scholarly journals THE EPIDEMIOLOGY OF FOWL CHOLERA

1930 ◽  
Vol 51 (2) ◽  
pp. 225-238 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas P. Hughes
Keyword(s):  
Colony Formation ◽  
Specific Antiserum ◽  
Bacteriological Study ◽  
Gram Negative ◽  
Fowl Cholera ◽  
Ring Form ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Poultry Farms ◽  
Highly Virulent ◽  
Marked Fluorescence

1. A bacteriological study has been made of 210 fresh strains of Pasteurella obtained from typical cases of fowl cholera on seven widely separated poultry farms. 2. The strains have proved identical in consisting of small, pleomorphic, bipolar staining, Gram-negative, non-motile bacilli. They grew rapidly in infusion broth plus a trace of hemolgobin. They formed acid but no gas in media containing dextrose, saccharose, and mannite; indol was produced. 3. The strains fall into three distinct groups, according to their colony formation on hemoglobin agar. The "fluorescent" colony was large, whitish, opaque, exhibiting, under suitable conditions marked fluorescence. The "blue" colony was smaller, clear slate-blue, and non-fluorescent. The "intermediate" colony was moderately fluorescent at 15–18 hours growth, and "blue" thereafter. It was "blue" at all times when crowded and occasionally of "ring" form. "Fluorescent" colony cultures developed "blue" colony forms under certain conditions; otherwise all forms were stable. 4. Strains from "fluorescent" colonies were resistant to precipitation by acids, to sedimentation by centrifuging, and although they combined with specific antiserum, did not agglutinate. They were relatively highly virulent and occurred in flocks where fowl cholera was epidemic. 5. Strains from "blue" colonies were precipitated by acids over a wide range of concentration and agglutinated strongly in antisera. They were relatively of low virulence and occurred in flocks where fowl cholera was endemic. 6. Strains from "intermediate" colonies varied in behavior betweee the "fluorescent" and "blue" strains. They came from a flock where fowl cholera was epidemic.

scholarly journals Amphipathic Peptide Antibiotics with Potent Activity against Multidrug-Resistant Pathogens

Pharmaceutics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 438
Author(s):  
Jingru Shi ◽  
Chen Chen ◽  
Dejuan Wang ◽  
Ziwen Tong ◽  
Zhiqiang Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Membrane Damage ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Peptide Antibiotics ◽  
Biofilm Inhibition ◽  
Amphipathic Peptide ◽  
Host Defense Peptides ◽  
Gram Negative ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
New Antibiotics ◽  
Low Toxicity

The emergence and prevalence of multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria have posed a serious threat to public health. Of particular concern are methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and blaNDM, mcr-1 and tet(X)-positive Gram-negative pathogens. The fact that few new antibiotics have been approved in recent years exacerbates this global crisis, thus, new alternatives are urgently needed. Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) originated from host defense peptides with a wide range of sources and multiple functions, are less prone to achieve resistance. All these characteristics laid the foundation for AMPs to become potential antibiotic candidates. In this study, we revealed that peptide WW307 displayed potent antibacterial and bactericidal activity against MDR bacteria, including MRSA and Gram-negative bacteria carrying blaNDM-5, mcr-1 or tet(X4). In addition, WW307 exhibited great biofilm inhibition and eradication activity. Safety and stability experiments showed that WW307 had a strong resistance against various physiological conditions and displayed relatively low toxicity. Mechanistic experiments showed that WW307 resulted in membrane damage by selectively targeting bacterial membrane-specific components, including lipopolysaccharide (LPS), phosphatidylglycerol (PG), and cardiolipin (CL). Moreover, WW307 dissipated membrane potential and triggered the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Collectively, these results demonstrated that WW307 represents a promising candidate for combating MDR pathogens.

scholarly journals A Fish Galectin-8 Possesses Direct Bactericidal Activity

2020 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 376
Author(s):  
Tengfei Zhang ◽  
Shuai Jiang ◽  
Li Sun
Keyword(s):  
Bactericidal Activity ◽  
Bacterial Pathogens ◽  
Bactericidal Effect ◽  
Immune Defense ◽  
Carbohydrate Binding ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Animal Cells ◽  
Gram Negative ◽  
Tongue Sole ◽  
Wide Range

Galectins are a family of animal lectins with high affinity for β-galactosides. Galectins are able to bind to bacteria, and a few mammalian galectins are known to kill the bound bacteria. In fish, no galectins with direct bactericidal effect have been reported. In the present study, we identified and characterized a tandem repeat galectin-8 from tongue sole Cynoglossus semilaevis (designated CsGal-8). CsGal-8 possesses conserved carbohydrate recognition domains (CRDs), as well as the conserved HXNPR and WGXEE motifs that are critical for carbohydrate binding. CsGal-8 was constitutively expressed in nine tissues of tongue sole and up-regulated in kidney, spleen, and blood by bacterial challenge. When expressed in HeLa cells, CsGal-8 protein was detected both in the cytoplasm and in the micro-vesicles secreted from the cells. Recombinant CsGal-8 (rCsGal-8) bound to lactose and other carbohydrates in a dose dependent manner. rCsGal-8 bound to a wide range of gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria and was co-localized with the bound bacteria in animal cells. Lactose, fructose, galactose, and trehalose effectively blocked the interactions between rCsGal-8 and different bacteria. Furthermore, rCsGal-8 exerted potent bactericidal activity against some gram-negative bacterial pathogens by directly damaging the membrane and structure of the pathogens. Taken together, these results indicate that CsGal-8 likely plays an important role in the immune defense against some bacterial pathogens by direct bacterial interaction and killing.

Bactericidal activity of disinfectants

2020 ◽  
pp. 13-18
Author(s):  
S. B. Lysko ◽  
M. V. Zadorozhnaya ◽  
O. A. Suntsova
Keyword(s):  
Federal State ◽  
Gram Positive ◽  
Gram Negative ◽  
Development Of Resistance ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Ammonium Compounds ◽  
C Center ◽  
Test Cultures ◽  
Poultry Farming

The modern market of drugs off ers a wide range of disinfectants. However, the constant use of the same drugs contributes to the development of resistance in the microfl ora and reduces the quality of activities. In this regard to develop eff ective measures to combat and prevent infectious diseases, it is necessary to periodically monitor the activity of disinfectants used in the enterprise. The purpose of the researches was to study the bactericidal eff ect of disinfectants on the microfl ora of poultry enterprises. The researches have been carried out at the Siberian Scientifi c and Research Institute of Poultry Farming – a branch of the Federal State Budgetary Scientifi c Institution “Omsk Agrarian Scientifi c Center”. The activity of 8 disinfectants to 37 test cultures isolated from poultry farms of diff erent productivity trends and species of poultry (chickens, turkeys, quails) has been tested. It has been found as a result of the conducted research that the most expressed bactericidal eff ect on gram-positive and gram-negative microorganisms were complex disinfectants, which included glutaraldehyde in combination with quaternary ammonium compounds. Thus, 1 % solutions of Gludesive and Viroshield provided the death of all test cultures, Dinovis Ultra and TN-4+ – 92 and 84 % of cultures. The disinfecting activity of Mirosan drug and formalin was most expressed for gram-positive microfl ora, among gram-negative microfl ora resistance was registered in 25–75 % and 25–50 % of cultures, respectively. Drugs EcoSide Advansa and Ecocide C have showed the lowest activity to all investigated microorganisms. The largest number of resistant cultures to the tested disinfectants have been registered in the bacteria of the genus Citrobacter spp. and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, while simultaneously noted resistance to 4–6 drugs.

scholarly journals The Development of an Effective Bacterial Single-Cell Lysis Method Suitable for Whole Genome Amplification in Microfluidic Platforms

Micromachines ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (8) ◽  
pp. 367 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuguang Liu ◽  
Dirk Schulze-Makuch ◽  
Jean-Pierre de Vera ◽  
Charles Cockell ◽  
Thomas Leya ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Single Cell ◽  
Single Cells ◽  
Bacterial Species ◽  
Cell Manipulation ◽  
Microfluidic Platforms ◽  
Gram Positive ◽  
Gram Negative ◽  
Genome Amplification ◽  
Single Cell Sequencing ◽  
Wide Range

Single-cell sequencing is a powerful technology that provides the capability of analyzing a single cell within a population. This technology is mostly coupled with microfluidic systems for controlled cell manipulation and precise fluid handling to shed light on the genomes of a wide range of cells. So far, single-cell sequencing has been focused mostly on human cells due to the ease of lysing the cells for genome amplification. The major challenges that bacterial species pose to genome amplification from single cells include the rigid bacterial cell walls and the need for an effective lysis protocol compatible with microfluidic platforms. In this work, we present a lysis protocol that can be used to extract genomic DNA from both gram-positive and gram-negative species without interfering with the amplification chemistry. Corynebacterium glutamicum was chosen as a typical gram-positive model and Nostoc sp. as a gram-negative model due to major challenges reported in previous studies. Our protocol is based on thermal and chemical lysis. We consider 80% of single-cell replicates that lead to >5 ng DNA after amplification as successful attempts. The protocol was directly applied to Gloeocapsa sp. and the single cells of the eukaryotic Sphaerocystis sp. and achieved a 100% success rate.

scholarly journals The Pathogenicity ofShewanella algaeand Ability to Tolerate a Wide Range of Temperatures and Salinities

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shu-Ying Tseng ◽  
Po-Yu Liu ◽  
Yi-Hsuan Lee ◽  
Zong-Yen Wu ◽  
Chiu-Chen Huang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Aquatic Ecosystems ◽  
Marine Bacterium ◽  
Gram Negative ◽  
Pathogenic Agent ◽  
Shewanella Algae ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Indole Production ◽  
Key Parameter ◽  
Clinical Cases

Shewanella algaeis a rod-shaped Gram-negative marine bacterium frequently found in nonhuman sources such as aquatic ecosystems and has been shown to be the pathogenic agent in various clinical cases due to the ingestion of raw seafood. The results of this study showed thatS. algaewas present in approximately one in four samples, including water and shellfish samples. Positive reactions (API systems) inS. algaestrains were seen for gelatinase (gelatin); however, negative reactions were found for indole production (tryptophan).S. algaeis adapted to a wide range of temperatures (4°C, 25°C, 37°C, and 42°C) and salinity. Temperature is a key parameter in the pathogenicity ofS. algaeas it appears to induce hemolysis at 25°C and 37°C.S. algaeexhibits pathogenic characteristics at widely varying temperatures, which suggests that it may have the ability to adapt to climate change.

scholarly journals THE EPIDEMIOLOGY OF FOWL CHOLERA

1930 ◽  
Vol 51 (2) ◽  
pp. 249-258 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ida W. Pritchett ◽  
F. R. Beaudette ◽  
T. P. Hughes
Keyword(s):  
Field Studies ◽  
Colony Type ◽  
Fowl Cholera ◽  
Poultry Farms ◽  
High Virulence ◽  
Commercial Poultry ◽  
The Individual ◽  
High Level ◽  
Serum Agglutination ◽  
Healthy Carriers

Field studies of fowl cholera on two commercial poultry farms are described. One farm, previously free of cholera, was studied during an active epidemic, which occurred during the winter months. The strains of P. avicida recovered, both from "autopsy" and from "healthy carriers" proved generally similar, and to be of the "fluorescent" or "intermediate" colony type, which is of relatively high virulence. After the subsidence of the epidemic, these strains tended to disappear. The second flock consisted of a small group of birds which had survived an epidemic of cholera the previous year, and in which the infection was prevailing in endemic form. No deaths occurred during the period of observation, but the number of birds with localized lesions and the number of carriers increased to a high level during the winter months. The strains of P. avicida were apparently of the "blue" colony form, although some, as shown by their acid and serum agglutination reactions, resembled the "intermediates." These strains appeared to be spreading rather than dying out. The individual fowls differed in their response to the presence of infection; some showed localized lesions, others were carriers, while still others seemed entirely refractory.

scholarly journals Functional consequences of the first reported mutations of the proto-oncogene PTTG1IP/PBF

2017 ◽  
Vol 24 (9) ◽  
pp. 459-474 ◽  
Author(s):  
W Imruetaicharoenchoke ◽  
A Fletcher ◽  
W Lu ◽  
R J Watkins ◽  
B Modasia ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Colony Formation ◽  
Human Cancer ◽  
Soft Agar ◽  
Cellular Migration ◽  
3T3 Fibroblasts ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Functional Consequences ◽  
Altered Cell ◽  
Proliferation Assays ◽  
Nih 3T3

Pituitary tumor-transforming gene 1-binding factor (PTTG1IP; PBF) is a multifunctional glycoprotein, which is overexpressed in a wide range of tumours, and significantly associated with poorer oncological outcomes, such as early tumour recurrence, distant metastasis, extramural vascular invasion and decreased disease-specific survival. PBF transforms NIH 3T3 fibroblasts and induces tumours in nude mice, while mice harbouring transgenic thyroidal PBF expression show hyperplasia and macrofollicular lesions. Our assumption that PBF becomes an oncogene purely through increased expression has been challenged by the recent report of mutations in PBF within the Catalogue of Somatic Mutations in Cancer (COSMIC) database. We therefore sought to determine whether the first 10 PBF missense substitutions in human cancer might be oncogenic. Anisomycin half-life studies revealed that most mutations were associated with reduced protein stability compared to wild-type (WT) PBF. Proliferation assays narrowed our interest to two mutational events which significantly altered cell turnover: C51R and R140W. C51R was mainly confined to the endoplasmic reticulum while R140W was apparent in the Golgi apparatus. Both C51R and R140W lost the capacity to induce cellular migration and significantly reduced cell invasion. Colony formation and soft agar assays demonstrated that, in contrast to WT PBF, both mutants were unable to elicit significant colony formation or anchorage-independent growth. However, C51R and R140W retained the ability to repress radioiodide uptake, a functional hallmark of PBF. Our data reveal new insight into PBF function and confirm that, rather than being oncogenic, mutations in PBF are likely to be passenger effects, with overexpression of PBF the more important aetiological event in human cancer.

scholarly journals 2658. Meningitis in Kidney Transplant Recipients: TransMéninges, a French Multicentric Retrospective Cohort Study

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. S930-S930
Author(s):  
Yanis Tamzali ◽  
Anne Scemla ◽  
Pierre Taupin ◽  
Sunny Randhawa ◽  
Valérie Moal ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Kidney Transplantation ◽  
Kidney Transplant ◽  
Immunosuppressive Treatment ◽  
Induction Treatment ◽  
High Dose ◽  
Transplant Recipients ◽  
Kidney Transplant Recipients ◽  
Specific Population ◽  
Gram Negative ◽  
Wide Range

Abstract Background The management of meningitis requires the prompt introduction of high-dose probabilistic anti-infectious therapy. The literature reporting on meningitis in kidney transplant recipients (KTR) is scarce and no recommendation exists for this specific population. Methods We retrospectively included all adult KTRs diagnosed with meningitis (cerebro-spinal fluid (CSF) cell count >10/mm3 or positive fungal antigen or direct examination) between 2007 and 2018 in 16 French hospitals. Clinical, biological, and therapeutic data, and 1-year kidney and patient survival were collected. Results Meningitis occurred in 134 KTRs (mean age 57+/11.8 years, 56% male), after a median time of 27 months (IQR 8–65); 25% of patients received an immunosuppressive treatment before kidney transplantation, induction treatment included lymphocyte-depleting antibodies in 63%, and 53% presented diabetes (34% before and 19% after the transplantation). The etiologies included Cryptococcus neoformans (30%), Herpesviridae (22%, including Varicella-Zoster Virus 15%), idiopathic forms (11%), Gram-negative bacilli (8% of which 20% produced an extended spectrum β-lactamase), %), infusion of intravenous immunoglobulins (6%), post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorders (5%), Aspergillus fumigatus (4%), Listeria monocytogenes (4%), Enterovirus (4%), and Mycobacterium tuberculosis (3%). The most common symptoms were fever (82.5%), headaches (75%), encephalitis (55%), and convulsion (22.5%). CSF hypercellularity (found in 92% of the cases) was lymphocytic in 65% of the cases and neutrophilic in 35%. Initial anti-infectious therapy was inappropriate in 27% of the cases. One-year patient, graft, and death-censored graft survival rates were 84%, 76%, and 89%, respectively. Conclusion Meningitis after kidney transplantation encompasses a wide range of causes, with C. neoformans and VZV explaining more than 50% of the cases. Gram-negative bacilli are the most represented bacteria with a high rate of antimicrobial resistance. Treatment guidelines should be reconsidered in the specific population of KTRs as the etiology greatly differs from what is observed in the general population. Disclosures All authors: No reported disclosures.

scholarly journals Bacterial Community Associated with Fish and Water from Congonhas River, Sertaneja, Paraná, Brazil

2001 ◽  
Vol 44 (4) ◽  
pp. 373-381 ◽  
Author(s):  
José Américo de Sousa ◽  
Ângela Teresa Silva-Souza
Keyword(s):  
Bacterial Community ◽  
The Other ◽  
Aerobic Bacteria ◽  
Clear Pattern ◽  
Bacteriological Study ◽  
Gram Negative ◽  
Antimicrobial Substances ◽  
Colony Forming Units ◽  
Bacterial Groups ◽  
Fish Bacteria

A bacteriological study was conducted on fish and water from Congonhas River, Sertaneja (22º58’ S; 50º58’ W), Paraná State, Brazil. From 44% of the analysed fish, bacteria belonging to Pseudomonas, Acinetobacter, Aeromonas, Enterobacteriaceae, Micrococcus, Bacillus and Lactobacillus were isolated. The group most frequently isolated from fish was Aeromonas. In the water, the bacterial groups detected were Pseudomonas, Acinetobacter, Aeromonas, Enterobacteriaceae, Bacillus and Flavobacterium, from which Flavobacterium and Acinetobacter were the most abundant. The numbers of Colony Forming Units per millilitre of water varied from 3.1x10² to 1.0 x 10³. Although a clear pattern was not detected in the susceptibilities/resistances of the isolated strains to nine antimicrobial substances, Gram negative aerobic bacteria were more resistant than the other strains. A simultaneous resistance to furazolidone, oxolinic acid and norfloxacin, particularly in the bacteria isolated from fish, as well as in the aerobic strains isolated from water was observed. The antimicrobial substances to which less resistances were found were oxytetracycline in the strains isolated from water, and trimethoprim-sulphamethoxazole, oxytetracycline and chloramphenicol in those isolated from fish.

scholarly journals Evaluation of In Vitro Antimicrobial and Anti-Inflammatory Potentials of Crude Methanolic Extracts of Excoecaria agallocha (Leaves)

2016 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
pp. 25-33
Author(s):  
Md. Abdur Rahman ◽  
Md. Saddam Hussain ◽  
Md. Shalahuddin Millat ◽  
Md. Mizanur Rahman Moghal
Keyword(s):  
Methanolic Extract ◽  
Salmonella Typhi ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Hypotonic Solution ◽  
Gram Negative ◽  
Excoecaria Agallocha ◽  
Methanolic Extracts ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Zones Of Inhibition

Excoecaria agallocha plant (Leaves) was analyzed to explore In Vitro antimicrobial and membrane stabilizing activities as a crude methanolic extract. Antimicrobial activity was performed against a wide range of Gram positive(+Ve) and Gram negative(-Ve) bacteria by using disc diffusion method and various methanolic extracts of leaves of E.agallocha was tested for determining membrane stabilizing activity at hypotonic solution and heat induce condition and standard acetyl salicylic acid (0.10 mg/mL) was employed as standard. the zones of inhibition created was found to be 1.3 cm at a concentration of 100 µL/ disc in case of Gram negative(-Ve) bacteria Salmonella typhi. The results obtained were compared with that of a standard Ampicillin (10 µL) and imipenem (10µL), penicillin (10µl), cefoxitine(30µl). Crude methanolic extract of 10mg/ml concentration showed maximum value of 17.67±0.0102 and 18.92±0.086% respectively under hypotonic solution and heat induced condition. Thus the result suggest that, crude methanolic extracts of E.agallocha possessed slight to moderate antimicrobial and membrane stabilizing properties.

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