scholarly journals STUDIES ON THE BLOOD PROTEINS

1917 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 231-253 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. H. Hurwitz ◽  
G. H. Whipple
Keyword(s):  
Blood Serum ◽  
Diagnostic Value ◽  
Blood Protein ◽  
Bacterial Invasion ◽  
Intestinal Loop ◽  
Toxic Substances ◽  
Blood Proteins ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Acute Infections ◽  
Normal Albumin

The intoxication which develops as the result of a simple obstruction or a closed intestinal loop is accompanied by definite changes in the coagulable proteins of the blood serum. These changes consist essentially in an alteration in the normal albumin-globulin ratio; the globulin fraction is greatly increased and at times the normal relation of the two fractions may show a complete inversion. The increase in the globulin content of the blood serum is most marked in the animals which show some of the complications met with in loop animals,—rupture of the loop and peritonitis. In the latter conditions especially, the globulin increase is rapid and large. We believe this reaction to be of diagnostic value in acute infections attended by the sudden liberation and absorption of a toxic exudate. Infections and intoxications produced by inflammatory irritants are also accompanied by a rise in the blood globulins. This observation suggests that tissue disintegration with absorption of toxic products is responsible for the changes noted, and that bacterial invasion is important only in as far as it gives rise to toxic substances. Animals which have developed a tolerance to proteose intoxication following the periodic injection of small doses of proteose do not show a globulin increase. These experiments do not support the view that the rise in globulins observed in these experimental conditions is an expression of a resistance or tolerance developed by the animal. From the experimental evidence it seems more probable that the alteration in the partition of the blood protein fractions is one of the results of the metabolic disturbance which has been shown to occur in these conditions.

scholarly journals THE REACTION OF COW'S MILK TO BLOOD SERUM PRECIPITIN

1926 ◽  
Vol 43 (4) ◽  
pp. 451-459 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. S. Jones
Keyword(s):  
Blood Serum ◽  
Normal Level ◽  
Serum Proteins ◽  
Practical Interest ◽  
Raw Milk ◽  
Blood Protein ◽  
Blood Proteins ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
Serum Protein Level ◽  
Precipitin Test

It seems well established that during normal lactation there passes a slight but well defined quantity of blood protein into the udder. When a specific serum precipitin is applied to diluted milk the reaction occurs at a relatively uniform level of dilution. This line may well be considered the normal level of blood protein elimination. In the main the serum protein level is the same when mastitis streptococci are present as when they are absent, provided they are not too numerous. On the other hand it has been shown that when streptococci are present in large numbers the milk while apparently normal reacts at dilutions considerably higher than the normal. In the non-lactating udder, particularly during the latter end of gestation, serum proteins accumulate. Little and Orcutt have shown that certain antibodies tend to become greatly concentrated within the udder. Howe and others have shown that the colostrum of cows is rich in blood proteins. It is to be noted, however, that colostrum while rich in serum proteins usually reacts with serum precipitin to about one-half the titer of the blood serum itself. It may well be that certain proteins of the blood passing into the acini are reabsorbed, leaving a portion of the antigen within the udder. Thus a gradual accumulation of antigen may occur. Shortly after parturition the udder may be drained with a consequent marked fall in serum content. There, however, apparently exists for the next few days considerable permeability of the capillaries for serum proteins. This is borne out by the reaction of the milk to the serum precipitin, since it may react above the normal level for as long as 10 days or 2 weeks after parturition. During the course of inflammation there may occur a considerable outpouring of blood protein. In the severe cases the exudate may give a titer at as great a dilution as the blood serum. In other milder cases where the inflammation may be confined only to the mucosa of the milk cystern, there is usually little that is abnormal in the appearance of the milk. The precipitin test, however, indicates that serum proteins are present in definitely greater concentration than in normal milk. Of practical interest is the effect of heating the milk on the reaction of serum precipitin. Milk heated to a temperature as high as 66°C. for 20 minutes will react at the same dilutions as the raw milk. Milk pasteurized at 68–69°C. for 20 minutes will no longer react. The precipitin test, then, affords a ready means of detecting milk heated above 68–69°C. It is assumed that the precipitin test may have some further practical application. The evidence presented indicates a well defined serum proportion in the milk which may be increased during inflammation of the udder. The experiments in which mastitis exudate was mixed with varying quantities of market milk indicate that such mixtures can readily be detected with serum precipitin. It seems not improbable that some such procedure might be applied as a presumptive test to the product of small herds or to the mixed milk of a number of cows.

scholarly journals STUDIES ON THE BLOOD PROTEINS

1916 ◽  
Vol 24 (5) ◽  
pp. 515-546 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. H. Hurwitz ◽  
K. F. Meyer
Keyword(s):  
Serum Proteins ◽  
Careful Analysis ◽  
Bacterial Invasion ◽  
Blood Proteins ◽  
Intravenous Injections ◽  
Bacterial Endotoxins ◽  
Extensive Surface ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Considerable Period ◽  
Normal Albumin

The progress of an infection is usually associated with marked changes in the serum proteins. There may be an increase in the percentage of the total protein during some stage of the infection, and there is usually a change in the albumin-globulin ratio with an increase in the total globulins. This rise may antedate the development of any resistance by a considerable period of time. The non-protein constituents of the blood show fluctuations with a tendency to rise as the infection progresses. The process of immunization is in almost all instances associated with a definite increase in the globulins of the blood, and in some cases with a complete inversion of the normal albumin-globulin ratio. This may be produced both by living and dead organisms and by bacterial endotoxins. Massive doses usually result in an upset which shows no tendency to right itself during the period of observation. A rise in the globulins has been shown to occur long before the animal develops immune bodies in any appreciable concentration; and where the globulin curve and antibody curve appear to parallel one another, it can be shown by a careful analysis of both curves that there is a definite lack of correspondence at various periods of the experiment. Animals possessing a basic immunity show a more rapid rise in the globulin curve following inoculation. There is no parallelism between the leukocytic reaction and the globulin reaction. During periods of leukopenia the globulins may be as high as during the period of a leukocytosis. Bacterial endotoxins produce as striking an increase in the serum globulins as do living and killed bacteria. This would seem to indicate that a bacterial invasion of the organism is not absolutely essential for the globulin changes, and that the toxogenic factor in infection and immunity must play a part in the production of the changes noted. Inflammatory irritants injected intraperitoneally also result in a globulin increase. In this case the changes produced may best be explained by the toxogenic effect produced by the protein split products resulting from the inflammatory condition. Intraperitoneal injections of killed bacteria give rise to a more rapid increase in the serum globulins. The rapidity of the response following intraperitoneal as compared with intravenous injections doubtless stands in intimate relationship to the neutralizing power possessed by the blood serum and perhaps to the more extensive surface of absorption following injection by the intraperitoneal route.

SOME IMMUNOBIOCHEMICAL INDICES IN CARASSIUS CARASSIUS EXPOSED TO SUBLETHAL CONCENTRATIONS OF ZINK IONS

2017 ◽  
pp. 50-53
Author(s):  
N. I. Silkina ◽  
D. V. Mikryakov ◽  
V. R. Mikryakov
Keyword(s):  
Antioxidant Activity ◽  
Blood Serum ◽  
Immune Complexes ◽  
Chronic Exposure ◽  
Antimicrobial Properties ◽  
Carassius Carassius ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Sublethal Concentrations

Investigation results are reported on immunobiochemical indices in carassius carassius at a chronic exposure to sub-lethal Zink ions concentrations. In blood serum and liver, the following characteristics were investigated: antimicrobial properties, proportion of immune- deficient animals, content of non specific immune complexes, common lipids level, content of lipids peroxidation products and antioxidant activity. The relation between magnitudes of indices under investigation in fishes and the duration of their presence under experimental conditions is shown.

scholarly journals TOXIC SUBSTANCES PRODUCED BY PNEUMOCOCCUS

1912 ◽  
Vol 16 (5) ◽  
pp. 644-664 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rufus Cole
Keyword(s):  
Blood Serum ◽  
Salt Solution ◽  
Guinea Pigs ◽  
Bile Salts ◽  
Considerable Proportion ◽  
Toxic Substances ◽  
Bacterial Cells ◽  
Bacterial Protein ◽  
Dilute Solutions ◽  
Peritoneal Washings

1. The filtered blood serum of rabbits infected with pneumococci is not toxic. 2. Extracts of pneumococci prepared by keeping emulsions of the bacteria in salt solution at 37° C. for varying periods of time may be toxic, and when injected intravenously into guinea pigs, may produce a train of symptoms followed by acute death resembling that seen in acute anaphylaxis. Such extracts, however, are not uniformly toxic and it has been impossible to discover the exact conditions under which such extracts become toxic. 3. When the centrifugalized peritoneal washings of guinea pigs infected with pneumococci are injected into the circulation of normal guinea pigs, these animals very frequently exhibit symptoms like those seen in acute anaphylaxis, and a considerable proportion of the animals die acutely. 4. When pneumococci are dissolved in dilute solutions of bile salts and the solution resulting is injected intravenously into rabbits and guinea pigs, these animals show with great constancy the same symptoms that are seen in acute anaphylaxis. The solution of pneumococci in bile may occur in ten minutes at 37° C. or in half an hour on ice. This is considered evidence that the toxicity of the solution does not result from digestion of the bacterial protein, but is due to substances preformed in the bacterial cells and set free on their solution. The toxicity of the solution is diminished or destroyed by heating to 55° C. or over.

A rapid triage test for active pulmonary tuberculosis in adult patients with persistent cough

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (515) ◽  
pp. eaaw8287 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rushdy Ahmad ◽  
Liangxia Xie ◽  
Margaret Pyle ◽  
Marta F. Suarez ◽  
Tobias Broger ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Single Molecule ◽  
Host Response ◽  
Machine Learning Algorithms ◽  
Adult Patients ◽  
World Health ◽  
Blood Protein ◽  
Blood Proteins ◽  
Active Pulmonary Tuberculosis ◽  
Persistent Cough ◽  
Triage Test

Improved tuberculosis (TB) prevention and control depend critically on the development of a simple, readily accessible rapid triage test to stratify TB risk. We hypothesized that a blood protein-based host response signature for active TB (ATB) could distinguish it from other TB-like disease (OTD) in adult patients with persistent cough, thereby providing a foundation for a point-of-care (POC) triage test for ATB. Three adult cohorts consisting of ATB suspects were recruited. A bead-based immunoassay and machine learning algorithms identified a panel of four host blood proteins, interleukin-6 (IL-6), IL-8, IL-18, and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), that distinguished ATB from OTD. An ultrasensitive POC-amenable single-molecule array (Simoa) panel was configured, and the ATB diagnostic algorithm underwent blind validation in an independent, multinational cohort in which ATB was distinguished from OTD with receiver operator characteristic–area under the curve (ROC-AUC) of 0.80 [95% confidence interval (CI), 0.75 to 0.85], 80% sensitivity (95% CI, 73 to 85%), and 65% specificity (95% CI, 57 to 71%). When host antibodies against TB antigen Ag85B were added to the panel, performance improved to 86% sensitivity and 69% specificity. A blood-based host response panel consisting of four proteins and antibodies to one TB antigen can help to differentiate ATB from other causes of persistent cough in patients with and without HIV infection from Africa, Asia, and South America. Performance characteristics approach World Health Organization (WHO) target product profile accuracy requirements and may provide the foundation for an urgently needed blood-based POC TB triage test.

Intraluminal three-dimensional optical coherence tomography – a tool for imaging of the Eustachian tube?

2019 ◽  
Vol 133 (2) ◽  
pp. 87-94 ◽  
Author(s):  
R Schuon ◽  
B Mrevlje ◽  
B Vollmar ◽  
T Lenarz ◽  
G Paasche
Keyword(s):  
Optical Coherence Tomography ◽  
Eustachian Tube ◽  
Cross Sections ◽  
Ex Vivo ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Diagnostic Value ◽  
Optical Coherence ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Tube Dysfunction

AbstractObjectivesThe cause of Eustachian tube dysfunction often remains unclear. Therefore, this study aimed to examine the feasibility and possible diagnostic use of optical coherence tomography in the Eustachian tube ex vivo.MethodsTwo female blackface sheep cadaver heads were examined bilaterally. Three conditions of the Eustachian tube were investigated: closed (resting position), actively opened and stented. The findings were compared (and correlated) with segmented histological cross-sections.ResultsIntraluminal placement of the Eustachian tube with the optical coherence tomography catheter was performed without difficulty. Regarding the limited infiltration depth of optical coherence tomography, tissues can be differentiated. The localisation of the stent was accurate as was the lumen.ConclusionThe application of optical coherence tomography in the Eustachian tube under these experimental conditions is considered to be a feasible, rapid and non-invasive diagnostic method, with possible diagnostic value for determining the luminal shape and superficial lining tissue of the Eustachian tube.

scholarly journals Novel blood protein based scaffolds for cardiovascular tissue engineering

2016 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 5-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Antonia I. Kuhn ◽  
Marc Müller ◽  
Sara Knigge ◽  
Birgit Glasmacher
Keyword(s):  
Tissue Engineering ◽  
Fibre Diameter ◽  
Final Concentration ◽  
Blood Protein ◽  
Cross Linking ◽  
Blood Proteins ◽  
Cardiovascular Tissue ◽  
Long Term Stability ◽  
Cardiovascular Tissue Engineering

AbstractA major challenge in cardiovascular tissue engineering is the fabrication of scaffolds, which provide appropriate morphological and mechanical properties while avoiding undesirable immune reactions. In this study electrospinning was used to fabricate scaffolds out of blood proteins for cardiovascular tissue engineering. Lyophilised porcine plasma was dissolved in deionised water at a final concentration of 7.5% m/v and blended with 3.7% m/v PEO. Electrospinning resulted in homogeneous fibre morphologies with a mean fibre diameter of 151 nm, which could be adapted to create macroscopic shapes (mats, tubes). Cross-linking with glutaraldehyde vapour improved the long-term stability of protein based scaffolds in comparison to untreated scaffolds, resulting in a mass loss of 41% and 96% after 28 days of incubation in aqueous solution, respectively.

Haemolymph protein metabolism during the fifth instar of Locusta

1970 ◽  
Vol 48 (2) ◽  
pp. 297-304 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. S. Tobe ◽  
B. G. Loughton
Keyword(s):  
Protein Metabolism ◽  
Specific Activity ◽  
Protein A ◽  
Disc Electrophoresis ◽  
The Other ◽  
Blood Protein ◽  
Blood Proteins ◽  
Concentration Changes ◽  
The Common

Selected blood proteins were studied during the fifth instar of Locusta by means of acrylamide 'disc electrophoresis' after injection of 3H-labeled blood proteins or 3H-leucine. Label was found to accumulate in the "common protein" fraction in the middle of the instar after injection of labeled blood protein. The specific activity of the other blood proteins studied followed the pattern predicted by their concentration changes. The specific activity of blood proteins after injection of 3H-leucine was generally high during the early part of the instar and fell after 152 h. Most activity was found in the "common protein." A program of protein metabolism for the fifth-instar locust is suggested on the basis of these and earlier results.

scholarly journals 1723. Human Serum Albumin Regulates the Growth of Candida auris in vitro

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. S631-S632
Author(s):  
Jun Sakai
Keyword(s):  
Human Serum Albumin ◽  
Serum Albumin ◽  
Human Serum ◽  
Candida Species ◽  
Blood Protein ◽  
Albumin Concentration ◽  
Blood Proteins ◽  
Candida Auris ◽  
Xtt Assay ◽  
High Albumin

Abstract Background Candida auris is commonly detected in human ear secretions. However, C. auris occasionally causes bloodstream infections even in immunocompetent patients resulting in poor prognosis. It was speculated that C. auris growth within the blood might be regulated by proteins in the bloodstream. Thus, in this study, the potential role of blood proteins in the regulation of C. auris growth was investigated. Methods Five Candida species (C. albicans, C. auris, C. glabrata, C. parapsilosis, and C. tropicalis) were incubated overnight. Colony suspensions for each species were prepared and adjusted to OD 1.0 at absorbance 0.1. Then, human serum albumin (HSA) and bovine serum albumin (BSA) were diluted (2.5 g/dL–0.002 g/dL) and mixed with the suspensions. Mixed samples were adjusted to 100 μL and incubated on MHA plates at 35°C for 2 days. Then, 50 μL of the combined sample was extracted and streaked onto Yeast extract-Peptone-Dextrose (YPD) agar. The remaining 50 μL sample was analyzed using an XTT assay. Further testing was then conducted on the effects of a specific blood protein albumin on Candida. Thereby, C. albicans and C. auris were cultured following the procedure above and stained with Annexin V and PI. Results The growth of C. auris mixed with a high albumin concentration (2.5~0.15 g/dL) was regulated compared with that of other Candida species (P < 0.01) (Figures 1 and 2); however, the growth of C. auris mixed with a lower albumin concentration was similar to that of other species. The wash-out study showed that C. auris growth and survival in the high albumin concentration was not different than that of other species. Conclusion HSA and BSA regulated C. auris growth which led to increased necrosis of C. auris. Conversely, growth of the other Candida species was not regulated. Therefore, albumin might be involved in the growth and necrosis of C. auris. As the highest concentration at which albumin regulated C. auris growth was similar to that found in human serum, it is possible that serum albumin might help prevent C. auris from entering the bloodstream via the ear or skin. Disclosures All authors: No reported disclosures.

Identifying Novel Blood Proteins and Protein Isoforms Using Tandem Mass Spectra.

Blood ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 108 (11) ◽  
pp. 1616-1616
Author(s):  
Damian Fermin ◽  
Baxter B. Allen ◽  
Thomas W. Blackwell ◽  
Rajasree Menon ◽  
Marcin Adamski ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Genome ◽  
Genomic Sequence ◽  
Complete Sequence ◽  
Open Reading Frames ◽  
Protein Isoforms ◽  
Blood Protein ◽  
Tandem Mass ◽  
Blood Proteins ◽  
Coding Region ◽  
Significant Alignment

Abstract Blood is a complex fluid that samples all tissues in the human body. Despite complete sequence determination of the human genome, defining genes and gene products remains a challenge. Here, we apply tandem mass spectroscopy as new source of unbiased data to interrogate genomic sequence and identify novel protein coding sequences. A six-frame translation of the Human genome was used as the query database to search for novel blood proteins in the data from the HUPO PPP. Significance is assessed using a Poisson statistical model incorporating the length of the matching sequence and the frequency of spectrum matches observed in searching the database [Nat Biotech 2006 24(3):333–8]. Matches are binned by X!Tandem hyperscore, and statistics for each score class are considered independently. The overall probability that the matches to an ORF occurred at random is calculated as the product of the probability that the matches in each score category occurred at random. The expected number of random matches, E, is calculated as the product of the probability that an ORF match occurred at random multiplied by the number of ORFs searched. The confidence in an ORF identification is 1/(1+E). An open reading frame is considered significant if confidence is greater than 95%. Expanding recently published work [Genome Biol2006; 7(4):R35], we have identified 837 significant open reading frames coding for 18852 peptides falling within 914 exons of 413 genes. Out of 8856 candidate ORFs outside the boundaries of known genes, 3246 of them achieved a confidence >= 0.95. We also required the XG ORFs to be supported by at least 3 distinct ESTs. Twenty four of the XG ORFs were found to have a significant alignment to the mouse genome. Of these, 13 of the alignments encompassed a coding region for one of the diagnostic peptides associated with the ORF. Gene models for the XG ORFS were derived from the GENSCAN prediction made for their coding regions. This analysis suggests that alternative splicing of blood protein genes is common and that much remains to be learned about the protein constituents of blood.

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