Detection of Antibodies to Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) That Recognize Conformational Epitopes of Glycoproteins 160 and 41 Often Allows for Early Diagnosis of HIV Infection

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection prevalence in Pakistan has been increasing in high-risk groups, including people who inject drugs (PWID) and transgender hijra sex workers (TG-HSWs) nationwide. Effective control of HIV requires early diagnosis of the infection. We investigated recency of HIV infections in newly-diagnosed cases in PWID and TG-HSWs. This was an observational study with convenience sampling. Overall, 210 HIV-positive subjects comprising an equal number of PWID and TG-HSWs were included. Antibody avidity was tested using the Maxim HIV-1 Limiting Antigen Avidity (LAg) EIA (Maxim Biomedical, Inc. Rockville, Maryland, USA). The mean age of study subjects was 29.5 years: PWID, 28.5 years and TG-HSWs, 30.4 years. Study subjects were married, 27%, or unmarried. Eighteen percent of individuals had recently-acquired HIV infections: 19% of PWID and 17% of TG-HSWs. Eighty-two percent of individuals had long-term HIV infections: 81% of PWID and 83% of TG-HSWs. This is the first study identification of recent HIV-1 infections in Pakistan. We show that most newly-diagnosed HIV patients in the high-risk groups studied had long-term infections. There is an urgent need for intervention in these groups to facilitate early diagnosis and treatment of HIV infection to reduce transmission in Pakistan.

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HIV Infection and AIDS

The Brigham Intensive Review of Internal Medicine ◽

10.1093/med/9780199358274.003.0002 ◽

2014 ◽

pp. 8-17

Author(s):

Rebeca M. Plank ◽

Paul E. Sax

Keyword(s):

Public Health ◽

Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽

Early Diagnosis ◽

Hiv Infection ◽

Medical Care ◽

Diagnosis And Management ◽

Immunodeficiency Virus ◽

Patient Health ◽

The Individual

Internists often provide medical care both to patients with as yet undiagnosed human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection and to those with known infection. Through early diagnosis and management of patients with HIV infection, physicians can significantly impact both individual patient health and public health. Early diagnosis and appropriate management of patients with HIV are crucial for the health of the individual and for the public's health, as those with known HIV infection can take measures to avoid transmitting the virus to others.

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Podiatric manifestations of AIDS

Journal of the American Podiatric Medical Association ◽

10.7547/87507315-80-1-15 ◽

1990 ◽

Vol 80 (1) ◽

pp. 15-20 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

S Burns

Keyword(s):

Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽

Early Diagnosis ◽

Hiv Infection ◽

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome ◽

Lower Extremities ◽

Presenting Symptoms ◽

Immunodeficiency Virus ◽

Acquired Immunodeficiency ◽

Immunodeficiency Syndrome

Dermatologic, vascular, neurologic, and musculoskeletal complications are common among persons with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). These manifestations frequently involve the lower extremities and may be the initial presenting symptoms of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. It is important that practitioners of podiatric medicine be aware of these syndromes to facilitate early diagnosis of AIDS and to provide the best possible care for immunodeficient patients. The author provides a review of the manifestations of AIDS frequently encountered in podiatric practice, along with guidelines for treatment.

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Detection of Low Levels of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) May Be Critical for Early Diagnosis of Pediatric HIV Infection by Use of Dried Blood Spots

Journal of Clinical Microbiology ◽

10.1128/jcm.02453-08 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 47 (9) ◽

pp. 2989-2991 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

J. Walter ◽

L. Kuhn ◽

K. Semrau ◽

D. W. Decker ◽

M. Sinkala ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽

Early Diagnosis ◽

Hiv Infection ◽

Dried Blood Spots ◽

Pediatric Hiv ◽

Blood Spots ◽

Immunodeficiency Virus ◽

Low Levels

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Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Infection in Children

Hematology/Oncology Clinics of North America ◽

10.1016/s0889-8588(18)30659-2 ◽

1987 ◽

Vol 1 (3) ◽

pp. 381-395 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Beverly Ryan ◽

Edward Connor ◽

Anthony Minnefor ◽

Frank Desposito ◽

James Oleske

Keyword(s):

Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽

Hiv Infection ◽

Immunodeficiency Virus

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T Lymphocytes and Their Cytokines in Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Infection: Implications for Associated Neoplasias

Critical Reviews™ in Oncogenesis ◽

10.1615/critrevoncog.v6.i3-6.50 ◽

1995 ◽

Vol 6 (3-6) ◽

pp. 275-290 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Christian Jassoy ◽

Bruce D. Walker

Keyword(s):

Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽

T Lymphocytes ◽

Hiv Infection ◽

Immunodeficiency Virus

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Prevalence of and Risk Factors for Low Free Testosterone Levels in Japanese Men with Well-controlled Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection

Current HIV Research ◽

10.2174/1570162x18666200720000344 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 18 (5) ◽

pp. 381-386

Author(s):

Yusuke Yoshino ◽

Ichiro Koga ◽

Yoshitaka Wakabayashi ◽

Takatoshi Kitazawa ◽

Yasuo Ota

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽

Standard Deviation ◽

Hiv Infection ◽

Free Testosterone ◽

Serum Levels ◽

University Hospital ◽

Rapid Decline ◽

Total Testosterone ◽

Immunodeficiency Virus

Background: The change in the prevalence of hypogonadism with age in men with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection is subject to debate. Objective: To address this issue, we diagnosed hypogonadism based on serum levels of free testosterone (fTST) rather than total testosterone which is thought to be an inaccurate indicator. We also determined the relationship between age and fTST levels and identified risk factors for hypogonadism in men with HIV infection. Method: We retrospectively reviewed fTST levels and associated clinical factors in 71 wellcontrolled HIV-infected men who were treated at Teikyo University Hospital between April 2015 and March 2016 and who had data available on serum fTST levels, measured >6 months after starting antiretroviral therapy. fTST was measured using radioimmunoassay on blood samples collected in the morning. Risk factors for hypogonadism were identified using Welch’s t-test and multiple regression analysis. Results: The men had a mean (± standard deviation) age of 47.4 ± 13.6 years, and mean (± standard deviation) serum fTST level of 13.0 ± 6.1 pg/mL. Fifteen (21.1%) men had hypogonadism based on a fTST <8.5 pg/mL. Serum fTST levels significantly decreased with age (−0.216 pg/mL/year). Older age and low hemoglobin levels were identified as risk factors for hypogonadism. Conclusion: The men in the study experienced a more rapid decline in fTST levels with age than men in the general population (−0.161 pg/mL/year). Serum fTST levels in men with HIV infection should be monitored, especially in older men and those with low hemoglobin levels.

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FRI0435 THE CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE OF SERUM AUTOANTIBODIES AND HLA-B27 MOLECULE TESTING IN UYGUR PATIENTS WITH HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS INFECTION

Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases ◽

10.1136/annrheumdis-2020-eular.5155 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 79 (Suppl 1) ◽

pp. 815.3-815

Author(s):

X. Chen ◽

L. Wu ◽

X. Wu ◽

C. N. Luo ◽

Y. M. Shi

Keyword(s):

Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽

Hiv Infection ◽

Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy ◽

Molecular Mimicry ◽

Molecular Testing ◽

Hla B27 ◽

Clinical Value ◽

Rheumatic Manifestations ◽

Immunodeficiency Virus ◽

Positive Rate

Background:AIDS is a deadly infectious disease caused by the HIV. When HIV infects a host, it may induce production of autoantibodies due to the structural antigen similarity between viral proteins and selfantigens.The molecular mimicry between HIV protein and self-antigens could cause antibody cross-reactions and lead to development of autoimmune disease.Objectives:To explore the clinical value of serum autoantibodies and human leukocyte antigen (HLA-B27) molecular testing in Uygur patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection.Methods:A total of 727 HIV-infected Uygur patients who visited Kuche Infectious Diseases Hospital during May 2016 to March 2017 were include in this study. The other 390 healthy people were enrolled as controls. Serum antinuclear antibodies (ANA) and ANA Profile, anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide (CCP) antibody, and HLA-B27 molecule were tested.Results:Among 727 HIV-infected Uygur patients, 317 were males and 410 were females with mean age (35.52±13.44) years old. The mean duration of disease was (6.34±3.05)years. There were 697(95.87%) patients receiving Highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) with mean duration of treatment (6.34±3.05)years. Rheumatic manifestations were recorded in 238 (32.74%) HIV-infected Uygur patients, mainly with dry mouth and dry eye (15.41%), alopecia (9.90%), arthralgia (8.94%), ect. Compared with the health controls, positive ANA was more common in HIV infected Uygur patients (33.42%vs.17.43%,P< 0.001) with low titers (ANA titer:1:100). HIV-infected Uygur patients had higher positive anti-u1-RNP antibodies positive rate (1.10%), but lower anti-SSA antibodies positive rate (0.14%) and anti-CCP antibodies positive rate (0.28%). Patients with positive ANA in HAART group were significantly less than that in non-treatment group (38.72%vs.50.00%,P=0.049).Only one female patient was HLA-B27 positive (0.14%), which was significantly lower than that in healthy controls (3.08%) (P<0.001). Also, only one patient was diagnosed with rheumatoid arthritis (RA).Conclusion:Rheumatic manifestations are common in HIV-infected Uygur patients. Several autoantibodies are positive, but the coincidence of rheumatic diseases is rare. It’s noted that patients with Rheumatic manifestations and low titre positive ANA should be considered as a differential diagnosis of HIV infection.Disclosure of Interests:None declared

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Cryptococcal infection of the colon in a patient without concurrent human immunodeficiency infection: a case report and literature review

European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases ◽

10.1007/s10096-021-04268-5 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Alvaro Quincho-Lopez ◽

Noah Kojima ◽

John M. Nesemann ◽

Rogger Verona-Rubio ◽

Dina Carayhua-Perez

Keyword(s):

Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽

Literature Review ◽

Hiv Infection ◽

Chronic Diarrhea ◽

Cryptococcal Infection ◽

Pulmonary System ◽

Immunodeficiency Virus ◽

The Central Nervous System ◽

Disseminated Disease ◽

Histopathology Examination

AbstractCryptococcosis is a fungal infection that is rarely reported in patients without human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, especially when the central nervous system (CNS) or pulmonary system is not involved. We report a case of isolated colonic cryptococcosis without disseminated disease in a 64-year-old immunocompetent woman without HIV infection who presented with chronic diarrhea and no episodes of fever or weight loss. The diagnosis was based on histopathology examination. Furthermore, we performed a literature review showing that few reports have been published so far and in the case of colonic cryptococcal infection, the prognosis is favorable among HIV-uninfected patients.

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