the Kamenyar variety. Simultaneously with the sowing of flax seeds, local application of mineral fertilizers (nitroammophoska 2 c/ha) was carried out. The application of conservation tillage allows to obtain the yield of flax trust at the level of 3,5 t/ha, which is 0,4 t/ha (12.9 %) more than from the area of traditional tillage and 0,7 t/ha (25 %) in comparison with mulching. In the area with canning treatment, the seed yield was the highest and amounted to 0,64 t/ha. The difference between this option and traditional and mulching tillage reaches 0,06 t/ha (10,3 %) and 0.10 t/ha (18.5 %), respectively. Conclusions. Preservation tillage, which is based on shelf-free tillage to a depth of 40 cm and disking to a depth of 15 cm has a positive effect on plant growth and development, yield and quality of flax.

scholarly journals Potential of UAS-Based Remote Sensing for Estimating Tree Water Status and Yield in Sweet Cherry Trees

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (15) ◽  
pp. 2359
Author(s):  
Víctor Blanco ◽  
Pedro José Blaya-Ros ◽  
Cristina Castillo ◽  
Fulgencio Soto-Vallés ◽  
Roque Torres-Sánchez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Remote Sensing ◽  
Deficit Irrigation ◽  
Vegetation Index ◽  
Sweet Cherry ◽  
Prunus Avium ◽  
Water Status ◽  
Control Treatment ◽  
Stem Water Potential ◽  
Irrigation Treatments ◽  
Cherry Trees

The present work aims to assess the usefulness of five vegetation indices (VI) derived from multispectral UAS imagery to capture the effects of deficit irrigation on the canopy structure of sweet cherry trees (Prunus avium L.) in southeastern Spain. Three irrigation treatments were assayed, a control treatment and two regulated deficit irrigation treatments. Four airborne flights were carried out during two consecutive seasons; to compare the results of the remote sensing VI, the conventional and continuous water status indicators commonly used to manage sweet cherry tree irrigation were measured, including midday stem water potential (Ψs) and maximum daily shrinkage (MDS). Simple regression between individual VIs and Ψs or MDS found stronger relationships in postharvest than in preharvest. Thus, the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), resulted in the strongest relationship with Ψs (r2 = 0.67) and MDS (r2 = 0.45), followed by the normalized difference red edge (NDRE). The sensitivity analysis identified the optimal soil adjusted vegetation index (OSAVI) as the VI with the highest coefficient of variation in postharvest and the difference vegetation index (DVI) in preharvest. A new index is proposed, the transformed red range vegetation index (TRRVI), which was the only VI able to statistically identify a slight water deficit applied in preharvest. The combination of the VIs studied was used in two machine learning models, decision tree and artificial neural networks, to estimate the extra labor needed for harvesting and the sweet cherry yield.

INSECT TRANSMISSION OF THE VIRUS CAUSING LITTLE CHERRY DISEASE

1960 ◽  
Vol 40 (4) ◽  
pp. 707-712 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. H. A. Wilde
Keyword(s):  
Sweet Cherry ◽  
Prunus Avium ◽  
Virus Disease ◽  
Insect Transmission ◽  
Prunus Avium L ◽  
Cherry Trees

Little cherry virus disease of sweet cherry (Prunus avium L.) was transmitted under screenhouse conditions by 3 species of leafhoppers (Homoptera: Cicadellidae) out of 24 species tested. Macrosteles fascifrons (Stal), the 6-spotted leafhopper, transmitted the disease in seven tests; Scaphytopius acutus (Say), the sharp-nosed leafhopper, transmitted it once; and Psammotettix lividellus (Zett.) transmitted it once. The transmissions were made from diseased sweet cherry trees of the variety Lambert to indicators of the varieties Star or Sam. With the exception of 1 transmission, 2 to 4 years were necessary following inoculation for unmistakable expression of symptoms in the indicators. M. fascifrons was also implicated in 18 successful transmissions to mature sweet cherry trees grown in the open.

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