scholarly journals Does money empower the elderly? Evidence from the Agincourt demographic surveillance site, South Africa1

2007 ◽  
Vol 35 (69_suppl) ◽  
pp. 157-164 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anne Case ◽  
Alicia Menendez
Keyword(s):  
South African ◽  
Old Age ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Social Pension ◽  
Alternative Means ◽  
Health And Development ◽  
Adults And Children ◽  
Socioeconomic Data ◽  
The Impact ◽  
To Receive

Aims: To quantify the impact of the South African old age (social) pension on outcomes for pensioners and the prime-aged adults and children who live with them, and to examine alternative means by which pensions affect household outcomes. Methods: We collected socioeconomic data on 290 households in the Agincourt demographic surveillance area (DSA), stratifying our sample on the presence of a household member age-eligible for the old-age pension (women aged 60 and older, men aged 65 and older). Results: The presence of a pensioner significantly reduces household reports that adults and, separately, children missed meals because there was not enough money for food. In addition, girls are significantly more likely to be enrolled in school if they are living with a pensioner, an effect that is driven entirely by living with a female pensioner. Our results are consistent with a model in which pensioners have a greater say in household functioning once they begin to receive their pensions. Conclusions: We find a program targeted toward the elderly plays a significant role in children's health and development.

Labor Market in the Light of Pension Reform

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 75-78
Author(s):  
Л. Аникеева ◽  
L. Anikeeva ◽  
Александра Митрофанова ◽  
Aleksandra Mitrofanova
Keyword(s):  
Labor Market ◽  
Old Age ◽  
Pension Reform ◽  
The State ◽  
Retirement Age ◽  
Unemployment Benefits ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
The Impact ◽  
To Receive

The article deals with issues related to the change in the situation on the labor market in connection with the new pension reform. The mechanism of the impact of the conditions and standards of pensions on the state of the labor market is revealed. Special attention is paid to increasing tension in the labor market due to the increase in the retirement age. The procedure for raising the retirement age is revealed, categories of workers are identified that will not be affected by raising the retirement age or who are entitled to receive an old-age insurance pension of a higher retirement age. Consideration is given to aspects related to changes in the conditions and procedure for granting unemployment benefits, including new conditions for granting benefits to persons in pre-retirement age. Particular attention is paid to the disclosure of the factors that determine the possibility of raising the retirement age, and the justification of measures that contribute to leveling the negative effects of the increase.

scholarly journals The South African pension system

1998 ◽  
Vol 18 (6) ◽  
pp. 713-719 ◽  
Author(s):  
Valerie Møller
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
South African ◽  
Old Age ◽  
Security Policy ◽  
Pension System ◽  
Real Income ◽  
The South ◽  
Old Age Security ◽  
Social Pension ◽  
African Journal

A. Sagner. 1998. The 1944 Pension Laws Amendment Bill: old-age security policy in South Africa in historical perspective, ca. 1920–1960. Southern African Journal of Gerontology7, 1, 10–14.S. van der Berg. 1998. Ageing, public finance and social security in South Africa. Southern African Journal of Gerontology7, 1, 3–9.The latest issue of Southern African Journal of Gerontology traces the origins of the South African social pensions system and addresses contemporary issues. In her editorial, Monica Ferreira (1998) notes that South Africa is one of only two countries in Africa that operates a social old-age system. Although the value of the South African social pension system is low in terms of real income (R490 in July 1998 – approximately US$100), the pension is generous in comparison with other developing countries. The take-up rate of the pension is virtually 90 per cent in the case of Africans, who historically were the most disadvantaged group under apartheid.

NEW APPROACHES TO THE OLD PROBLEMS. HYPERTENSION IN THE GERIATRIC PATIENTS

2020 ◽  
pp. 515-526
Author(s):  
Е. А. Темникова ◽  
А. И. Кондратьев ◽  
М. В. Темников
Keyword(s):  
Old Age ◽  
Elderly Population ◽  
Geriatric Patients ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Diagnosis And Treatment ◽  
Noncommunicable Diseases ◽  
The World ◽  
Very Old Age ◽  
Modern Information ◽  
The Impact

Значительное увеличение численности лиц пожилого и старческого возраста во всём мире ведёт к возрастанию актуальности проблем сохранения здоровья и адекватной медицинской помощи гериатрическим пациентам. Особое значение приобретают своевременная диагностика и лечение хронических неинфекционных заболеваний, частота которых с возрастом значительно нарастает. Артериальная гипертензия в пожилом и старческом возрасте всегда вызывала особое внимание исследователей и практических врачей из-за её распространённости, меняющихся подходов к диагностике и оценке влияния на прогноз, различающихся неоднозначных предложений по ведению возрастных пациентов. В обзоре представлены данные международных и отечественных исследований и рекомендаций по вопросам патофизиологии артериальной гипертензии, особенностям её диагностики и лечения в различных клинических ситуациях. A significant increase of the elderly population over the world leads to an increasing the relevance of the problems of maintaining health and adequate medical care for geriatric patients. Timely diagnosis and treatment of chronic noncommunicable diseases, the frequency of which increases with age, have been the particular importance. The researchers and practicing doctors have always paid special attention to hypertension in old and very old age due to its prevalence, changeable approaches to diagnosis and assessment of the impact on the prognosis, various ambiguous proposals for the management of the patients. Modern information about the international and domestic researches and recommendations on the issues of the pathophysiology of hypertension, features of its diagnosis and treatment in various clinical situations is presented in the review.

The differential impact of social-pension income on household poverty alleviation in three South African ethnic groups

2006 ◽  
Vol 26 (3) ◽  
pp. 337-354 ◽  
Author(s):  
MONICA FERREIRA
Keyword(s):  
South African ◽  
Poverty Alleviation ◽  
Old Age Support ◽  
Pension Income ◽  
Policy Interventions ◽  
Household Poverty ◽  
Social Pension ◽  
Pension Benefits ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Black Households

Social pension programmes play a key role in old-age support systems through their ability to reach vulnerable older persons. Pension income helps to sustain households affected by extreme poverty and vulnerability, by providing resources for spending that protects against vulnerability, and thereby they facilitate economic and social development. Under apartheid, South Africa's citizens were categorised according to race, and persons classified as Asian, black and coloured (mixed race) had less access to the opportunities and resources available to whites. Parity in the amount of social pension benefits paid to beneficiaries in the different ethnic categories was achieved only in 1993. The Non-Contributory Pensions and Poverty Study (NCPPS), conducted in Brazil and South Africa, has assessed the impact of social pension income on household poverty alleviation. This paper draws on the findings of the South African survey to analyse the differential effects of pension income on household poverty alleviation in three ethnic-geographic groups. Its data show a pervasive social and economic gradient of disadvantage among the groups, with rural-black households being most disadvantaged, urban-coloured households least disadvantaged, and urban-black households in between. The impact of pension income on household poverty alleviation has a similar pattern. The paper concludes with a discussion of the implications of the findings for the achievement of equity through informed policy interventions.

scholarly journals The contrasting human gut microbiota in early and late life and implications for host health and disease

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-22
Author(s):  
O. Skillington ◽  
S. Mills ◽  
A. Gupta ◽  
E.A. Mayer ◽  
C.I.R. Gill ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Old Age ◽  
Late Life ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Negative Consequences ◽  
Clostridioides Difficile ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Health And Development ◽  
Health And Disease ◽  
Diet And Lifestyle

The gut microbiota plays a significant role in health and development from birth and continues to affect several processes throughout life and into old age. During both infancy and old age, the trajectory of the gut microbiota changes with contrasting consequences at both stages for the host. The infant gut is unstable, and colonization is influenced by a variety of perinatal and postnatal factors. Many of these factors can contribute to an altered microbiota profile in infancy which can be associated with negative consequences later in life such as allergies, obesity, and neuropsychiatric disorders. The late-life gut microbiota is influenced by physiological changes within the host, illness, diet and lifestyle that impact its composition and functionality. Indeed, reduced microbial diversity, loss of beneficial microorganisms and increased pathobionts are key signatures of the elderly microbiome. Such changes have been associated with degenerative diseases including inflammageing, Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, and increased risk of infection with Clostridioides difficile. Here, we examine early- and late-life factors that contribute to contrasting gut microbiota disturbances and the consequences associated with these disruptions. Finally, we provide compelling evidence of nutritional and probiotic/prebiotic interventions that may help alleviate the effects of gut microbiota changes into old age.

scholarly journals Effect of General Versus Spinal Anesthesia on Postoperative Delirium and Early Cognitive Dysfunction in Elderly Patients

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Roghayeh Ehsani ◽  
Soudabeh Djalali Motlagh ◽  
Behrooz Zaman ◽  
Saloumeh Sehat Kashani ◽  
Mohammad Reza Ghodraty
Keyword(s):  
Elderly Patients ◽  
Spinal Anesthesia ◽  
Cognitive Dysfunction ◽  
Postoperative Cognitive Dysfunction ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Academic Hospitals ◽  
The Impact ◽  
To Receive ◽  
State Examination ◽  
Trial Setting

Background: Postoperative cognitive dysfunction (POCD) and delirium are common in the elderly patients, given the controversial results of previous studies about the impact of anesthesia type on the occurrence of these complications. Objectives: This study was planned to compare the effects of general and spinal anesthesia on the prevalence of POCD and delirium. Methods: A single-blind non-randomized clinical trial. Setting was in two academic hospitals. Ninety-four patients over 50 years old scheduled for hip fracture fixation. Patients were divided into two groups to receive either general (GA) or spinal (SA) anesthesia. Both Mini-Mental State examination (MMSE) and Wechsler tests were used before the operation and 3 times postoperatively to assess the cognitive function and detect early POCD. The DSM-IV criteria were also used for the diagnosis of delirium. The incidence of delirium and POCD and their precipitating factors were compared between the two groups. Results: Ninety-four patients with a mean age of 67.12 years were studied. The overall prevalence of POCD and delirium was 17.02%; however, it was significantly higher in the GA group rather than the SA group, 29.7%, and 4.25%, respectively (P < 0.001). There was a significant relationship between age (P = 0.048), ASA class (P = 0.034), and educational level with the incidence of POCD, meaning that the probability of developing cognitive impairment decreases with patients’ higher level of education and lower ASA-physical status. Also, the rate of POCD in men was significantly higher than in women (P = 0.026). Conclusions: The finding of this study showed that, if there is no specific contraindication, neuraxial anesthesia may be preferred over general anesthesia in elderly patients.

scholarly journals Resiliency management within a globally integrated economic network

2009 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard V. Weeks
Keyword(s):  
South African ◽  
Literature Study ◽  
Important Conclusion ◽  
African Government ◽  
The Face ◽  
Alternative Means ◽  
Operational Activities ◽  
Networked Economy ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Culture And Climate

Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to gain an understanding of resiliency management within a turbulent globally integrated economic network. Problem investigated: The South African economy functions as an integrated component of the global economic network, one that is highly competitive and extremely turbulent in nature. The current subprime initiated economic meltdown and the impact thereof on South African government, business and industry institutions serves as a case in point. The question posed is one of how best to manage institutional resiliency within such a complex environment. Methodology: A literature study is undertaken and a narrative enquiry conducted by means of open ended discussions with fourteen South African managers on an individual basis to determine the impact of the economic meltdown on South African organisations and the nature of resiliency management in response thereto. The approach adopted is intentionally analytical-descriptive in nature. The narrative enquiry constituted open ended discussions with managers in order to learn from their personal experience in resiliency management. In view of the sensitive nature of the discussions and to get a more reliable reflection of the true situation that exists they were conducted on a basis of anonymity. Findings: An important conclusion drawn from the study is that the culture and climate of the institution play a very fundamental role in resiliency management. Nurturing a culture of ''resiliency awareness'' is deemed to be a vital aspect in dealing with the emergent consequences of sudden, unexpected and unpredictable events such as the subprime economic meltdown. Value of the research: Seen within the context of a prevailing highly turbulent and unpredictable globally networked economy, the insights gained from the study could assist executives and managers in exploring alternative means of engendering institutional resiliency. Conclusion: Resiliency management embodies both a proactive and a reactive approach, each of which inherently have organisational culture and climate implications. The nurturing of a culture of ''resiliency awareness'' is found to be a vital ingredient in managing institutional resiliency in the face of unprecedented, unexpected and unforeseen events that have a significant impact on the institution and its operational activities.

The new rural social pension program in rural China: participation and its correlates

2016 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 647-661 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qiran Zhao ◽  
Stephan Brosig ◽  
Renfu Luo ◽  
Linxiu Zhang ◽  
Ai Yue ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Labor Supply ◽  
Rural China ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Rural Elderly ◽  
Pension Scheme ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Pension Program ◽  
Social Pension ◽  
The Impact

Purpose The need for a universal rural pension system has been heightened by demographic changes in rural China, including the rapid aging of the nation’s rural population and a dramatic decline in fertility. In response to these changes, China’s Government introduced the New Rural Social Pension Program (NRSPP) in 2009, a voluntary and highly subsidized pension scheme. The purpose of this paper is to assess the participation of rural farmers in the NRSPP. Furthermore, the authors examine whether the NRSPP affects the labor supply of the elderly population in China. Design/methodology/approach This paper uses household-level data from a sample of 2,020 households originating from a survey conducted by the authors in five provinces, 25 counties, and 101 villages in rural China. Using a probit model and conducting correlation analysis, the authors demonstrate the factors affecting the participation and the impact of NRSPP on labor supply of the rural elderly. Findings The results show there are several factors that are correlated with participation, such as specific policy variant in force in the respective household's province, the size of the pension payout from government, the age of sample individuals, and the value of household durable assets. Specifically, different characteristics of NRSPP policy implementation increase participation in China’s social pension program. The results suggest that the introduction of the NRSPP has not affected the labor supply of the rural elderly, in general, although it has reduced participation for the elderly who were in poor health. Originality/value Several previous studies have covered the NRSPP. However, all previous studies were based on case studies or just focused on a small region, and for this reason the results cannot reflect the populations and heterogeneity of rural areas. Therefore, a data set with a large sample size is used in this paper to provide a new perspective to fully understand the participation of NRSPP and its impacts on rural households. This paper will make an update contribution to the literature in the area of pension programs in China.

Old-Age Income Security and Tourism Demand: A Quasi-Experimental Study

2019 ◽  
Vol 59 (7) ◽  
pp. 1298-1315 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tae-Young Pak
Keyword(s):  
Old Age ◽  
Pension Reform ◽  
Positive Influence ◽  
Tourism Demand ◽  
Income Security ◽  
Limited Mobility ◽  
Minimum Income ◽  
Pension Income ◽  
Social Pension ◽  
The Impact

A growing number of countries have introduced noncontributory pension to guarantee a minimum income for disadvantaged seniors. The current state of knowledge does not inform us how this change has impacted senior tourism demand and industry. Additional pension income may relax budget constraints and provide an opportunity to fulfill a desired level of tourism. For disadvantaged elderly, however, its impact on tourism choice is not clear because of consumption needs for other necessities and limited mobility. This study examines a recent social pension reform in South Korea to study the impact of old-age income security on tourism demand. We find that a doubling of public pension benefits is associated with an average of 23–59.5% increase in travel frequency and 52–96% rise in travel spending among benefit-eligible seniors. These results suggest that pension reforms aiming to improve old-age income security will have a positive influence on the tourism and hospitality industry.

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