scholarly journals THE BORDET-GENGOU BACILLUS OF PERTUSSIS

1909 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 41-54 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martha Wollstein
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Laboratory Animals ◽  
Bronchial Secretions ◽  
Negative Results ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
The Subject ◽  
New Evidence ◽  
Possible Cause ◽  
Positive Results ◽  
Wide Dissemination

The bacillus of Bordet and Gengou is present in the sputum in early cases of pertussis, and in the lungs at autopsy in fatal cases of the disease. After the second week it is not present in the sputum in sufficiently large numbers to be readily isolated. The influenza bacillus is found at as early a stage of pertussis as is the Bordet-Gengou bacillus, and it persists in the sputum for a longer time. The agglutinins in the blood of pertussis patients are not more regular and not always higher for the Bordet-Gengou bacillus than for B. influenzæ. The two organisms are culturally distinct and their action on laboratory animals different. Complement deviation tests with the serum of immunized rabbits show a further difference in the immune bodies produced by the two varieties of bacilli. The negative results of the complement deviation tests with the patients' serum in this study, compared with the positive results of similar tests made by Bordet and Gengou, I am not able to account for. This study has contributed support to the view that the Bordet-Gengou bacillus is the possible cause of pertussis, but it has not produced any distinctively new evidence of this relationship beyond the proof of the wide dissemination of the peculiar bacillus in nature and its occurrence in pertussis. A study of bronchial secretions in other acute diseases of the respiratory tract for the bacillus has not yet been extensively made and is called for. I shall hope to report on this phase of the subject at another time.

scholarly journals Turismo e voluntariado: a busca pela compreensão do volunturismo

2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Pablo Braga de Souza ◽  
Antônia Maria Nascimento Barcelos ◽  
Suellen Alice Lamas
Keyword(s):  
Early Stage ◽  
Economic Potential ◽  
Volunteer Tourism ◽  
The Public ◽  
Mass Tourism ◽  
Negative Results ◽  
De Se ◽  
The World ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Positive Results

Ao longo do tempo, o turismo tem se destacado como uma importante atividade econômica no mundo, gerando serviços, produtos, emprego e renda. Entretanto, tão importante quanto o seu potencial econômico, é o seu potencial social, capaz de transformar localidades que apresentam desequilíbrios e limitações, o que vem sendo proposto pelo turismo voluntário também conhecido como volunturismo. Embora seja muito praticada no exterior, essa modalidade, está em estágio inicial no país, o que traz à tona dúvidas e questionamentos em relação ao tema e a necessidade de estudá-lo a fim de que se possa compreendê-lo em sua totalidade. Deste modo, faz-se a reflexão: O que é turismo voluntário? Qual o perfil do público que o pratica? Quais as diferenças entre turismo voluntário e turismo solidário? Quais os impactos nas comunidades visitadas? A partir desses questionamentos, o presente trabalho visa discorrer sobre o turismo voluntário apresentando suas interfaces conceituais, problemáticas e perfil dos praticantes, de modo a contribuir com o esclarecimento e debate teórico sobre o tema. Assim, vê-se a importância de estudos em relação ao turismo voluntário para que, a partir de sua compreensão, os resultados positivos possam ser maximizados e os negativos minimizados. Baseando-se em seu caráter de agente transformador social, pode-se inferir que o turismo voluntário é mais uma forma de se fazer turismo, contrária ao turismo de massas, do que um segmento propriamente dito. Tourism and volunteering: the search for understanding of the voluntourism ABSTRACT Over time, the tourism has distinguished itself as an important economic activity in the world, generating services, products, employment and income. However, as important as its economic potential, it is its social potential capable of transforming localities that show unbalances and limitations, what has been proposed by the volunteer tourism also known as voluntourism. Although it has been practiced abroad, this type of tourism is in an early stage in the country, which propitiates doubts and questions concerning the theme and the necessity to study it in order to understand it in its entirety. Thus, the reflection is done: What is volunteer tourism? What is the public profile that practices it? What are the differences between volunteer tourism and solidary tourism? What are the impacts on the communities visited? Based on these questions, the article aims to discuss about volunteer tourism showing its conceptual interfaces, problematic and the profile of the participants in order to contribute to the elucidation and the theoretical debate on the subject. Therefore, one sees the importance of the studies concerning volunteer tourism so that, from its understanding, positive results can be maximized and negative results can be minimized. Based on its character of a social transforming agent, one can infer that the volunteer tourism is more a way of doing tourism, contrary to mass tourism, than a segment itself. KEYWORDS: Volunteering; Tourism; Knowledge; Voluntourism.

scholarly journals Invisible science: publication of negative research results

2021 ◽  
Vol 33 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luis Fernando SAYÃO ◽  
Luana Farias SALES ◽  
Carla Beatriz Marques FELIPE
Keyword(s):  
Scientific Communication ◽  
Scientific Journals ◽  
Negative Results ◽  
Research Activities ◽  
Flow Generation ◽  
Initial Assumption ◽  
Research Cycle ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Positive Results ◽  
Competition For Resources

Abstract An important part of scientific research activities yield negative results – non-confirmatory and null data, inconclusive experiments, unexpected data. These results permeate the entire research cycle and constitute an important part of the full scientific knowledge flow generation. However, despite the acknowledgment that it is the non-confirmatory findings that result in the rejection of consolidated hypotheses that drive the progress of science, most of these investigation routes are not documented. Growing competition for resources, tenure, and impact publications induces researchers to produce “positive” results that are more likely to be published, interfering with the principles of science reproducibility and self-correction and in the scientific communication cycle. This study aims to review negative results incorporation in the traditional academic publication cycle. It also seeks to identify and systematize the main barriers that prevent researchers from publishing negative results. This exploratory study is based methodologically on the scarce literature on the subject. It confirms the initial assumption that few scientific journals accept, edit special issues or are dedicated to the publication of negative results.

scholarly journals Stability of Common Analytes in Urine Refrigerated for 24 h before Automated Analysis by Test Strips

2000 ◽  
Vol 46 (9) ◽  
pp. 1384-1386 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul Froom ◽  
Barbara Bieganiec ◽  
Zahava Ehrenrich ◽  
Mira Barak
Keyword(s):  
False Negative ◽  
Automated Analysis ◽  
Urine Protein ◽  
Negative Results ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
False Negative Results ◽  
Dipstick Urinalysis ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Roche Diagnostics ◽  
Positive Results

Abstract Background: Central outpatient laboratories might find processing large numbers of urinary samples that arrive in the late afternoon inconvenient and refrigerate them overnight before testing. Furthermore, in certain settings clinics might have difficulty assuring that the urine arrives at the laboratory during the same day as the collection. Because the stability of urine samples for delayed automated dipstick analysis (Supertron) is unknown, after defining precision, we retested urines refrigerated for 24 h to determine stability. Methods: Urinalysis was done twice on the same day and repeated after the sample was refrigerated for 24 h. Combur-10S (Roche Diagnostics) dipsticks were read automatically by a Supertron analyzer. Repeat tests on the same day were compared with tests after storage. Results: Leukocyte esterase had high precision, but after storage ∼25% of the positive samples were less reactive (P <0.005). Precision of hemoglobin retests was also high but declined significantly after storage for 24 h. Urine protein values increased after storage. The precision and stability were excellent for nitrites, glucose, and ketones. Conclusions: The stability of the automated dipstick urinalysis varies with the substance tested. After refrigeration for 24 h, there is a risk of false-positive results for protein, false-negative results for leukocytes and erythrocytes, and little effect on glucose, nitrite, and ketone values.

Critical Evaluation of Impedance Phlebography for the Diagnosis of Deep Vein Thrombosis

1974 ◽  
Vol 31 (02) ◽  
pp. 273-278
Author(s):  
Kenneth K Wu ◽  
John C Hoak ◽  
Robert W Barnes ◽  
Stuart L Frankel
Keyword(s):  
Deep Vein Thrombosis ◽  
False Positive ◽  
False Negative ◽  
Critical Evaluation ◽  
Original Method ◽  
Vein Thrombosis ◽  
Negative Results ◽  
False Negative Results ◽  
Deep Vein ◽  
Positive Results

SummaryIn order to evaluate its daily variability and reliability, impedance phlebography was performed daily or on alternate days on 61 patients with deep vein thrombosis, of whom 47 also had 125I-fibrinogen uptake tests and 22 had radiographic venography. The results showed that impedance phlebography was highly variable and poorly reliable. False positive results were noted in 8 limbs (18%) and false negative results in 3 limbs (7%). Despite its being simple, rapid and noninvasive, its clinical usefulness is doubtful when performed according to the original method.

PET/CT WITH 68GA-PSMA-11 IN DETECTION OF PRIMARY TUMOR AND RECURRENCE OF PROSTATE CANCER

2018 ◽  
Vol 64 (6) ◽  
pp. 799-804
Author(s):  
Darya Ryzhkova ◽  
M. Poyda
Keyword(s):  
Prostate Cancer ◽  
Primary Tumor ◽  
Biochemical Recurrence ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Negative Results ◽  
Primary Prostate Cancer ◽  
Pet Ct ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Positive Results ◽  
T Category

Purpose: To study the diagnostic value of PET-CT with 68Ga-PSMA-11 in the diagnosis of a primary prostate cancer, preoperative staging, and the detection of recurrence of prostate cancer (PCa). Methods: 28 patients aged 64.7 ± 8.74 years were included. 10 patients primary prostate cancer, and 18 patients with biochemical recurrence of the disease after radical treatment were examined. All patients underwent PET-CT with 68Ga-PSMA-11 according the whole body protocol. Interpretation of images was performed visually and quantitatively by calculation of SUL max. Results: High focal or diffuse 68Ga-PSMA-11 uptake was found in prostate parenchyma in patients with primary prostate cancer. Additionally metastases in regional lymph nodes were diagnosed in 4 patients and bone metastases were found in one patient. The correlation between 68Ga-PSMA-11 uptake level and Gleason index in the primary tumor (R Spearmen = 0.25, p = 0.57) was not observed. PET-positive results were obtained in 14 patients and PET-negative results in 4 patients with biochemical recurrence of PCa. The relationship between the frequency of PET-positive results and Gleason index was not revealed (R Spearmen = 0.2, p = 0.39). We found a weak but significant correlation between the frequency of PET-positive results and the prostate tumor stage according to the T category (R Spearmen = 0.49, p = 0.049). In patients with low values of PSA (less than 1.0 ng/ml) in 4 out of 9 cases, PET-negative results were obtained. In patients with PSA level more than 1.0 ng/ml PET-positive results were obtained in all cases. Conclusions: PET/CT with 68Ga-PSMA-11 allows to diagnose the primary prostate cancer, to establish the stage of the disease in categories N and M, and also to determine the localization and dissemination of the tumor in patients with biochemical recurrence of prostate cancer. The relationship between 68Ga-PSMA-11 uptake in primary tumor and Gleason index was not found. The probability of obtaining PET-positive results in cases of biochemical recurrence is affected by a PSA level above 1 ng/ml and a high stage of the disease according to the T category (T3-T4).

scholarly journals Diagnostic Performance of Ankle-Brachial Pressure Index in Lower Extremity Arterial Disease

2021 ◽  
Vol 07 (03) ◽  
pp. e132-e137
Author(s):  
Mohammed Alagha ◽  
Thomas M. Aherne ◽  
Ahmed Hassanin ◽  
Adeel S. Zafar ◽  
Doireann P. Joyce ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lower Extremity ◽  
Sensitivity And Specificity ◽  
False Negative ◽  
Arterial Disease ◽  
Initial Assessment ◽  
Reference Standard ◽  
Lower Extremity Arterial Disease ◽  
Negative Results ◽  
Positive Results ◽  
Arterial Imaging

Abstract Introduction Ankle-brachial pressure indices (ABIs) continue to form the basis of diagnostics for lower extremity arterial disease (LEAD). However, there remains a paucity of data to support its accuracy. This study aims to evaluate its diagnostic sensitivity and specificity using established arterial-imaging modalities as a benchmark. Methods In this retrospective study, a regional, prospectively maintained, vascular laboratory database was interrogated to identify referred patients with arterial disease who underwent concomitant assessment with ABI and lower limb arterial duplex ultrasound (DUS). Duplex acted as the reference standard. Those who had peripheral computed tomography angiogram (CTA) within 3 months of initial assessment were included in a subgroup analysis to correlate ABI with CTA. The primary end point was the sensitivity and specificity of ABI compared with DUS as the reference standard. Results Concomitant assessment was performed in 438 limbs (250 patients) over a 27-month period. The ABI was normal (0.9 to 1.4) in 196 limbs (44.9%) and abnormal in the remaining 241 limbs (55.1%). False-positive results occurred in 83 out of 241 limbs (34.4%), and false-negative results occurred in 54 limbs out of 196 (27.5%). True-positive results were 158 out of 241 limbs (65.6%), whereas true-negative results were 142 out of 196 limbs (72.4%). ABI using DUS as a benchmark identified a sensitivity for peripheral artery disease of 72.3% and a specificity of 69.3%. Concomitant CTA imaging was available in 200 limbs. The sensitivity and specificity of ABI correlated with CTA were 65.5 and 68.8%, respectively. Conclusion ABIs have a moderate predictive value in the diagnosis of LEAD. Normal range outcomes cannot be taken to infer the absence of LEAD and, as such, further arterial imaging in the form of DUS or angiography should be strongly considered in those with suspected underlying disease requiring intervention. Further noninvasive tests such as exercise studies or pulse volume waveforms should be considered, if diagnostic uncertainty exists, in those requiring nonoperative intervention and risk factor control.

Public Policy Administration

1985 ◽  
Vol 47 ◽  
pp. 1-16
Author(s):  
Richard A. Brumback
Keyword(s):  
Rhode Island ◽  
General Level ◽  
American Government ◽  
Introductory Course ◽  
The Past ◽  
Business Colleges ◽  
Business College ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
The Subject ◽  
One Year

The teaching of an introductory course in American Government can be a difficult and frustrating endeavor under even the best of circumstances. Given the general level of cynicism and/or lack of interest by large numbers of Americans regarding politics and politicians, the task of generating student enthusiasm, or even mild interest, toward the subject matter can indeed be an arduous one. When the teaching of such a course takes place in a business college, and when the student audience is “captive” to a college requirement that all students must take the course, the task can be rendered considerably more formidable.For the past six years I have been teaching such courses at business colleges — one year at Bryant College in Rhode Island, and the following five years at Bentley College in Massachusetts.

scholarly journals The Interpretation of Studies Using the Reading Level Design

1989 ◽  
Vol 21 (4) ◽  
pp. 413-424 ◽  
Author(s):  
Usha Goswami ◽  
Peter Bryant
Keyword(s):  
Reading Disability ◽  
Reading Level ◽  
Chronological Age ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Causal Factors ◽  
Negative Results ◽  
Level Design ◽  
Positive Results

Recent research in reading disability has been strengthened by the addition of a reading level (RL) control group to the more traditional chronological age (CA) control group. However, caution is required in interpreting results from these two kinds of control. Only positive results in a RL match and negative results in a CA match are interpretable; negative results in a CA match and positive results in a RL match are not. Furthermore, the RL control group cannot be used to unambiguously determine between specific deficit and developmental lag interpretations of reading disability. It is argued that the use of the RL control can only ever be a first step in research aimed at delineating the causal factors in reading backwardness.

scholarly journals Accuracy of brush cytology in biliopancreatic strictures: a single-center cohort study

2021 ◽  
Vol 49 (2) ◽  
pp. 030006052098777
Author(s):  
Song-Ming Ding ◽  
Ai-Li Lu ◽  
Bing-Qian Xu ◽  
Shao-Hua Shi ◽  
Muhammad Ibrahim Alhadi Edoo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Duct Cell ◽  
Carbohydrate Antigen ◽  
Maximum Diameter ◽  
Biliary Duct ◽  
Brush Cytology ◽  
Tumor Biopsy ◽  
Bile Duct Wall ◽  
Negative Results ◽  
Brushing Cytology ◽  
Positive Results

Objective False positive and negative results are associated with biliary tract cell brushing cytology during endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP). The causes are uncertain. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the accuracy of diagnoses made via cell brushing in our center, and to explore the factors influencing diagnosis. Methods The clinical data of patients who underwent cell brushing at our center from January 2016 to August 2019 were retrospectively analyzed. These included age, gender, stricture location, thickness of the bile duct wall in the narrow segment, maximum diameter of the biliary duct above the stricture, number of cell brush smears, carbohydrate antigen 19-9, and carcinoembryonic antigen. Positive brush cytology results were compared with results of surgical histology or tumor biopsy as well as with the patient’s clinical course. Results Of the 48 patients who underwent cell brushing cytology, 27 (56.3%) had positive results. The sensitivity and specificity of biliary duct cell brushing was 79.4%, and 85.7%, respectively. None of the above-mentioned factors were associated with positive cytology brushing results. Conclusions Cell brushing cytology remains a reliable method for diagnosis of pancreaticobiliary malignancies.

scholarly journals EPIDEMIC ENCEPHALITIS AND SIMPLE HERPES

1927 ◽  
Vol 8 (6) ◽  
pp. 713-726 ◽  
Author(s):  
Simon Flexner
Keyword(s):  
Guinea Pig ◽  
Past Experience ◽  
The State ◽  
Encephalitis Virus ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Epidemic Encephalitis ◽  
Direct Corollary ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Positive Results ◽  
Epidemic Diseases

The purpose of this paper is to explain the state of our knowledge of the etiology of epidemic encephalitis, and especially to draw a line of demarcation between the established virus of simple herpes and the hypothetical virus of epidemic encephalitis. It had already been shown that the experimental observations on rabbits do no suffice to prove the identity of the herpes with the encephalitis virus. The discussion of the subject in this paper shows that identity cannot be postulated on the basis of the performed guinea pig experiments. Attention has been drawn to the significant fact that there is lack of harmony in the positive results of those investigators who believe that the incitants of epidemic encephalitis have been discovered. An attempt has been made to attribute some of the discrepancies reported by these investigators either to accidental and contaminating microbic agents, or to the uncovering of virulent agents preexisting in a latent state in the animals employed for inoculation, the existence of which was not previously known or suspected. Since past experience leads us to believe in a single incitant for widespread epidemic diseases, it is probable that, when certainly discovered, the microbe of epidemic encephalitis will prove to be simple and not multiple. The direct corollary to this point of view is that up to the present, the etiology of epidemic encephalitis has not been determined.

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