scholarly journals The contrasting human gut microbiota in early and late life and implications for host health and disease

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-22
Author(s):  
O. Skillington ◽  
S. Mills ◽  
A. Gupta ◽  
E.A. Mayer ◽  
C.I.R. Gill ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Old Age ◽  
Late Life ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Negative Consequences ◽  
Clostridioides Difficile ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Health And Development ◽  
Health And Disease ◽  
Diet And Lifestyle

The gut microbiota plays a significant role in health and development from birth and continues to affect several processes throughout life and into old age. During both infancy and old age, the trajectory of the gut microbiota changes with contrasting consequences at both stages for the host. The infant gut is unstable, and colonization is influenced by a variety of perinatal and postnatal factors. Many of these factors can contribute to an altered microbiota profile in infancy which can be associated with negative consequences later in life such as allergies, obesity, and neuropsychiatric disorders. The late-life gut microbiota is influenced by physiological changes within the host, illness, diet and lifestyle that impact its composition and functionality. Indeed, reduced microbial diversity, loss of beneficial microorganisms and increased pathobionts are key signatures of the elderly microbiome. Such changes have been associated with degenerative diseases including inflammageing, Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, and increased risk of infection with Clostridioides difficile. Here, we examine early- and late-life factors that contribute to contrasting gut microbiota disturbances and the consequences associated with these disruptions. Finally, we provide compelling evidence of nutritional and probiotic/prebiotic interventions that may help alleviate the effects of gut microbiota changes into old age.

scholarly journals Effect of Short-Term Dietary Intervention and Probiotic Mix Supplementation on the Gut Microbiota of Elderly Obese Women

Nutrients ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (12) ◽  
pp. 3011 ◽  
Author(s):  
Raffaella Cancello ◽  
Silvia Turroni ◽  
Simone Rampelli ◽  
Stefania Cattaldo ◽  
Marco Candela ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Dietary Intervention ◽  
Illumina Miseq ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Rehabilitation Program ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
Obese Women ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
Increased Risk

Accumulating literature is providing evidence that the gut microbiota is involved in metabolic disorders, but the question of how to effectively modulate it to restore homeostasis, especially in the elderly, is still under debate. In this study, we profiled the intestinal microbiota of 20 elderly obese women (EO) at the baseline (T0), after 15 days of hypocaloric Mediterranean diet administered as part of a nutritional-metabolic rehabilitation program for obesity (T1), and after a further 15 days of the same diet supplemented with a probiotic mix (T2). Fecal samples were characterized by Illumina MiSeq sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene. The EO microbiota showed the typical alterations found in obesity, namely, an increase in potential pro-inflammatory components (i.e., Collinsella) and a decrease in health-promoting, short-chain fatty acid producers (i.e., Lachnospiraceae and Ruminococcaceae members), with a tendency to reduced biodiversity. After 15 days of the rehabilitation program, weight decreased by (2.7 ± 1.5)% and the gut microbiota dysbiosis was partially reversed, with a decline of Collinsella and an increase in leanness-related taxa. During the next 15 days of diet and probiotics, weight dropped further by (1.2 ± 1.1)%, markers of oxidative stress improved, and Akkermansia, a mucin degrader with beneficial effects on host metabolism, increased significantly. These findings support the relevant role of a correct dietetic approach, even in the short term, to modulate the EO gut microbiota towards a metabolic health-related configuration, counteracting the increased risk of morbidity in these patients.

scholarly journals Antibiotics as Major Disruptors of Gut Microbiota

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jaime Ramirez ◽  
Francisco Guarner ◽  
Luis Bustos Fernandez ◽  
Aldo Maruy ◽  
Vera Lucia Sdepanian ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Adaptive Immune System ◽  
Antibiotic Use ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Antibiotic Resistant ◽  
Childhood Exposure ◽  
Clostridioides Difficile ◽  
Culture Independent ◽  
Health And Disease ◽  
And Function

Advances in culture-independent research techniques have led to an increased understanding of the gut microbiota and the role it plays in health and disease. The intestine is populated by a complex microbial community that is organized around a network of metabolic interdependencies. It is now understood that the gut microbiota is vital for normal development and functioning of the human body, especially for the priming and maturation of the adaptive immune system. Antibiotic use can have several negative effects on the gut microbiota, including reduced species diversity, altered metabolic activity, and the selection of antibiotic-resistant organisms, which in turn can lead to antibiotic-associated diarrhea and recurrent Clostridioides difficile infections. There is also evidence that early childhood exposure to antibiotics can lead to several gastrointestinal, immunologic, and neurocognitive conditions. The increase in the use of antibiotics in recent years suggests that these problems are likely to become more acute or more prevalent in the future. Continued research into the structure and function of the gut microbiota is required to address this challenge.

scholarly journals Does money empower the elderly? Evidence from the Agincourt demographic surveillance site, South Africa1

2007 ◽  
Vol 35 (69_suppl) ◽  
pp. 157-164 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anne Case ◽  
Alicia Menendez
Keyword(s):  
South African ◽  
Old Age ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Social Pension ◽  
Alternative Means ◽  
Health And Development ◽  
Adults And Children ◽  
Socioeconomic Data ◽  
The Impact ◽  
To Receive

Aims: To quantify the impact of the South African old age (social) pension on outcomes for pensioners and the prime-aged adults and children who live with them, and to examine alternative means by which pensions affect household outcomes. Methods: We collected socioeconomic data on 290 households in the Agincourt demographic surveillance area (DSA), stratifying our sample on the presence of a household member age-eligible for the old-age pension (women aged 60 and older, men aged 65 and older). Results: The presence of a pensioner significantly reduces household reports that adults and, separately, children missed meals because there was not enough money for food. In addition, girls are significantly more likely to be enrolled in school if they are living with a pensioner, an effect that is driven entirely by living with a female pensioner. Our results are consistent with a model in which pensioners have a greater say in household functioning once they begin to receive their pensions. Conclusions: We find a program targeted toward the elderly plays a significant role in children's health and development.

Treatment of psychoses in the elderly

1996 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 133-139
Author(s):  
A. Phanjoo
Keyword(s):  
Old Age ◽  
Psychotic Disorders ◽  
De Novo ◽  
Late Onset ◽  
Late Life ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Functional Psychoses ◽  
First Time ◽  
Paranoid Psychosis

Psychotic disorders in the elderly can be divided into three types: disorders that have started in earlier life and persist into old age; disorders that start de novo after the age of 60, and psychoses associated with brain disease, including the dementias. The classification of psychoses in late life has provoked controversy for nearly a century. The debate concerns whether schizophrenia can present at any stage of life or whether functional psychoses, arising for the first time in late life, represent different illnesses. The nomenclature of such disorders consists of numerous terms including late onset schizophrenia, late paraphrenia, paranoid psychosis of late life and schizophreniform psychosis. This plethora of terms has made research difficult to interpret.

Mood disorders in the elderly

2012 ◽  
pp. 1550-1558
Author(s):  
Robert Baldwin
Keyword(s):  
Bipolar Disorder ◽  
Mood Disorders ◽  
Late Life ◽  
Later Life ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Clinical Syndrome ◽  
Late Life Depression ◽  
Increased Risk

This chapter considers some of the commonly asked questions about mood disorders in later life. Is depression in later life a distinct clinical syndrome? How common is it? Is there an organic link, for example to cerebral changes, and if so, is there an increased risk of later dementia? Is it more difficult to diagnose and treat late-life depression, and once treated, is the outcome good, bad, or indifferent? The emphasis will be on depression but bipolar disorder and mania will also be considered.

scholarly journals Age differences in major depression: results from the National Comorbidity Survey Replication (NCS-R)

2009 ◽  
Vol 40 (2) ◽  
pp. 225-237 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. C. Kessler ◽  
H. Birnbaum ◽  
E. Bromet ◽  
I. Hwang ◽  
N. Sampson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mental Disorders ◽  
Old Age ◽  
Age Differences ◽  
Late Life ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
National Comorbidity Survey Replication ◽  
National Comorbidity Survey ◽  
Co Morbidity ◽  
Physical Disorders ◽  
Dsm Iv

BackgroundAlthough depression appears to decrease in late life, this could be due to misattribution of depressive symptom to physical disorders that increase in late life.MethodWe studied age differences in major depressive episodes (MDE) in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication, a national survey of the US household population. DSM-IV MDE was defined without organic exclusions or diagnostic hierarchy rules to facilitate analysis of co-morbidity. Physical disorders were assessed with a standard chronic conditions checklist and mental disorders with the WHO Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI) version 3.0.ResultsLifetime and recent DSM-IV/CIDI MDE were significantly less prevalent among respondents aged ⩾65 years than among younger adults. Recent episode severity, but not duration, was also lower among the elderly. Despite prevalence of mental disorders decreasing with age, co-morbidity of hierarchy-free MDE with these disorders was either highest among the elderly or unrelated to age. Co-morbidity of MDE with physical disorders, in comparison, generally decreased with age despite prevalence of co-morbid physical disorders usually increasing. Somewhat more than half of respondents with 12-month MDE received past-year treatment, but the percentage in treatment was lowest and most concentrated in the general medical sector among the elderly.ConclusionsGiven that physical disorders increase with age independent of depression, their lower associations with MDE in old age argue that causal effects of physical disorders on MDE weaken in old age. This result argues against the suggestion that the low estimated prevalence of MDE among the elderly is due to increased confounding with physical disorders.

scholarly journals The gut microbial metabolome: modulation of cancer risk in obese individuals

2012 ◽  
Vol 72 (1) ◽  
pp. 178-188 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wendy R. Russell ◽  
Sylvia H. Duncan ◽  
Harry J. Flint
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Genetic Factors ◽  
Microbial Metabolism ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Human Gut ◽  
Alcoholic Fatty Liver ◽  
Health And Disease ◽  
Diet And Lifestyle ◽  
Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease

Obesity is a critical health concern and although genetic factors may predispose an individual to become obese, changes in diet and lifestyle over the last few decades are likely to be significant contributors. Even so, it has been suggested that the causes of the current obesity crisis are not simply explained by changes in eating and exercise habits. Evidence suggests that the gut microbiota may play an important role in obesity and may be a factor in the development of associated disease including diabetes, CVD, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and cancer. There have been tremendous advances in knowledge regarding the composition of human gut microbiota, but less is known about their function and role within the human host. It is becoming widely accepted that the products of microbial metabolism influence human health and disease, particularly with respect to immune response and inflammation. However, in most cases, the products of microbial metabolism are uncharacterised and their mechanism of action remains unknown. This review addresses the role of the metabolites produced by gut microbiota in cancer and obesity. It is clear that only if the link between microbial diversity and metabolic functionality is firmly established, will the mechanism by which gut microbiota maintains health or contributes to disease development be elucidated.

scholarly journals Intestinal Inflammation and Altered Gut Microbiota Associated with Inflammatory Bowel Disease Render Mice Susceptible to Clostridioides difficile Colonization and Infection

mBio ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lisa Abernathy-Close ◽  
Madeline R. Barron ◽  
James M. George ◽  
Michael G. Dieterle ◽  
Kimberly C. Vendrov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Inflammatory Bowel Disease ◽  
Mouse Model ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Intestinal Inflammation ◽  
Antibiotic Use ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Clostridioides Difficile ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Inflammatory Bowel ◽  
The Relationship

The incidence of C. difficile infection (CDI) has increased significantly among patients with IBD, independently of antibiotic use, yet the relationship between IBD and increased risk for CDI remains to be understood. Our study sought to describe and utilize an antibiotic-independent mouse model to specifically explore the relationship between the IBD-associated gut and susceptibility to C. difficile colonization and CDI development.

scholarly journals NURSING AND AUDIOLOGY:

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (06) ◽  
Author(s):  
Marcus Vinicius Lessa de Souza
Keyword(s):  
Quality Of Life ◽  
Hearing Loss ◽  
Social Isolation ◽  
Hearing Aids ◽  
Selection Process ◽  
Elderly Person ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Negative Consequences ◽  
Increased Risk

Geriatrics help prevent and promote actions that help to minimize the impacts on the quality of life of the elderly. Being the nurse together with a multidisciplinary team, of vital importance in the development of these actions, The Nurse seeks to adapt the reality and the environment to which the elderly person is, thus enabling a better quality of life in this environment. The audiologist audiologist aims at a concern in hearing health, seeking to assist in the prevention and promotion of actions that help patients to have a more effective social interaction and avoid isolation in the face of difficulties that they may present. In short, the natural aging process causes damage to various functions of the human body, and one of them is auditory. The presence of hearing loss has several negative consequences for the quality of life of individuals, especially social isolation and in these cases hearing aids end up being strong allies to minimize the impacts that hearing loss causes on people's lives. Thus, this work aims to relate the issue of social isolation caused by hearing loss, increased risk of depression in the selection process and adaptation of hearing aids for the elderly and the role of the geriatric nurse aiming at improving the quality of life and preventing problems that may arise. In this study, a bibliographic search was made in the databases and an interface between two areas of health: Nursing and Speech Therapy, and its search to improve the quality of life of the elderly population as a social being.

scholarly journals Inactivity and Skeletal Muscle Metabolism: A Vicious Cycle in Old Age

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 592 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elena Rezuş ◽  
Alexandra Burlui ◽  
Anca Cardoneanu ◽  
Ciprian Rezuş ◽  
Cătălin Codreanu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Old Age ◽  
Muscle Metabolism ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
Skeletal Muscle Metabolism ◽  
Telomere Attrition ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Effects Of Aging

Aging is an inevitable and gradually progressive process affecting all organs and systems. The musculoskeletal system makes no exception, elderly exhibit an increased risk of sarcopenia (low muscle mass),dynapenia (declining muscle strength), and subsequent disability. Whereas in recent years the subject of skeletal muscle metabolic decline in the elderly has been gathering interest amongst researchers, as well as medical professionals, there are many challenges yet to be solved in order to counteract the effects of aging on muscle function efficiently. Noteworthy, it has been shown that aging individuals exhibit a decline in skeletal muscle metabolism, a phenomenon which may be linked to a number of predisposing (risk) factors such as telomere attrition, epigenetic changes, mitochondrial dysfunction, sedentary behavior (leading to body composition alterations), age-related low-grade systemic inflammation (inflammaging), hormonal imbalance, as well as a hypoproteic diet (unable to counterbalance the repercussions of the age-related increase in skeletal muscle catabolism). The present review aims to discuss the relationship between old age and muscle wasting in an effort to highlight the modifications in skeletal muscle metabolism associated with aging and physical activity.

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