scholarly journals THE EPIDEMIOLOGY OF FOWL CHOLERA

1930 ◽  
Vol 51 (2) ◽  
pp. 249-258 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ida W. Pritchett ◽  
F. R. Beaudette ◽  
T. P. Hughes
Keyword(s):  
Field Studies ◽  
Colony Type ◽  
Fowl Cholera ◽  
Poultry Farms ◽  
High Virulence ◽  
Commercial Poultry ◽  
The Individual ◽  
High Level ◽  
Serum Agglutination ◽  
Healthy Carriers

Field studies of fowl cholera on two commercial poultry farms are described. One farm, previously free of cholera, was studied during an active epidemic, which occurred during the winter months. The strains of P. avicida recovered, both from "autopsy" and from "healthy carriers" proved generally similar, and to be of the "fluorescent" or "intermediate" colony type, which is of relatively high virulence. After the subsidence of the epidemic, these strains tended to disappear. The second flock consisted of a small group of birds which had survived an epidemic of cholera the previous year, and in which the infection was prevailing in endemic form. No deaths occurred during the period of observation, but the number of birds with localized lesions and the number of carriers increased to a high level during the winter months. The strains of P. avicida were apparently of the "blue" colony form, although some, as shown by their acid and serum agglutination reactions, resembled the "intermediates." These strains appeared to be spreading rather than dying out. The individual fowls differed in their response to the presence of infection; some showed localized lesions, others were carriers, while still others seemed entirely refractory.

scholarly journals A Retrospective Analysis of Chicken Diseases Diagnosed at The BRAC Poultry Disease Diagnostic Centre of Gazipur

1970 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 29-31 ◽  
Author(s):  
MA Saleque ◽  
MH Rahman ◽  
MI Hossain
Keyword(s):  
Retrospective Analysis ◽  
Newcastle Disease ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Fowl Cholera ◽  
Poultry Farms ◽  
Poultry Disease ◽  
Commercial Poultry ◽  
And Control ◽  
Diagnostic Centre ◽  
Gumboro Disease

The pattern of occurrence of poultry diseases in commercial poultry farms was studied on post-mortem and other laboratory examinations of 3057 cases either dead or live chickens submitted for diagnosis of diseases at the BRAC Poultry Disease Diagnostic Centre, Gazipur during the two years period from January 2000 to December 2001. Of the 3057 birds obtained, of which diagnosis was confirmed in 79.9% cases and 20.1% remain undiagnosed due to lack of facilities. Highest case of diseases was recorded in breeder (37.2%) followed by broiler (34.9%), and lowest in layer (27.9%) birds. The diagnosed diseases of layers included colibacillosis (7.4%), salmonellosis (25.3%), fowl cholera (7.0%), mycoplasmosis (17.7%), Newcastle disease (8.8%), Gumboro disease (12.4%), coccidiosis (7.2%), GI nematodes (4.6%), GI cestodes (0.6%), egg peritonitis (3.4%), gangrenous dermatitis (0.8%), ascites (0.7%), aspergillosis (2.6%) and omphalitis (1.5%). The broilers (34.9%) and breeders (37.2%) were more or less equally susceptible to various diseases with exception of reproductive diseases. It may be concluded from this study that all age groups and types of chickens are susceptible to various diseases but laying period is most vulnerable, and most mortality of chickens are caused by salmonellosis, colibacillosis, fowl cholera, Gumboro disease, Newcastle disease and mycoplasmosis which demand immediate attention for prevention and control in commercial poultry farms. Key words: Retrospective analysis; diseases; layers; broilers; breeders DOI = 10.3329/bjvm.v1i1.1914 Bangl. J. Vet. Med. ( 2003 ). 1 ( 1 ) : 29 - 31

scholarly journals Prevalence and pathological investigation of fowl typhoid in commercial poultry farms at the Rajshahi City Corporation area of Bangladesh

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 201-209
Author(s):  
Abu Bakkar Siddique ◽  
Rashida Khaton
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Tissue Level ◽  
Sample Collection ◽  
Individual Bird ◽  
Fowl Typhoid ◽  
Poultry Farms ◽  
Commercial Poultry ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Rajshahi City ◽  
Apparently Healthy

The present study was conducted to determine the prevalence of Fowl typhoid in apparently healthy, sick and dead birds at Rajshahi city corporation area of Bangladesh. A total of 500 birds (50 from each farm) and 30 different organs (liver from 10, ovary from 8, heart from 7, and caecal tonsils from 5) were randomly collected from different commercial poultry farms during the period from January 2018 to December 2018. The prevalence study was performed based on history, clinical signs, symptoms exhibited by the individual bird of a flock during the observation of farms, and illness of birds. The suspected birds were subjected to necropsy examination. During sample collection, clinical signs and gross necropsy changes were recorded very carefully. The collected tissues were fixed, processed, sectioned, stained, and studied light microscopically. The routine histopathological method was used for the detection of tissue-level alterations in Fowl typhoid infected cases. The prevalence of Fowl typhoid in apparently healthy birds of different poultry farms was 8.2%, and 23.33% of organs were involved. Grossly, the liver was enlarged, congested and revealed bronze discoloration with focal necrosis in the surface of the liver. Old raised hemorrhages were found in the caecal tonsils. Congested, deformed, and pedunculated ova were other important findings. Microscopically, the sections of the liver showing multifocal necrosis with infiltration of heterophils and reticulo-endothelial cells. Res. Agric., Livest. Fish.8(2): 201-209, August 2021

Territorial Distribution of Alcohol and Drug Addictions Mortality Concerning Regional Disparities in the Slovak Republic from Year 1996 to Year 2015

2020 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Mortality Rate ◽  
Slovak Republic ◽  
Regional Disparities ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Extreme Position ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Female Sex ◽  
Male Sex ◽  
The Individual ◽  
High Level

BACKGROUND: This paper deals with territorial distribution of the alcohol and drug addictions mortality at a level of the districts of the Slovak Republic. AIM: The aim of the paper is to explore the relations within the administrative territorial division of the Slovak Republic, that is, between the individual districts and hence, to reveal possibly hidden relation in alcohol and drug mortality. METHODS: The analysis is divided and executed into the two fragments – one belongs to the female sex, the other one belongs to the male sex. The standardised mortality rate is computed according to a sequence of the mathematical relations. The Euclidean distance is employed to compute the similarity within each pair of a whole data set. The cluster analysis examines is performed. The clusters are created by means of the mutual distances of the districts. The data is collected from the database of the Statistical Office of the Slovak Republic for all the districts of the Slovak Republic. The covered time span begins in the year 1996 and ends in the year 2015. RESULTS: The most substantial point is that the Slovak Republic possesses the regional disparities in a field of mortality expressed by the standardised mortality rate computed particularly for the diagnoses assigned to the alcohol and drug addictions at a considerably high level. However, the female sex and the male sex have the different outcome. The Bratislava III District keeps absolutely the most extreme position. It forms an own cluster for the both sexes too. The Topoľčany District bears a similar extreme position from a point of view of the male sex. All the Bratislava districts keep their mutual notable dissimilarity. Contrariwise, evaluation of a development of the regional disparities among the districts looks like notably heterogeneously. CONCLUSIONS: There are considerable regional discrepancies throughout the districts of the Slovak Republic. Hence, it is necessary to create a common platform how to proceed with the solution of this issue.

Quantitative indicators of air traffic controllers’ attitude to the danger of errors

2020 ◽  
pp. 68-78
Author(s):  
O. M. Reva ◽  
V. V. Kamyshin ◽  
S. P. Borsuk ◽  
V. A. Shulhin ◽  
A. V. Nevynitsyn
Keyword(s):  
Human Factor ◽  
Differential Method ◽  
Air Traffic ◽  
Professional Activity ◽  
Aviation Accidents ◽  
Air Traffic Controllers ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Level Of Significance ◽  
The Individual ◽  
High Level

The negative and persistent impact of the human factor on the statistics of aviation accidents and serious incidents makes proactive studies of the attitude of “front line” aviation operators (air traffic controllers, flight crewmembers) to dangerous actions or professional conditions as a key component of the current paradigm of ICAO safety concept. This “attitude” is determined through the indicators of the influence of the human factor on decision-making, which also include the systems of preferences of air traffic controllers on the indicators and characteristics of professional activity, illustrating both the individual perception of potential risks and dangers, and the peculiarities of generalized group thinking that have developed in a particular society. Preference systems are an ordered (ranked) series of n = 21 errors: from the most dangerous to the least dangerous and characterize only the danger preference of one error over another. The degree of this preference is determined only by the difference in the ranks of the errors and does not answer the question of how much time one error is more dangerous in relation to another. The differential method for identifying the comparative danger of errors, as well as the multistep technology for identifying and filtering out marginal opinions were applied. From the initial sample of m = 37 professional air traffic controllers, two subgroups mB=20 and mG=7 people were identified with statisti-cally significant at a high level of significance within the group consistency of opinions a = 1%. Nonpara-metric optimization of the corresponding group preference systems resulted in Kemeny’s medians, in which the related (middle) ranks were missing. Based on these medians, weighted coefficients of error hazards were determined by the mathematical prioritization method. It is substantiated that with the ac-cepted accuracy of calculations, the results obtained at the second iteration of this method are more ac-ceptable. The values of the error hazard coefficients, together with their ranks established in the preference systems, allow a more complete quantitative and qualitative analysis of the attitude of both individual air traffic controllers and their professional groups to hazardous actions or conditions.

scholarly journals Automatic Labeled Dialogue Generation for Nursing Record Systems

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 62
Author(s):  
Tittaya Mairittha ◽  
Nattaya Mairittha ◽  
Sozo Inoue
Keyword(s):  
Data Augmentation ◽  
Short Term Memory ◽  
Generative Models ◽  
Abstract Knowledge ◽  
Augmentation Techniques ◽  
Nursing Record ◽  
Long Short Term Memory ◽  
The Individual ◽  
High Level ◽  
Embedding Methods

The integration of digital voice assistants in nursing residences is becoming increasingly important to facilitate nursing productivity with documentation. A key idea behind this system is training natural language understanding (NLU) modules that enable the machine to classify the purpose of the user utterance (intent) and extract pieces of valuable information present in the utterance (entity). One of the main obstacles when creating robust NLU is the lack of sufficient labeled data, which generally relies on human labeling. This process is cost-intensive and time-consuming, particularly in the high-level nursing care domain, which requires abstract knowledge. In this paper, we propose an automatic dialogue labeling framework of NLU tasks, specifically for nursing record systems. First, we apply data augmentation techniques to create a collection of variant sample utterances. The individual evaluation result strongly shows a stratification rate, with regard to both fluency and accuracy in utterances. We also investigate the possibility of applying deep generative models for our augmented dataset. The preliminary character-based model based on long short-term memory (LSTM) obtains an accuracy of 90% and generates various reasonable texts with BLEU scores of 0.76. Secondly, we introduce an idea for intent and entity labeling by using feature embeddings and semantic similarity-based clustering. We also empirically evaluate different embedding methods for learning good representations that are most suitable to use with our data and clustering tasks. Experimental results show that fastText embeddings produce strong performances both for intent labeling and on entity labeling, which achieves an accuracy level of 0.79 and 0.78 f1-scores and 0.67 and 0.61 silhouette scores, respectively.

scholarly journals Opportunities and Challenges of Green-Lean: An Integrated System for Sustainable Construction

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (11) ◽  
pp. 4460 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohammadsoroush Tafazzoli ◽  
Ehsan Mousavi ◽  
Sharareh Kermanshachi
Keyword(s):  
Cost Savings ◽  
Integrated Approach ◽  
Integrated System ◽  
Waste Minimization ◽  
Sustainable Construction ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Safety Improvement ◽  
The Individual ◽  
High Level ◽  
Industry Professionals

Although the two concepts of lean and sustainable construction have been developed due to different incentives, and they do not pursue the same exact goals, there exists considerable commonality between them. This paper discusses the potentials for integrating the two approaches and their practices and how the resulting synergy from combining the two methods can potentially lead to higher levels of fulfilling the individual goals of each of them. Some limitations and challenges to implementing the integrated approach are also discussed. Based on a comprehensive review of existing papers related to sustainable and lean construction topics, the commonality between the two approaches is discussed and grouped in five categories of (1) cost savings, (2) waste minimization, (3) Jobsite safety improvement, (4) reduced energy consumption, and (5) customers’ satisfaction improvement. The challenges of this integration are similarly identified and discussed in the four main categories of (1) additional initial costs to the project, (2) difficulty of providing specialized expertise, (3) contractors’ unwillingness to adopt the additional requirements, and (4) challenges to establish a high level of teamwork. Industry professionals were then interviewed to rank the elements in each of the two categories of opportunities and challenges. The results of the study highlight how future research can pursue the development of a new Green-Lean approach by investing in the communalities and meeting the challenges of this integration.

scholarly journals Children’s Astronomy. Development of the Shape of the Earth Concept in Polish Children between 5 and 10 Years of Age

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 75
Author(s):  
Jan Amos Jelinek
Keyword(s):  
Mental Model ◽  
Cultural Influences ◽  
Test Results ◽  
The Earth ◽  
Spherical Earth ◽  
The Individual ◽  
High Level ◽  
Cognitive Problems ◽  
Teaching Situations ◽  
Model Approach

The Earth’s shape concept develops as consecutive cognitive problems (e.g., the location of people and trees on the spherical Earth) are gradually resolved. Establishing the order of problem solving may be important for the organisation of teaching situations. This study attempted to determine the sequence of problems to be resolved based on tasks included in the EARTH2 test. The study covered a group of 444 children between 5 and 10 years of age. It captured the order in which children solve cognitive problems on the way to constructing a science-like concept. The test results were compared with previous studies. The importance of cultural influences connected to significant differences (24%) in test results was emphasised. Attention was drawn to the problem of the consistency of the mental model approach highlighted in the literature. The analysis of the individual sets of answers provided a high level of consistency of indications referring to the same model (36%), emphasising the importance of the concept of mental models.

scholarly journals Salmonella Bacteriophage Diversity According to Most Prevalent Salmonella Serovars in Layer and Broiler Poultry Farms from Eastern Spain

Animals ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (9) ◽  
pp. 1456
Author(s):  
Sandra Sevilla-Navarro ◽  
Pablo Catalá-Gregori ◽  
Clara Marin
Keyword(s):  
Point Of View ◽  
Poultry Production ◽  
Poultry Products ◽  
Production Type ◽  
Poultry Farms ◽  
Commercial Poultry ◽  
Salmonella Serovars ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Phage Isolation ◽  
Salmonella Phage

The exploration of novel nonantibiotic interventions in the field, such as the use of bacteriophages, is necessary to avoid the presence of Salmonella. Bacteriophages are a group of viruses widely distributed in nature, strictly associated with the prokaryotic cell. Researchers have demonstrated the success of phage therapy in reducing Salmonella counts in poultry products. However, the impact that phage concentration in the environment may have against certain Salmonella serovars is not well understood. Therefore, the aim of this study was to assess Salmonella phage prevalence in commercial poultry farms in terms of the production type: layers or broilers. The most prevalent Salmonella serovars isolated in poultry production were used for phage isolation. Salmonella specific phages were isolated from 141 layer and broiler farms located in the Valencia region during 2019. Analysis of the samples revealed that 100% presented Salmonella phages, the most prevalent being against serovar S. Enteritidis (93%), followed by S. Virchow (59%), S. Typhimurium (55%), S. Infantis (52%) and S. Ohio (51%). These results indicate that poultry farms could represent an important source of Salmonella phages. Nevertheless, further studies are needed to assess the epidemiology of phages against other serovars present in other countries and their diversity from the point of view of molecular studies.

scholarly journals Determining the critical period for weed control in high-yielding cotton using common sunflower as a mimic weed

2019 ◽  
Vol 33 (6) ◽  
pp. 800-807 ◽  
Author(s):  
Graham W. Charles ◽  
Brian M. Sindel ◽  
Annette L. Cowie ◽  
Oliver G. G. Knox
Keyword(s):  
Weed Control ◽  
Critical Period ◽  
Yield Loss ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Growing Degree Days ◽  
Degree Days ◽  
Weed Density ◽  
High Level ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Planting Season

AbstractField studies were conducted over six seasons to determine the critical period for weed control (CPWC) in high-yielding cotton, using common sunflower as a mimic weed. Common sunflower was planted with or after cotton emergence at densities of 1, 2, 5, 10, 20, and 50 plants m−2. Common sunflower was added and removed at approximately 0, 150, 300, 450, 600, 750, and 900 growing degree days (GDD) after planting. Season-long interference resulted in no harvestable cotton at densities of five or more common sunflower plants m−2. High levels of intraspecific and interspecific competition occurred at the highest weed densities, with increases in weed biomass and reductions in crop yield not proportional to the changes in weed density. Using a 5% yield-loss threshold, the CPWC extended from 43 to 615 GDD, and 20 to 1,512 GDD for one and 50 common sunflower plants m−2, respectively. These results highlight the high level of weed control required in high-yielding cotton to ensure crop losses do not exceed the cost of control.

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