scholarly journals THE LIVER AS A SOURCE OF BACTERIAL AGGLUTININ

1925 ◽  
Vol 41 (6) ◽  
pp. 767-778 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. S. Jones
Keyword(s):  
Sulfuric Acid ◽  
Blood Serum ◽  
Single Injection ◽  
Distilled Water ◽  
Mesenteric Vein ◽  
Hog Cholera ◽  
Short Period ◽  
Accurate Comparison ◽  
Considerable Concentration

Serum and tissues containing agglutinin for the hog cholera bacillus may be dried in vacuo over sulfuric acid without appreciably injuring the antibody. The desiccated material when extracted with appropriate amounts of distilled water offers a basis for accurate comparison of antibody content. The greatest concentration of agglutinin occurred in the liver, provided the animals injected with small amounts of antigen were killed within a short period. The serum of those more highly immunized contained the greatest concentration of antibody. A single injection of antigen into a radicle of the mesenteric vein resulted in a considerable concentration of agglutinin in the liver. Other experiments indicated that the liver does not act as a reservoir for the antibody. It has also been shown that this concentration of agglutinin cannot be ascribed to the blood left within the liver, since the blood serum was relatively poor in antibody. The experiments indicate that the agglutinin was produced within the liver.

scholarly journals Dormancy break in seeds of "quina" (Strychnos pseudoquina A. St.-Hil.)

2011 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 507-511 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.M. Vasconcelos ◽  
M.A. Rodrigues ◽  
S.C. Vasconcelos Filho ◽  
J.F. Sales ◽  
F.G. Silva ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sulfuric Acid ◽  
Medicinal Plant ◽  
Gibberellic Acid ◽  
Plant Species ◽  
Germination Percentage ◽  
Boiling Water ◽  
Medicinal Plant Species ◽  
Distilled Water ◽  
Brazilian Cerrado ◽  
Germination Speed

"Quina" (Strychnos pseudoquina A. St. Hil) is a medicinal plant species from the Brazilian Cerrado. As its seeds show dormancy, they were subjected to the treatments pre-cooling at 5ºC during 7 days, pre-heating at 40ºC during 7 days, pre-soaking in sulfuric acid PA during 5 and 15 min, pre-soaking in boiling water during 5 and 15 min, pre-soaking in 100 and 200 ppm gibberellic acid during 48 h, pre-soaking in distilled water during 24 and 48 h, and mechanical scarification to break dormancy. Counts were daily conducted from the 2nd day after the experiment implementation until the germination stabilization at the 65th day. The germination speed index (GSI) and the germination percentage were evaluated. Germination rates above 96% were reached in seeds pre-soaked in water during 48 h and substrate moistened with water or KNO3.

A Rapid Procedure to Evaluate the Effect of Pesticides on Nitrification

Weed Science ◽  
1973 ◽  
Vol 21 (5) ◽  
pp. 397-399 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. P. Thorneburg ◽  
J. A. Tweedy
Keyword(s):  
Incubation Period ◽  
Soil Microorganisms ◽  
Nitrification Inhibitor ◽  
Rapid Screening ◽  
Distilled Water ◽  
Laboratory Procedure ◽  
Rapid Procedure ◽  
Short Period

A laboratory procedure for evaluating the effect of pesticides on nitrification in soil proved to be simple to perform, reproducible, and offers a procedure for rapid screening of a large number of chemicals in a short period. The recovery of added nitrate by extracting with distilled water was essentially 100% complete. The conversion of added ammonium to nitrate by the soil microorganisms was nearly complete after the 2-week incubation period. Nitrification in soil treated with several different herbicides and insecticides was determined by our procedure. A nitrification inhibitor, N-Serve3 (2-chloro-6-trichloromethyl pyridine) was included as a standard. None of the herbicides or insecticides inhibited nitrification and the N-Serve completely inhibited nitrification during the 2-week incubation.

scholarly journals ON THE DIFFUSIBILITY OF THE CALCIUM OF BLOOD SERUM THROUGH COLLODION MEMBRANES

1924 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 453-456 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert F. Loeb ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Serum ◽  
Serum Calcium ◽  
Distilled Water

1. Serum calcium is completely diffusible through collodion membranes in 0.8 per cent NaCl at a pH of 7.4. 2. About 55 to 75 per cent of serum Ca is diffusible through collodion membranes in distilled water at a pH of 7.4. 3. Serum Ca is completely diffusible when dialyzed against HCl at a pH of 2.5.

Selective Acid Leaching of Copper and Zinc from Old Flotation Tailings

2020 ◽  
Vol 989 ◽  
pp. 554-558
Author(s):  
Aleksandr Bulaev ◽  
Vitaliy Melamud
Keyword(s):  
Sulfuric Acid ◽  
Acid Leaching ◽  
Distilled Water ◽  
Acid Solutions ◽  
Iron Ions ◽  
Flotation Tailings ◽  
Ferrous Metals ◽  
Non Ferrous Metals ◽  
Sulfuric Acid Solutions ◽  
Cu And Zn

The goal of the present work was to develop hydrometallurgical method based on acid leaching, which makes it possible to perform selective extraction of non-ferrous metals from old flotation tailings. Leaching was performed with sulfuric acid solutions (from 0.5 to 10%) and distilled water. Leaching was carried out using percolators and bottle agitator. Percolators were loaded with 100 g of old tailings, and leaching was performed with 100 mL of acid solutions. Pulp density during agitation leaching (S: L) was 1: 5. Two samples of old flotation samples were studied. The first sample of flotation tailings contained 0.26% of copper, 0.22% of zinc, and 17.4% of iron; while the second sample contained 0.36% of copper, 0.23% of zinc, and 23.2% of iron. Percolation leaching made it possible to extract up to 43 and 47% of Cu and Zn from the first sample. Extraction rate was maximum during the leaching with 1 and 2.5% sulfuric acid solutions. During the agitation leaching, the maximum extraction rate was reached with a 2.5% sulfuric acid solution (52 and 54% Cu and Zn), but the leaching rate with all solutions and distilled water differed insignificantly. Percolation leaching made it possible to extract up to 54 and 37% of Cu and Zn from the second sample of tailings, while agitation leaching made it possible to extract up to 34 and 68% Cu and Zn, respectively. The rate of non-ferrous metals extraction from the second sample with water did not differ significantly from that of obtained in the experiments with sulfuric acid solutions. In all experiments, the increase in the H2SO4 concentration led to the increase in concentrations of iron ions in productive solutions, which impedes the extraction of non-ferrous metals from solutions. Thus, it was possible to reach selective leaching of non-ferrous metals and to obtain solutions with relatively low concentrations of iron ions.

The Salt Makers

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Wothers
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Sulfuric Acid ◽  
Nitric Acid ◽  
Hydrochloric Acid ◽  
Acid Solution ◽  
Periodic Table ◽  
Dilute Hydrochloric Acid ◽  
Common Salt ◽  
Distilled Water ◽  
Metal Sulfate

This chapter looks at the elements from the penultimate group of the periodic table—the halogens (‘salt-formers’). We shall see that the first of these elements was discovered by Scheele during his investigations of the mineral pyrolusite. Lavoisier knew of the element but he failed to recognize it as such since he was convinced the gas had to contain oxygen and so must be a compound. It was left to Davy to prove that this was not so, which led to the English chemist naming this element that had been discovered (but not properly named) over thirty years before by the great Scheele. Davy’s choice was to influence the names given to all the members of this group, including the most recent member named in 2016. There are three common acids known as mineral acids, since they may all be obtained by heating combinations of certain minerals. Their modern names are nitric acid, sulfuric acid, and hydrochloric acid. Of these three, hydrochloric was probably the last to be discovered. Nitric and sulfuric acids were obtained in the thirteenth or early fourteenth centuries, but the earliest unambiguous preparation of relatively pure hydrochloric acid is from a hundred years later, in a manuscript from Bologna which translates as Secrets for Colour. It gives a curious recipe for a water to soften bones: ‘Take common salt and Roman vitriol in equal quantities, and grind them very well together; then distil them through an alembic, and keep the distilled water in a vessel well closed.’ As we saw in Chapter 3, ‘Roman vitriol’ is a hydrated metal sulfate, probably iron or copper sulfate; its mixture with salt, when heated, produces water and hydrogen chloride, which together form the acid solution. Later texts from the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries include similar methods to prepare this so-called spirit of salt, or ‘oyle of salt’. The first mentioned use, to soften bones, is indeed best achieved with hydrochloric acid, which readily dissolves the minerals from bone to leave only the organic matter largely intact. Leave a chicken bone in dilute hydrochloric acid for a few hours, and it may easily be bent without breaking.

scholarly journals Autotoxoemia and infection

1910 ◽  
Vol 82 (558) ◽  
pp. 529-545 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Serum ◽  
Subcutaneous Injection ◽  
Distilled Water ◽  
Loss Of Weight

The object of this communication is to show: That fever, loss of weight, and a rise in the antitryptic values of the blood serum, three results common to infection in man, can be reproduced in animals by the subcutaneous injection of small quanfties of distilled water.

scholarly journals Blood Serum Minerals - in vivo Mineral Interactions Following Iron Overload

2019 ◽  
Vol 70 (11) ◽  
pp. 4073-4076
Author(s):  
Mirela Ahmadi ◽  
Ioan Pet ◽  
Lavinia Stef ◽  
Gabi Dumitrescu ◽  
Silvia Patruica ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Iron Overload ◽  
Blood Serum ◽  
Iron Concentration ◽  
Small Variation ◽  
The Body ◽  
Physiological Status ◽  
Short Period ◽  
Calcium Iron ◽  
Potassium Magnesium

Iron is an essential mineral for the human, animal and plant kingdom, being present in water, soil and air. In the organism, iron is found both as a ferrous ion (Fe2+) and as a ferric ion (Fe3+), being involved in oxidoreduction processes and as part of protein structure or in complexes with anions present in cells and tissues. The optimal iron concentration in the body depends on several characteristics (organism type, age, gender, environmental conditions - especially related to altitude, physiological status and others), but there is a rather small variation between the minimum and maximum required concentration -deficiency or excess having a detrimental effect on the organism. In the present work iron gluconate hydrate (10 mg Fe2+/kg body) has been administered intraperitoneally to rabbits, in two separate injections. We formulated a diet rich in plants with protective role, and at the end of the experiment the level of blood serum sodium, potassium, magnesium, ionic calcium, total calcium, iron and chlorine was measured. The results showed that iron overload led to a significant increase of potassium (55.74%), magnesium (31.57%), iron (20.86%) and calcium (with 19.69% total Ca and 17.19% ionic Ca), while the concentration of sodium and chlorine showed non-significant decreases (sodium decreased by 3.83%, and chlorine decreased by 1.58%). Therefore, the excess iron administered over a short period of time to rabbits influences the metabolism of several minerals such as potassium, magnesium, calcium, iron as well as sodium and chlorine and that is reflected in their blood serum level.

scholarly journals DORMANCY OVERCOMING AND PRECONDITIONING IN Mimosa caesalpiniifolia Benth. SEEDS

2020 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 720-727
Author(s):  
HOHANA LISSA DE SOUSA MEDEIROS ◽  
CLARISSE PEREIRA BENEDITO ◽  
NADJAMARA BANDEIRA DE LIMA DANTAS ◽  
JORGE RICARDO SILVA DO COUTO JÚNIOR ◽  
LUIRLA BENTO RAMALHO
Keyword(s):  
Sulfuric Acid ◽  
Experimental Design ◽  
Filter Paper ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Shoot Length ◽  
Hot Water ◽  
Distilled Water ◽  
Cost Of Treatment ◽  
Tukey Test

ABSTRACT Seeds of ‘sabiá’ (Mimosa caesalpiniifolia Benth.) have coat dormancy, which hampers the absorption of water and oxygen, thereby delaying germination. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate methods for overcoming dormancy associated with priming on germination and vigor of seeds of ‘sabiá’, considering the efficiency, practicality and cost of treatment. The experimental design was completely randomized, in a 4 x 5 factorial scheme (four methods for overcoming dormancy x five types of priming), constituting 20 treatments with four replicates of 25 seeds. The methods for overcoming dormancy used were tip removal, seed immersion in hot water at 100 °C for three minutes, immersion in sulfuric acid for 10 minutes and intact seeds. For the determination of physiological conditioning of seeds, the imbibition curve with the different priming agents was constructed. Priming was done on filter paper moistened with solutions of mannitol at the potentials of -0.2 MPa (16 hours), -0.4 MPa (24 hours) and -0.6 MPa (36 hours) and only with distilled water for the hydropriming (12 hours) and seeds without priming. The variables analyzed were first count of germination, germination, root length, shoot length and dry weight of seedlings. The data were subjected to analysis of variance by F test and Tukey test at 5% probability. The dormancy of M. caesalpiniifolia seeds should be overcome with the use of hot water (100 °C) for three minutes, without the need for priming.

Acquired immunity to Plasmodium vinckei in mice

Parasitology ◽  
1966 ◽  
Vol 56 (4) ◽  
pp. 719-732 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. E. G. Cox
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Single Injection ◽  
Challenge Infection ◽  
Radical Cure ◽  
Drug Trials ◽  
Laboratory Studies ◽  
Short Period ◽  
Resistance To Infection ◽  
Species Specific ◽  
Plasmodium Vinckei

Plasmodium vinckei infections, which usually kill mice within 7 days, can be terminated in the majority of cases by a single injection of chloroquine phosphate equivalent to 10 mg/100 g body weight. After such drug treatment the parasites disappear from the blood for 6–11 days, after which a recrudescence with a low peak occurs. Most animals overcome this second parasitaemia and the parasites finally disappear completely. After recovery, mice exhibit an immune response to a challenge infection and, after a short period of parasitaemia during which a low peak is reached, the animals recover completely. This immunity, once acquired, apparently persists for the lifetime of the host. The establishment of the immune state depends on the period of patent parasitaemia during the primary infection and the longer this period the greater is the chance of a solid immunity developing. Immunity may be exhibited by mice treated with chloroquine as early as the 3rd day of infection. Killed parasites have no immunizing effect. Mice splenectomized before infection are capable of an immune response, and mice splenectomized after radical cure are also able to overcome a challenge infection. In both these cases more than one injection of chloroquine is required. The immunity produced in mice is that of the true sterile type, equivalent to that produced against P. berghei in rats, and is species-specific, conferring no resistance to infection with P. berghei. P. vinckei infections in mice provide a useful immunological model for laboratory studies. The immune response is predictable and easy to induce, and this parasite is therefore superior to P. berghei for immunological studies. Attention is drawn to the fact that in P. vinckei the infection is brought under control by the immune response and not by the antimalarial drug; therefore this ought to be taken into consideration in the assessment of drug trials.

scholarly journals Effect of Acipimox on Plasma Lipids and Glucose/Insulin in Pregnant Rats

2002 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
pp. 233-239 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. Sánchez-Vera ◽  
B. Bonet ◽  
M. Viana ◽  
E. Herrera ◽  
A. Indart
Keyword(s):  
Plasma Glucose ◽  
Plasma Lipids ◽  
Late Pregnancy ◽  
Oral Glucose ◽  
Distilled Water ◽  
Pregnant Rats ◽  
Glucose Levels ◽  
Peripheral Insulin Resistance ◽  
Short Period ◽  
Plasma Ffa

To determine how a reduction in maternal hypertriglyceridemia during late pregnancy may affect glucose/insulin relationships, pregnant and virgin rats were orally treated with acipimox, a potent antilipolytic agent. In 20-day pregnant rats receiving 80 mg of acipimox, plasma triglycerides (TG), free fatty acids (FFA), and glycerol decreased more than in virgin rats shortly after the drug (up to 7 hours), when compared with animals treated with distilled water, whereas plasma glucose level was unaffected by the treatment in either group of rats. When acipimox was given every 12 hours from day 17 to day 20 of pregnancy, plasma TG, FFA, and glycerol levels progressively increased, whereas they either decreased or did not change in virgin rats receiving the same treatment, with no effect in plasma glucose levels in either group. Fetal body weight was lower than in controls in 20-day pregnant rats that received acipimox for 3 days. On day 20 of pregnancy, 3 hours after receiving acipimox or distilled water, rats received a 2 g glucose/kg oral load and it was found that the change in plasma glucose was similar in both groups, whereas the increase in plasma insulin was greater in pregnant rats treated with acipimox. However, no difference was found in either variable after the oral glucose load in virgin rats receiving acipimox or distilled water. No differences in plasma glucose levels were found after intravenous (IV) administration of insulin in pregnant rats treated or not treated with acipimox. In conclusion, present results show that administration of acipimox during the last days of gestation inhibited lipolysis and decreased fetal weight. Over a short period of time, in pregnant rats, reductions of plasma FFA and TG after acipimox treatment improved the glucose-induced insulin release, but did not seem to have any effect in peripheral insulin resistance.

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