scholarly journals Responses to Alteration of Atmospheric Oxygen and Social Environment Suggest Trade-Offs among Growth Rate, Life Span, and Stress Susceptibility in Giant Mealworms (Zophobas morio)

2020 ◽  
Vol 93 (5) ◽  
pp. 358-368 ◽  
Author(s):  
John M. VandenBrooks ◽  
Colleen F. Ford ◽  
Jon F. Harrison
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Life Span ◽  
Social Environment ◽  
Atmospheric Oxygen ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
Stress Susceptibility

scholarly journals DNMT3.1 controls trade-offs between growth, reproduction, and life span under starved conditions in Daphnia magna

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nhan Duc Nguyen ◽  
Tomoaki Matsuura ◽  
Yasuhiko Kato ◽  
Hajime Watanabe
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Life Span ◽  
Caloric Restriction ◽  
Daphnia Magna ◽  
Dna Methyltransferase ◽  
Energy Allocation ◽  
Freshwater Ecosystems ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
Growth And Reproduction

AbstractThe cladoceran crustacean Daphnia has long been a model of energy allocation studies due to its important position in the trophic cascade of freshwater ecosystems. However, the loci for controlling energy allocation between life history traits still remain unknown. Here, we report CRISPR/Cas-mediated target mutagenesis of DNA methyltransferase 3.1 (DNMT3.1) that is upregulated in response to caloric restriction in Daphnia magna. The resulting biallelic mutant is viable and did not show any change in growth rate, reproduction, and longevity under nutrient rich conditions. In contrast, under starved conditions, the growth rate of this DNMT3.1 mutant was increased but its reproduction was reciprocally reduced compared to the wild type when the growth and reproduction activities competed during a period from instar 4 to 8. The life span of this mutant was significantly shorter than that of the wild type. We also compared transcriptomes between DNMT3.1 mutant and wild type under nutrient-rich and starved conditions. Consistent with the DNMT3.1 mutant phenotypes, the starved condition led to changes in the transcriptomes of the mutant including differential expression of vitellogenin genes. In addition, we found upregulation of the I am not dead yet (INDY) ortholog, which has been known to shorten the life span in Drosophila, explaining the shorter life span of the DNMT3.1 mutant. These results establish DNMT3.1 as a key regulator for life span and energy allocation between growth and reproduction during caloric restriction. Our findings reveal how energy allocation is implemented by selective expression of a DNMT3 ortholog that is widely distributed among animals. We also infer a previously unidentified adaptation of Daphnia that invests more energy for reproduction than growth under starved conditions.

Personality and Social Contexts as Sources of Change and Continuity Across the Life Span

2018 ◽  
pp. 750-776
Author(s):  
Abigail J. Stewart ◽  
Kay Deaux
Keyword(s):  
Social Psychology ◽  
Life Span ◽  
Social Movement ◽  
Social Environment ◽  
Social Systems ◽  
Social Contexts ◽  
Life Stages ◽  
The People ◽  
The Social ◽  
Movement Participation

This chapter provides a framework designed to address how individual persons respond to changes and continuities in social systems and historical circumstances at different life stages and in different generations. We include a focus on systematic differences among the people who experience these changes in the social environment—differences both in the particular situations they find themselves in and in their personalities. Using examples from research on divorce, immigration, social movement participation, and experiences of catastrophic events, we make a case for an integrated personality and social psychology that extends the analysis across time and works within socially and historically important contexts.

scholarly journals Escherichia colipopulations adapt to complex, unpredictable fluctuations without any trade-offs across environments

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shraddha Karve ◽  
Devika Bhave ◽  
Dhanashri Nevgi ◽  
Sutirth Dey
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Growth Rate ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
Complex Environments ◽  
Multiple Stresses ◽  
Trade Off ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
Fluctuating Environments ◽  
Laboratory Populations ◽  
Lower Variation

AbstractIn nature, organisms are simultaneously exposed to multiple stresses (i.e. complex environments) that often fluctuate unpredictably. While both these factors have been studied in isolation, the interaction of the two remains poorly explored. To address this issue, we selected laboratory populations ofEscherichia coliunder complex (i.e. stressful combinations of pH, H2O2and NaCl) unpredictably fluctuating environments for ~900 generations. We compared the growth rates and the corresponding trade-off patterns of these populations to those that were selected under constant values of the component stresses (i.e. pH, H2O2and NaCl) for the same duration. The fluctuation-selected populations had greater mean growth rate and lower variation for growth rate over all the selection environments experienced. However, while the populations selected under constant stresses experienced severe tradeoffs in many of the environments other than those in which they were selected, the fluctuation-selected populations could by-pass the across-environment trade-offs completely. Interestingly, trade-offs were found between growth rates and carrying capacities. The results suggest that complexity and fluctuations can strongly affect the underlying trade-off structure in evolving populations.

scholarly journals Massive Phenotypic Measurements Reveal Complex Physiological Consequences of Differential Translation Efficacies

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adam Paul Arkin ◽  
Guillaume Cambray
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Translation Initiation ◽  
Protein Production ◽  
Protein Biosynthesis ◽  
Cellular Growth ◽  
Sequence Variants ◽  
Release Rates ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
Fluctuating Environments ◽  
Protein Overproduction

ABSTRACTControl of protein biosynthesis is at the heart of resource allocation and cell adaptation to fluctuating environments. One gene’s translation often occurs at the expense of another’s, resulting in global energetic and fitness trade-offs during differential expression of various functions. Patterns of ribosome utilization—as controlled by initiation, elongation and release rates—are central to this balance. To disentangle their respective determinants and physiological impacts, we complemented measurements of protein production with highly parallelized quantifications of transcripts’ abundance and decay, ribosome loading and cellular growth rate for 244,000 precisely designed sequence variants of an otherwise standard reporter. We find highly constrained, non-monotonic relationships between measured phenotypes. We show that fitness defects derive either from protein overproduction, with efficient translation initiation and heavy ribosome flows; or from unproductive ribosome sequestration by highly structured, slowly initiated and overly stabilized transcripts. These observations demonstrate physiological impacts of key sequence features in natural and designed transcripts.

Latitude and Relative Growth in the Razor Clam, Siliqua Patula

1931 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 228-249
Author(s):  
F. W. WEYMOUTH ◽  
H. C. McMILLIN ◽  
WILLIS H. RICH
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Life Span ◽  
Relative Growth Rate ◽  
Growth Data ◽  
Natural Conditions ◽  
Relative Growth ◽  
Absolute Growth Rate ◽  
Mathematical Expressions ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Absolute Growth

1. The present paper is a study of the growth of a clam (Siliqua patula) under natural conditions and over a wide range of latitude. 2. Various constants derived from the growth data are compared for the different localities. For this species, over the range considered, growth in the southern localities as compared with the northern is initially more rapid but less sustained, leads to a smaller total length and is associated with a shorter life span. 3. Reasons are presented for considering the relative growth-rate as a particularly significant constant leading to more sound biological conclusions than the use of the absolute growth-rate. 4. On the basis of the relative growth-rate, current mathematical expressions for the course of growth are discussed and a formula used which emphasises Minot's conception of a growth-rate constantly declining with age. This expression L = Be-ce-ce-kt, in which L = length at time t, e = base of natural logarithms, and B, c and k are constants, is found to graduate the extensive data in clam growth with significant accuracy.

Relationship of Sex, Exercise, and Growth Rate to Life Span in the Wistar Rat: a Multivariate Correlational Approach

Gerontology ◽  
1982 ◽  
Vol 28 (1) ◽  
pp. 23-31 ◽  
Author(s):  
Donald K. Ingram ◽  
Mark A. Reynolds ◽  
Charles L. Goodrick
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Life Span ◽  
Wistar Rat ◽  
Correlational Approach ◽  
Relationship Of

The Genetic Architecture of Plant Defense Trade-offs in a Common Monkeyflower

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicholas J Kooyers ◽  
Abigail Donofrio ◽  
Benjamin K Blackman ◽  
Liza M Holeski
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Plant Defense ◽  
Genetic Linkage ◽  
Genetic Architecture ◽  
Life History Traits ◽  
Total Concentration ◽  
Defense Compounds ◽  
Genetic Constraints ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
Phenylpropanoid Glycosides

Abstract Determining how adaptive combinations of traits arose requires understanding the prevalence and scope of genetic constraints. Frequently observed phenotypic correlations between plant growth, defenses, and/or reproductive timing have led researchers to suggest that pleiotropy or strong genetic linkage between variants affecting independent traits is pervasive. Alternatively, these correlations could arise via independent mutations in different genes for each trait and extensive correlational selection. Here we evaluate these alternatives by conducting a quantitative trait loci (QTL) mapping experiment involving a cross between 2 populations of common monkeyflower (Mimulus guttatus) that differ in growth rate as well as total concentration and arsenal composition of plant defense compounds, phenylpropanoid glycosides (PPGs). We find no evidence that pleiotropy underlies correlations between defense and growth rate. However, there is a strong genetic correlation between levels of total PPGs and flowering time that is largely attributable to a single shared QTL. While this result suggests a role for pleiotropy/close linkage, several other QTLs also contribute to variation in total PPGs. Additionally, divergent PPG arsenals are influenced by a number of smaller-effect QTLs that each underlie variation in 1 or 2 PPGs. This result indicates that chemical defense arsenals can be finely adapted to biotic environments despite sharing a common biochemical precursor. Together, our results show correlations between defense and life-history traits are influenced by pleiotropy or genetic linkage, but genetic constraints may have limited impact on future evolutionary responses, as a substantial proportion of variation in each trait is controlled by independent loci.

Are trade‐offs really the key drivers of ageing and life span?

2019 ◽  
Vol 34 (1) ◽  
pp. 153-166 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alan A. Cohen ◽  
Christophe F. D. Coste ◽  
Xiang‐Yi Li ◽  
Salomé Bourg ◽  
Samuel Pavard
Keyword(s):  
Life Span ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
Key Drivers

scholarly journals How Precise are Size-Based Age Estimations in the Sand Lizard (Lacerta Agilis)?

2011 ◽  
Vol 56 (1-4) ◽  
pp. 11-17 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bartosz Borczyk ◽  
Łukasz Paśko
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Body Size ◽  
Life Span ◽  
Age Estimation ◽  
The Body ◽  
Average Error ◽  
Ecological Studies ◽  
Age Classes ◽  
Sand Lizard ◽  
Lacerta Agilis

How Precise are Size-Based Age Estimations in the Sand Lizard (Lacerta Agilis)?Reptiles show a positive correlation between age and body size and it is common practice to infer the age of an animal from its size. However, the growth rate often differs between individuals, thus such practice may lead to false conclusions. Because age of an animal is a very important factor in many ecological studies, it should be determined with a minimum of error. Here, we compare the body size distribution among different age classes of the sand lizard (Lacerta agilis) to infer if it is possible to correctly determine their age on the basis of the body length. Our results show that the average error in age estimation on the basis of the lizard size is 1.36 year which is approximately 1/3 the average sand lizard life span.

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