Substance Misuse and Early Psychosis

2009 ◽  
Vol 17 (4) ◽  
pp. 291-294 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Tucker
Keyword(s):  
Substance Misuse ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Early Psychosis ◽  
Intervention Programs ◽  
Drug Induced ◽  
High Prevalence ◽  
Specific Vulnerability ◽  
Drug Induced Psychosis ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Review Current

Objective: This paper sought to review current knowledge about the relationship between substance misuse and early psychosis. Methods: A literature search was conducted using Medline and restricting the search to articles after 1996. Additional articles were sourced from reference lists of relevant articles. Results: There is a high prevalence of substance misuse among persons with early psychosis, with cannabis and alcohol featuring prominently. Substance misuse is associated with earlier onset and possibly more positive symptoms, although apparently not with greater cognitive impairment. Cannabis appears to confer an increased likelihood of developing schizophrenia in biologically vulnerable individuals. Amphetamines also cause psychosis which may become chronic, although specific vulnerability to this effect is less well established. Many cases of so-called ‘drug-induced psychosis’ become diagnosed as schizophrenia in later years. Specific intervention programs report positive outcomes with regard to substance misuse and the course of psychosis. Conclusions: Substance misuse should always be assessed in this patient group, bearing in mind the potential interactive causes of psychopathology. Intervention is of value in improving outcomes.

Drug-induced psychosis in Parkinson's disease (II): atypical neuroleptics

1994 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 43-47
Author(s):  
E.CH. Wolters ◽  
G. Tissingh ◽  
M.A. Kuiper ◽  
W.A. Zwaan ◽  
M.W.I.M. Horstink
Keyword(s):  
Parkinson’S Disease ◽  
Parkinson's Disease ◽  
Antipsychotic Drugs ◽  
Atypical Neuroleptics ◽  
Extrapyramidal Side Effects ◽  
Drug Induced ◽  
First Choice ◽  
Drug Induced Psychosis ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Typical Neuroleptics

SummaryIn this second part of a review on drug-induced psychosis in Parkinson's disease, the characteristics of typical and atypical neuroleptics will be compared and the therapeutic efficacy and the extrapyramidal side-effects of ‘atypical’ antipsychotic drugs will be discussed. These drugs affect serotonergic, adrenergic as well as dopaminergic neurotransmission and are best distinguished from the typical neuroleptics on the basis of the relationship between strong 5-HT2 and weak D2 affinities. Their succes may rely on this spectrum of effects. Clozapine, being the first choice, will be discussed in more detail.

scholarly journals Mosquito Trilogy: Microbiota, Immunity and Pathogens, and Their Implications for the Control of Disease Transmission

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paolo Gabrieli ◽  
Silvia Caccia ◽  
Ilaria Varotto-Boccazzi ◽  
Irene Arnoldi ◽  
Giulia Barbieri ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Disease Transmission ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Vector Competence ◽  
Complex Interaction ◽  
Level Ii ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Mosquito Females ◽  
Review Current

In mosquitoes, the interaction between the gut microbiota, the immune system, and the pathogens that these insects transmit to humans and animals is regarded as a key component toward the development of control strategies, aimed at reducing the burden of severe diseases, such as malaria and dengue fever. Indeed, different microorganisms from the mosquito microbiota have been investigated for their ability to affect important traits of the biology of the host insect, related with its survival, development and reproduction. Furthermore, some microorganisms have been shown to modulate the immune response of mosquito females, significantly shaping their vector competence. Here, we will review current knowledge in this field, focusing on i) the complex interaction between the intestinal microbiota and mosquito females defenses, both in the gut and at humoral level; ii) how knowledge on these issues contributes to the development of novel and targeted strategies for the control of mosquito-borne diseases such as the use of paratransgenesis or taking advantage of the relationship between Wolbachia and mosquito hosts. We conclude by providing a brief overview of available knowledge on microbiota-immune system interplay in major insect vectors.

scholarly journals Future directions for treatment in forensic psychiatry

2000 ◽  
Vol 176 (4) ◽  
pp. 332-338 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Gunn
Keyword(s):  
Forensic Psychiatry ◽  
Substance Misuse ◽  
Current Policy ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
International Context ◽  
Mentally Disordered ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
High Prevalence ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Review Current

BackgroundAs the availability of mental hospital beds has fallen, so the number of people in prison has risen.AimsTo review current policy trends in British forensic psychiatry and put them in an international context.MethodLiterature on the prevalence rates of psychiatric disorder in prisons and jails has been examined for the USA, England & Wales and New Zealand.ResultsAll studies show a high prevalence of mental disorder in prisons and jails. Authors in the USA suggest that prisons are replacing mental hospitals. In England & Wales rates of psychosis are reported as 4–10% for remanded prisoners and 2–7% for sentenced prisoners. Substance misuse among prisoners is a major problem. Prison is the preferred place of disposal for large numbers of mentally disordered people. Does this matter? Why should this be the case? Is this the cheapest option? Politicians are considering new powers to direct more people into institutions (presumably prisons) on the grounds of public protection.ConclusionsWe need more information about attitudes and their formation. We need more interprofessional dialogue about the best arrangements for people with mental disorders, and inter-disciplinary education.

scholarly journals From hallucinations to synaesthesia: a circular inference account of unimodal and multimodal erroneous percepts in clinical and drug-induced psychosis

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pantelis Leptourgos ◽  
Vincent Bouttier ◽  
Sophie Deneve ◽  
Renaud Jardri
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Implications ◽  
Inhibitory Interneurons ◽  
Drug Induced ◽  
Sensory Inputs ◽  
High Prevalence ◽  
Sensory Modalities ◽  
Hierarchical Levels ◽  
Deep Layers ◽  
Drug Induced Psychosis ◽  
Levels Of Integration

Psychedelics are known to distort perception and induce visual and multimodal hallucinations as well as synaesthesia. This is in contradiction with the high prevalence of distressing voices in schizophrenia. Here we introduce a unifying account of unimodal and multimodal erroneous percepts based on circular inference. We show that amplification of top-down predictions (descending loops) leads to an excessive reliance on priors and aberrant levels of integration of the sensory representations, resulting in crossmodal percepts and stronger illusions. By contrast, amplification of bottom-up information (ascending loops) results in overinterpretation of unreliable sensory inputs and high levels of segregation between sensory modalities, bringing about unimodal hallucinations and reduced vulnerability to illusions. We delineate a canonical microcircuit in which layer-specific inhibition controls the propagation of information across hierarchical levels: inhibitory interneurons in the deep layers exert control over priors, removing descending loops. Conversely, inhibition in the supragranular layers counterbalances the effects of the ascending loops. Overall, we put forward a multiscale and transnosographic account of psychosis with important theoretical, conceptual and clinical implications.

SELF-HARM IN ADOLESCENCE

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Remus Runcan ◽  
Patricia Luciana Runcan ◽  
Cosmin Goian ◽  
Bogdan Nadolu ◽  
Mihaela Gavrilă Ardelean
Keyword(s):  
Substance Misuse ◽  
Deliberate Self Harm ◽  
The People ◽  
Self Harm ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

This study provides the synonyms for the terms deliberate self-harm and self-destructive behaviour, together with a psychological portrait of self-harming adolescents, the consequence of self-harm, the purpose of self-harm, and the forms of self-harm. It also presents the results of a survey regarding the prevalence of people with non-suicidal self-harming behaviour, the gender of people with non-suicidal self-harming behaviour, the age of the first non-suicidal self-harming behaviour in these people, the frequency of non-suicidal self-harming behaviour in these people, the association of the non-suicidal self-harming behaviour with substance misuse in these people, the relationships of the people with non-suicidal self-harming behaviour with their fathers, mothers, and siblings, the relationships of the people with non-suicidal self-harming behaviour with their friends, the possible causes of self-harming behaviour in these people, and the relationship of people with non-suicidal self-harming behaviour with religion. Some of the results confirmed literature results, while others shed a new light on other aspects related to people with non-suicidal self-harming behaviour

scholarly journals Remedying the Mitochondria to Cure Human Diseases by Natural Products

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-18
Author(s):  
Jian-Kang Mu ◽  
Yan-Qin Li ◽  
Ting-Ting Shi ◽  
Li-Ping Yu ◽  
Ya-Qin Yang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Natural Products ◽  
Mitochondrial Dysfunction ◽  
Mechanism Of Action ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Human Diseases ◽  
Mitochondrial Regulation ◽  
The Relationship

Mitochondria are the ‘engine’ of cells. Mitochondrial dysfunction is an important mechanism in many human diseases. Many natural products could remedy the mitochondria to alleviate mitochondria-involved diseases. In this review, we summarized the current knowledge of the relationship between the mitochondria and human diseases and the regulation of natural products to the mitochondria. We proposed that the development of mitochondrial regulators/nutrients from natural products to remedy mitochondrial dysfunction represents an attractive strategy for a mitochondria-involved disorder therapy. Moreover, investigating the mitochondrial regulation of natural products can potentiate the in-depth comprehension of the mechanism of action of natural products.

scholarly journals The Relationship between the Gut Microbiome and Metformin as a Key for Treating Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (7) ◽  
pp. 3566
Author(s):  
Chae Bin Lee ◽  
Soon Uk Chae ◽  
Seong Jun Jo ◽  
Ui Min Jerng ◽  
Soo Kyung Bae
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Glucose Metabolism ◽  
Gut Microbiome ◽  
Metabolic Disorders ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Potential Target ◽  
The Relationship

Metformin is the first-line pharmacotherapy for treating type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM); however, its mechanism of modulating glucose metabolism is elusive. Recent advances have identified the gut as a potential target of metformin. As patients with metabolic disorders exhibit dysbiosis, the gut microbiome has garnered interest as a potential target for metabolic disease. Henceforth, studies have focused on unraveling the relationship of metabolic disorders with the human gut microbiome. According to various metagenome studies, gut dysbiosis is evident in T2DM patients. Besides this, alterations in the gut microbiome were also observed in the metformin-treated T2DM patients compared to the non-treated T2DM patients. Thus, several studies on rodents have suggested potential mechanisms interacting with the gut microbiome, including regulation of glucose metabolism, an increase in short-chain fatty acids, strengthening intestinal permeability against lipopolysaccharides, modulating the immune response, and interaction with bile acids. Furthermore, human studies have demonstrated evidence substantiating the hypotheses based on rodent studies. This review discusses the current knowledge of how metformin modulates T2DM with respect to the gut microbiome and discusses the prospect of harnessing this mechanism in treating T2DM.

scholarly journals Cord Blood-Based Approach to Assess Candidate Vaccine Adjuvants Designed for Neonates and Infants

Vaccines ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 95
Author(s):  
Daisuke Tokuhara ◽  
Norikatsu Hikita
Keyword(s):  
Cord Blood ◽  
Protective Immunity ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Current System ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
Vaccine Adjuvants ◽  
Adult Humans ◽  
Neonates And Infants ◽  
Induced Immunity ◽  
Review Current

Neonates and infants are particularly susceptible to infections, for which outcomes tend to be severe. Vaccination is a key strategy for preventing infectious diseases, but the protective immunity achieved through vaccination typically is weaker in infants than in healthy adults. One possible explanation for the poor acquisition of vaccine-induced immunity in infants is that their innate immune response, represented by toll-like receptors, is immature. The current system for developing pediatric vaccines relies on the confirmation of their safety and effectiveness in studies involving the use of mature animals or adult humans. However, creating vaccines for neonates and infants requires an understanding of their uniquely immature innate immunity. Here we review current knowledge regarding the innate immune system of neonates and infants and challenges in developing vaccine adjuvants for those children through analyses of cord blood.

scholarly journals Maternal toxoplasmosis and the risk of childhood autism: serological and molecular small-scale studies

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jamila S. Al Malki ◽  
Nahed Ahmed Hussien ◽  
Fuad Al Malki
Keyword(s):  
Neurodevelopmental Disorders ◽  
Repetitive Behavior ◽  
Saudi Arabian ◽  
Childhood Autism ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Autistic Children ◽  
High Prevalence ◽  
Life Threatening ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Delayed Language Development

Abstract Background Toxoplasmosis resulting from infection with the Toxoplasma parasite has become an endemic disease worldwide. Recently, a few studies have reported a high prevalence of Toxoplasmosis infections among Saudi Arabian women. This disease could become life threatening for pregnant women and for immunodeficient people. There is evidence that infections during pregnancy, especially in the early stages, are associated with neurodevelopmental disorders. Autism disorder represents one of the most common neurodevelopmental disorders worldwide; it is associated with delayed language development, weak communication interaction, and repetitive behavior. The relationship between prenatal toxoplasmosis and autism in childhood remains unclear. The present study aims to report a link between maternal toxoplasmosis and autistic offspring among Saudi Arabian women. Method Blood samples (36 maternal, 36 from their non-autistic children, and 36 from their autistic children) were collected for serological and molecular evaluation. Results A toxoplasmosis infection was reported for 33.34% of participants using an ELISA assay (5.56% IgG+/IgM+, 11.11% IgG−/IgM+, and 16.67% IgG+/IgM-); however, a nested PCR assay targeting B1 toxoplasmosis specific genes recorded positive tests for 80.56% of the samples. In addition, the present study detected several points of mutation of mtDNA including NADH dehydrogenase (ND1, ND4) and Cyt B genes and the nDNA pyruvate kinase (PK) gene for autistic children infected with toxoplasmosis. Conclusion Considering previous assumptions, we suggest that a maternal toxoplasmosis infection could have a role in the development of childhood autism linked to mtDNA and nDNA impairment.

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