Category Use in Abstract Mental Comparisons

1980 ◽  
Vol 32 (4) ◽  
pp. 625-633 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert W. Howard
Keyword(s):  
Mental Status ◽  
Occupational Status ◽  
Recent Model ◽  
Category Information ◽  
Natural Categories ◽  
The Status

A recent model proposes that at least two processes are involved in mental comparisons; use of analogue and use of category information. The evidence that category information is used is not strong, however. It comes mainly from studies which had subjects overlearn the objects associated with arbitrary categories in the laboratory, and which used concrete dimensions. In the present study, two experiments were conducted to see if subjects spontaneously use natural categories from an abstract dimension (occupational status) in mental status comparisons. Subjects scaled occupations into status categories before each experiment and then compared the status of within-category and between-category occupation pairs. Within-category status comparisons reliably took longer than between-category ones of the same distance, suggesting that natural status categories were used.

Unpacking the Status-Leveling Burden for Women in Male-Dominated Occupations

2021 ◽  
pp. 000183922110385
Author(s):  
M. Teresa Cardador ◽  
Patrick L. Hill ◽  
Arghavan Salles
Keyword(s):  
Occupational Status ◽  
Equal Status ◽  
Senior Women ◽  
The Status ◽  
Male Dominated ◽  
Institutional Hierarchy

The challenges faced by women in male-dominated occupations are often attributed to the men in, and masculine cultures of, these occupations—and sometimes to senior women in these occupations who may fail to give a “leg up” to the women coming up behind them. As such, prior research has largely focused on challenges that women experience from those of higher or equal status within the occupation and on the negative climate that surrounds women in these positions. We introduce a novel challenge, the status-leveling burden, which is the pressure put on women in male-dominated occupations from women in occupations lower in the institutional hierarchy to be their equal. Drawing on interviews with 45 surgeons, we present a model that unpacks this status-leveling burden. Our research makes novel contributions to the literatures on challenges to women in male-dominated occupations and on shared demography in cross-occupational collaboration, and it suggests new avenues for research at the intersection of gender and occupational status in the workplace.

Effect of Sex-Linked Vocational Information on Reported Occupational Choices of High School Juniors

1977 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 149-156 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robin Elaine Hurwitz ◽  
Mary Alice White
Keyword(s):  
High School ◽  
Analysis Of Variance ◽  
Occupational Choice ◽  
Occupational Status ◽  
Female Students ◽  
High School Juniors ◽  
The Status ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Annual Earnings ◽  
Median Amount

Information about new occupational opportunities for women was read by 144 high school juniors, while 106 other juniors read information about opportunities in general. All students subsequently selected occupations from a list of 40 occupations that would be “most appropriate” for each of five male and five female students described in mock profiles. Two forms of profiles were used, differing only in gender designated for each student description. Differences were found in the “status” of occupations chosen for boy profiles versus girl profiles, based on the median amount of education and annual earnings of people having these occupations, with boys consistently receiving higher level occupations than girls. A three-way analysis of variance indicated that the difference between occupational status scores given to boys arid girls was significantly less in the group receiving information about opportunities for women ( p < .01). It was suggested that it may be appropriate to consider vocational information as an important and alterable variable affecting occupational choice.

scholarly journals The Status of Professional Business Translators on the Danish Market: A Comparative Study of Company, Agency and Freelance Translators

2012 ◽  
Vol 56 (4) ◽  
pp. 976-997 ◽  
Author(s):  
Helle V. Dam ◽  
Karen Korning Zethsen
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Study ◽  
Occupational Status ◽  
Occupational Prestige ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
The Status ◽  
Professional Business

This article reports on an investigation which forms part of a comprehensive empirical project aimed at investigating the status of professional translators and interpreters in a variety of contexts. The purpose of the research reported on here was to investigate the differences in terms of occupational status between the three groups of professional business translators which we were able to identify in relatively large numbers on the Danish translation market: company, agency and freelance translators. The method involves data from questionnaires completed by a total of 244 translators belonging to one of the three groups. The translators’ perceptions of their occupational status were examined and compared through their responses to questions evolving around four parameters of occupational prestige: (1) salary/income, (2) education/expertise, (3) visibility, and (4) power/influence. Our hypothesis was that company translators would come out at the top of the translator hierarchy, closely followed by agency translators, whereas freelancers would position themselves at the bottom. Although our findings largely confirm the hypothesis and lead to the identification of a number of differences between the three groups of translators in terms of occupational status, the analyses did in fact allow us to identify more similarities than differences. The analyses and results are discussed in detail, and avenues for further research are suggested.

scholarly journals Americans’ occupational status reflects the status of both of their parents

2018 ◽  
Vol 115 (38) ◽  
pp. 9527-9532 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Hout
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Occupational Status ◽  
Birth Cohorts ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Socioeconomic Index ◽  
Point Increase ◽  
The Status

American workers’ occupational status strongly reflects the status of their parents. Men and women who grew up in a two-earner or father-breadwinner family achieved occupations that rose 0.5 point for every one-point increase in their parents’ statuses (less if their father was absent). Gender differences were small in two-earner families and mother-only families, but men’s status persisted more when the father was the sole breadwinner. Intergenerational persistence did not change in the time the data cover (1994–2016). Absolute mobility declined for recent birth cohorts; barely half the men and women born in the 1980s were upwardly mobile compared with two-thirds of those born in the 1940s. The results as described hold for a socioeconomic index (SEI) that scores occupation according to the average pay and credentials of people in the occupation. Most results were the same when occupations were coded by different criteria, but SEI produced the smallest gender differences.

scholarly journals The Status and Job Satisfaction of Computer Operators

2005 ◽  
Vol 27 (3) ◽  
pp. 423-430
Author(s):  
Adrian Gluck ◽  
Martin G. Evans
Keyword(s):  
Job Satisfaction ◽  
Exploratory Study ◽  
Occupational Status ◽  
Differential Impact ◽  
The Status ◽  
High Level

The results of this exploratory study suggest that computer operators experience a high level of inconsistency in their occupational status. Such inconsistency produces a differential impact upon the satisfaction of computer operators. When operators resolve the inconsistency by seeing their own status as low, they tend to be dissatisfied ; when they see their own status as high, they tend to be satisfied.

scholarly journals College Work: The Occupational Status of Students and its Implications for College Persistence

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kelly Raley
Keyword(s):  
College Student ◽  
Family Background ◽  
Occupational Status ◽  
College Persistence ◽  
School To Work ◽  
Negative Association ◽  
Student Employment ◽  
The Status ◽  
College Work ◽  
Employment Characteristics

AbstractChildren from advantaged backgrounds tend to obtain more education and consequently have higher status occupations as adults. Researchers often conceptualize the transition from school to work as discrete and the influence of education on employment characteristics as unidirectional. The goal of this research is to identify whether jobs during college are part of the status attainment process. First, it describes characteristics of student employment by family background, number of years in college, and season. College students from the most advantaged backgrounds have higher status jobs. Regardless of family background, students who have been college-enrolled for more years have higher levels of occupational status. Second, the analyses investigate the association between occupational status and college persistence. In typical college student jobs, employment (especially extensive employment) is negatively associated with college persistence. This negative association between employment and college persistence reverses, however, and becomes positive as occupational status increases.

Where do we stand?

FORUM ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 192-224
Author(s):  
Sei-inn Im ◽  
Hyang-Ok Lim
Keyword(s):  
Occupational Status ◽  
Valuable Insight ◽  
Middle Point ◽  
Student Groups ◽  
First Semester ◽  
The Status ◽  
Korean Study ◽  
High Level ◽  
Insight Into ◽  
Job Prospects

Abstract Within the last decade, an increasing number of studies have examined the status of translators and interpreters, providing valuable insight into how the status is perceived in the eyes of practitioners. However, less attention has been paid to studying the perceptions of future Translators, i.e. T&I students. This paper seeks to describe the occupational status of in-house Translators in Korea by comparing the perceptions of professionals and students. Inspired by Dam and Zethsen’s status parameters and a Korean study on teacher status, a survey was conducted among four populations: one Translator group and three student groups at different stages of their study. The findings indicate a negative correlation between the perceptions of occupational status and expertise progression, with first semester students giving a mean rating well above the middle point while practitioners rated their status as “just above average.” Overall, professional Translators and students regarded in-house Translation as an important occupation which required a high level of expertise and contributed to the organization, but also as one that involves a lower degree of work autonomy. At the same time, all four groups expressed their concern regarding job prospects.

Conference interpreters — the stars of the translation profession?

Interpreting ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 229-259 ◽  
Author(s):  
Helle V. Dam ◽  
Karen Korning Zethsen
Keyword(s):  
Online Survey ◽  
Occupational Status ◽  
The Self ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Job Status ◽  
International Context ◽  
The Status ◽  
Research Findings ◽  
Ongoing Project ◽  
Study Hypothesis

This article reports on a study which is part of an ongoing project, investigating occupational status within the translation profession by focusing on professional translators and interpreters of different kinds and in different contexts. The study is specifically concerned with the job status of the category generally regarded as the stars of the profession, i.e. conference interpreters. It investigates the self-perceived occupational status of a group of Danish staff interpreters at the European Union, comparing it to that of Danish staff translators in the same organization. The research is based on data from an online survey, completed by 86 respondents (23 interpreters and 63 translators). The study hypothesis was that the conference interpreters would position themselves at the very top of the status continuum for the translation profession as a whole, and that the translators would situate themselves at a lower level — though not at the very bottom, considering their profile as staff translators in a prestigious international context. This hypothesis was only partially borne out by the research findings.

Education, learned effectiveness and health

2005 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Mirowsky ◽  
Catherine E. Ross
Keyword(s):  
Educational Attainment ◽  
Social Status ◽  
Household Income ◽  
Occupational Status ◽  
Adult Life ◽  
Economic Hardship ◽  
The Other ◽  
Positive Education ◽  
The Status ◽  
Main Bridge

Education forms a unique dimension of social status with qualities that make it especially important to health. Educational attainment marks social status at the beginning of adulthood, functioning as the main bridge between the status of one generation and the next, and also as the main avenue of upward mobility. It precedes the other achieved social statuses and substantially influences them, including occupation and occupational status, earnings, personal and household income and wealth, and freedom from economic hardship. Education creates desirable outcomes because it trains individuals to acquire, evaluate and use information. It teaches individuals to tap the power of knowledge. As a result, education influences health in ways that are varied, present at all stages of adult life, cumulative, self-amplifying and uniformly positive. Education develops the learned effectiveness that enables self-direction toward any and all values sought, including health.

The study of interfacial reactions of nickel thin films on GaAs

1983 ◽  
Vol 41 ◽  
pp. 156-157
Author(s):  
L.J. Chen ◽  
Y.F. Hsieh
Keyword(s):  
Thin Films ◽  
Integrated Circuits ◽  
Interfacial Reactions ◽  
Metal Contacts ◽  
Nickel Thin Films ◽  
Thin Foils ◽  
The Status ◽  
Si Doped ◽  
Electron Microscopes

One measure of the maturity of a device technology is the ease and reliability of applying contact metallurgy. Compared to metal contact of silicon, the status of GaAs metallization is still at its primitive stage. With the advent of GaAs MESFET and integrated circuits, very stringent requirements were placed on their metal contacts. During the past few years, extensive researches have been conducted in the area of Au-Ge-Ni in order to lower contact resistances and improve uniformity. In this paper, we report the results of TEM study of interfacial reactions between Ni and GaAs as part of the attempt to understand the role of nickel in Au-Ge-Ni contact of GaAs.N-type, Si-doped, (001) oriented GaAs wafers, 15 mil in thickness, were grown by gradient-freeze method. Nickel thin films, 300Å in thickness, were e-gun deposited on GaAs wafers. The samples were then annealed in dry N2 in a 3-zone diffusion furnace at temperatures 200°C - 600°C for 5-180 minutes. Thin foils for TEM examinations were prepared by chemical polishing from the GaA.s side. TEM investigations were performed with JE0L- 100B and JE0L-200CX electron microscopes.

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