Multifarious Biomarker Approach Elucidate Stocking Density Mediated Stress, Modulates Growth Attributes in Cage Reared Rohu, Labeo Rohita (Hamilton)

The present study was conducted for 240 days to evaluate the effects of stocking density based on growth attributes, digestive enzymes, muscular composition, biochemical and physiological responses of Labeo rohita fingerlings in tropical inland open water cages. L. rohita (30.35±1.08 g) were randomly distributed into three treatments, namely low stocking density, LSD (10 m− 3), medium stocking density, MSD (20 m− 3) and high stocking density, HSD (30 m− 3) in triplicates. Fish were fed twice daily with CIFRI CAGEGROW® floating feed (crude protein-28%, crude fat-4%). Fish growth and feed efficiency was higher (P<0.05) in LSD, however MSD registered higher yield. Amylase and protease activity reduced whereas lipase activity increased with increasing stocking density. Muscle crude protein and crude fat formed inverse correlation. The fillet quality deteriorated at higher stocking densities based on Muscle pH, drip loss and frozen leakage rate. The stress biomarkers level (glucose, cortisol, superoxide dismutase and catalase) increased in serum under crowding condition. Glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase and glutamate pyruvate transaminase in serum was significantly increased in HSD. Serum protein level decreased with increase in stocking densities. Body ionic imbalance (Na+, Cl− and K+) observed under crowding stress. Based on growth attributes and multiple biomarker responses, L. rohita @ 10 m− 3 found to be optimum density for inland open water cage culture.

Serum Glial Cell Line-derived Neurotrophic Factor (sGDNF) is a Novel Biomarker in Predicting Cirrhosis in Patients With Chronic Hepatitis B

We assessed the potential of glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) as a useful biomarker to predict cirrhosis in chronic hepatitis B (CHB) patients.A total of 735 patients from two medical centers (385 CHB patients and 350 healthy controls) were included to determine the association of serum and tissue GDNF levels with biopsy-proven cirrhosis. The diagnostic accuracy of serum GDNF (sGDNF) was estimated and compared with other indices of cirrhosis. We showed significantly higher levels of sGDNF in CHB patients with fibrosis (28.4 pg/ml vs. 11.6 pg/ml in patients without) and patients with cirrhosis (33.8 pg/ml vs. 23.5 pg/ml in patients without). The areas under receiver operating curve (AUROCs) of sGDNF were 0.83 (95% confidence interval (CI): 0.80-0.87) for predicting liver fibrosis and 0.84 (95% CI: 0.79-0.89) for cirrhosis. Findings from serum protein level and hepatic mRNA expression were consistent. Using the best cutoff to predict cirrhosis, we categorized the patients into sGDNF-high and sGDNF-low groups. The sGDNF-high group had significantly larger Masson’s trichrome and reticulin staining-positive area, higher Scheuer score and METAVIR fibrosis stage (all p<0.001) but not steatosis. On multivariable regression, sGDNF was independently associated with cirrhosis with an odds ratio at 6.98 (95% CI: 1.10-17.94). Finally, we demonstrated that sGDNF outperformed AST to platelet ratio index, FIB-4, fibroscore, forn index, and fibrometer in differentiating F4 vs. F3.Using serum, tissue mRNA, and biopsy data, our study revealed a significant potential of sGDNF as a novel non-invasive biomarker for cirrhosis in CHB patients.

A COMPARATIVE STUDY BETWEEN PLEURAL FLUID CHOLESTEROLAND LIGHT'S CRITERIA FOR DIFFERENTIATION OF EXUDATIVE AND TRANSUDATIVE PLEURAL EFFUSION

Introduction: Pleural effusion is one of the common clinical disorders encountered in the medical wards. In a patient with pleural effusion diagnosis can be arrived by history, clinical examination and radiological techniques. Pleural effusion is collection of uid in intrapleural space and manifestation of several diseases, both pulmonary and extra pulmonary, often isolated 1. Based on the underlying pathological abnormality and mechanism of formation, effusion may be either transudative or exudative. To nd out etiology, rst step is to differentiate whether the pleural effusion is of exudate or transudate type. Etiology of pleural effusions differ in different parts of the world. Aims And Objectives: The study is conducted to compare between pleural uid cholesterol and Light's criteria for differentiation of transudative and exudative pleural effusion. The sensitivity and specicity of pleural uid cholesterol estimation as an independent biochemical marker in exudative pleural effusion. Methodology: The present work was conducted in the N.R.S. Medical College and Hospital Kolkata(Department of GENERAL MEDICINE ). Study was done from February 2018 to 1st May 2019 i.e., through one year and three month period. 70 patients both male and female Patients admitted in N.R.S MEDICALCOLLEGE with symptoms suggestive of pleural effusion. Result And Analysis: Our study showed that mean serum protein level in tuberculous effusion patients is 6.322 gm/dl. In Para pneumonic effusion cases mean serum protein level is 6.867 gm/dl. Mean serum Protein level in transudative effusion cases is 6.923 gm/dl. In patients with malignant effusion, the mean serum protein level is 6.492 gm. /dl. In empyema patients, mean serum protein level is Summary: Pleural effusion develops in a variety of illnesses. Based on the underlying pathology and mechanism of formation, effusions may be either transudates or exudates. Analysis of pleural effusion is an important diagnostic step to guide further investigations and treatment. Conclusion: Pleural uid cholesterol with a cut-off value of >55 mg/dL is better than Light's criteria in the differentiation of exudative pleural effusions. The sensitivity and specicity of differentiation can be improved by combining pleural uid protein with pleural uid cholesterol. Both these criteria are cost effective than the Light's criteria because it does not require a simultaneous blood sampling for differentiation. So in a country like India where there is maximum nancial constraints, it will be helpful for rural and urban poor patients. In resource-limited settings, pleural uid cholesterol can replace Light's criteria for classication of pleural effusion

Sublethal Effects of Organophosphate Chlorpyrifos on Hemato-Immunological Parameters of the Gercacinid Crab, Cardiosoma armatum (Herklots, 1851)

Low insecticide exposure has been shown to cause profound effects on non-target organisms, including crabs. Therefore, the changes in hematological parameters, serum biochemistry and antioxidant enzymes in the Gercacinid crab, Cardiosoma armatum were assessed during 28-day exposure to four concentrations of organophosphate chlorpyrifos (0.003, 0.006, 0.03 and 0.06 mg/l). The results showed a significant (P= 0.0) decrease in packed cell volume and total haemocyte count of the exposure crabs (except in 0.003 mg/l concentration) compared to control group. There were no significant changes in hemocyte sedimentation rate, granulocyte and agranulocyte, although all exposure groups increased in hemocyte sedimentation rate and agranulocyte with respective ranges of 3.00-3.02 mm/hr and 64.00-67.00 %. Except for alkaline phosphatase, there were no significant variation in the biochemical profile of both the control crabs and exposure crabs, although organophosphate chlorpyrifos exposure induced increase in all the measured biochemical parameters. The serum protein level and the activities of the enzymes (superoxide dismutase, catalase and malondialdehyde) were inhibited in exposure groups. The changes in these hemato-immunological parameters of the crabs were suitable biomarkers of a sub-lethal exposure to chlorpyrifos at the concentrations tested, and this will be useful in biomonitoring of aquatic environment.

Chemistry behind Serum Albumin: A Review

This review informs about the chemical composition of plasma proteins majorly albumin and globulin. Blood proteins, also called plasma proteins, are found in blood plasma. While, serum proteins are present in the human body in very high quantities for other proteins. Hundreds of proteins are dissolved in the plasma but only two major protein groups are present i.e. Albumin and Globulin. Albumin is a very important component (55% of blood proteins) and it is made by the liver. There is an immediate correlation between albumin turnover and body size. Globulin is formed from different proteins called alpha, beta, and gamma types (38% of blood proteins) but a number of the globulins are mainly made by the liver, while others are made by the immune system. The average serum protein level existing in the human body is 6 to 8g/dl but 3.5 to 5.0g/dl is making up only albumin and globulin makes up 2/3gl. Different aspects of the proteins are discussed below.

Frequency of Tuberculosis and Malignancy in Transudative-pleural effusions: A rare but real finding

Objectives: To determine the frequency of tuberculosis and malignancy in transudative pleural effusions.Material and Method: The study was conducted in Pulmonology-OPD, Gulab Devi Teaching Hospital Lahore from Oct. 2017 to Feb. 2019. One hundred and twenty-eight consecutive patients with transudative pleural effusions and 14-69 years age, willing for invasive investigations & ADA estimation were included, while those not willing for further investigations, participation in the study, and exudative effusions were excluded. The clinical features, pleural fluid analysis findings, ADA(Adenosine deaminase) estimation results, hematology, echocardiography, bronchoscopy, Lymph node biopsy, CT-thorax, ultrasound chest & abdomen results were recorded on a preformed proforma. Findings were summarized, tabulated, and analyzed statistically using SPSS-16 software.Results: Out of 1370 cases of pleural effusion, 128 cases (9.34%) with pleural transudate were isolated. In all patients, pleural fluid protein/serum protein level was < 0.5. The age ranged 14-69 years with a mean of 39 years + 11.3. Fifty-two cases (40.62%) had right-sided, 38 cases (29.68%) left-sided while 38 cases (29.68%) had bilateral pleural effusions. Seventy-six aspirates (59.37%) were yellow, 20 (15.62%) reddish, 18 (14.06%) straw-colored and 14 fluids (10.93%) were watery in color. Out of 128 transudative effusions, malignant etiology was found in 23 cases (17.96%), tubercular in 17 cases (13.28%) and 19 cases (14.84%) of Para-pneumonic origin were detected.Conclusion: Tuberculosis and malignancy can be the possible etiology of transudative effusion.

Restorative effect of Azadirachta indica against fenvalerate induced haematological and biochemical toxicity in a freshwater fish Clarias batrachus

Pesticide use in recent times has increased many folds to enhance the yield of crops. The water bodies like ponds and others are extensively used for the cultivation of fishes. Since these fishes are a good source of protein and nutritious value, hence are consumed by humans. These pesticide-contaminated fishes are consumed by the human, causing health hazards. The objective of the present research work was to know the bio remedial effect of Azadirachta indica on fenvalerate induced toxicity in a freshwater air-breathing catfish "Mangur" known as Clarias batrachus ( Linnaeus). The fishes were treated with 1/3rd of LC50, i.e. 0.92 ppm of a pyrethroid pesticide fenvalerate and observed the fishes for 96 hours. Thereafter, the aqueous leaf extract of Azadirachta indica was administered orally, daily by gastric intubation method at the dose of 100 mg/Kg body weight per day for 15 days. The study revealed that, after the exposure of 0.92 ppm of fenvalerate, there was a significant decrease in RBC count from 2.76 to 2.14 X (106) (mm-3), Total leukocyte count from18.10 to 16.30 X (103) (mm-3), , packed ell volume from 24 % to 16% , haemoglobin from 6.89 g/100 ml to 4.23 g/100ml of blood whereas increase in the level of serum glucose and cholesterol level from 50.33 mg/dl to 103.73 mg/dl and 168.52 g/dl to 248.99 g/dl respectively. At the same time, serum protein level decreased from 3.16g/dl to2.52 g/dl due to pesticide in the experimental fishes. But, after the administration of aqueous leaf extract of Azadirachta indica there was significant normalisation in the test parameters of the fishes. The study indicated that neem leaves possessed restorative effect against fenvalerate induced toxicity in Clarias batrachus.

Antigen-G of Larva Serum of Musca domestica as an Immunoglobulin Production Promoter in Goats under an Organic Maintenance

This experiment aimed to reveal the effect of serum G-antigen of M. domesticainsect larvae (LAS) as promoter antigen on serum immunoglobulin production in organically managed goat livestock. This study used 12 local goats which were divided into two groups: as a control group and treated group receiving treatment. Insect rearing was conducted to obtain the larvae, the antigen-G was then extracted from the larvae to be used as promoter antigen to enhance the serum antibody production which was subcutaneously immunized in experimental goats and incubated for a period of 14 days. Blood collection of 2.5 ml was taken through the jugular vein and then carried out a quantification of serum protein level indicating the antibody proportion of goats. The data of the LSA extract proportion level were statistically analyzed with t-test, and the quality classification level of serum immunoglobulin of animal groups were statistically analysed. The results showed that the serum of animal treated with LSA of M. domesticaresulted in a higher level of immunoglobulin (P <0.01) compared to the control. We conclude that the antigen-g substance (LSA) could support the efforts to improve the production of organic goat livestock by increasing the total level of antibodies circulating in the blood.