scholarly journals Numerical Simulation of Transdermal Iontophoretic Drug Delivery System

2021 ◽  
Vol 2071 (1) ◽  
pp. 012026
Author(s):  
A M Noor ◽  
Z Zakaria ◽  
S Johari ◽  
N Sabani ◽  
Y Wahab ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drug Delivery ◽  
Skin Temperature ◽  
Drug Delivery System ◽  
Delivery System ◽  
Electrical Potential ◽  
Computational Modelling ◽  
Drug Formulation ◽  
New Drugs ◽  
Systemic Absorption ◽  
Drug Diffusion

Abstract Transdermal Iontophoretic Drug Delivery System (TIDDS) is a non-invasive method of systemic drug delivery that involves by applying a drug formulation to the skin. The drug penetrates through the stratum corneum, epidermis and dermis layers. Once the drug reaches the dermal layer, it is available for systemic absorption via dermal microcirculation. However, clinical testing of new drug developed for the iontophoretic system is a long and complex process. Recently, most of those major pharmaceutical companies have attempted to consider computer-based bio-simulation strategies as a means of generating the data necessary to help make a better decision. In this work, we used computational modelling to investigate the TIDDS behaviour. Our interest is to study the efficacy of drug diffusion through transdermal delivery, including the thermal effect on the skin. We found that drug will be delivered more efficiently if the electrical potential and the position of electrodes are optimum. We analysed the drug diffusion time of the system using 1,3 and 5 mA DC source. In addition, we also modify the electrode distance from 10 mm to 30 mm long and analysed the effect of delivery time and d effect to the skin thermal. We conclude that, a high electrical current, as instance, a 5 mA DC, delivered the drug faster into the skin but increased the skin temperature because of skin joule heating effect. However, a 30 mm electrodes distance setting decreased the skin temperature significantly than the 10 mm distance with more than 9.7 °C under 5 mA DC and 60 minutes of operation. TIDDS enhanced drug delivery compared to oral consumption and might be suitable used for localizing treatments such as chronic disease. This work provides great potential and is useful to efficiently design of iontophoretic drug delivery system including new drugs delivery applications.

A Conceptual Analysis of solid Self-emulsifying drug Delivery System and its Associate Patents for the Treatment of Cancer

2020 ◽  
Vol 14 ◽  
Author(s):  
Neeraj Singh ◽  
Shweta Rai ◽  
Sankha Bhattacharya
Keyword(s):  
Drug Delivery ◽  
Gastrointestinal Tract ◽  
Drug Delivery System ◽  
Delivery System ◽  
Ternary Phase Diagram ◽  
Review Article ◽  
New Drugs ◽  
Systemic Absorption ◽  
Hydrophobic Drugs ◽  
Drug Bioavailability

Background: About two-third of new drugs reveal low solubility in water due to that; it becomes difficult for formulation scientists to develop oral solid dosage forms with a pharmaceutically acceptable range of therapeutic activity. In such cases, S-SMEEDS are the best carrier used universally for the delivery of hydrophobic drugs. SEDDS were also used, but due to its limitations, S-SMEDDS used widely. These are the isotropic mixtures of oils, co-solvents, and surfactants. S-SMEDDS are physically stable, easy to manufacture, easy to fill in gelatin capsules as well as improves the drug bioavailability by releasing the drug in the emulsion form to the gastrointestinal tract and make smooth absorption of the drug through the intestinal lymphatic pathway. Methods: We took on the various literature search related to our review, including the peer-reviewed research, and provided a conceptual framework to that. Standard tools are used for making the figures of the paper, and various search engines are used for the literature exploration.In this review article the author discussed the importance of S-SMEDDS, selection criteria for excipients, pseudo-ternary diagram, mechanism of action of S-SMEDDS, solidification techniques used for S-SMEDDS, Characterization of SEDDS and S-SMEDDS including Stability Evaluation of both and future prospect concluded through recent findings on S-SMEDDS on Cancer as well as a neoteric patent on S-SMEDDS Results: Many research papers discussed in this review article, from which it was found that the ternary phase diagram is the most crucial part of developing the SMEDDS. From the various research findings, it was found that the excipient selection is the essential step which decides the strong therapeutic effect of the formulation. The significant outcome related to solid-SMEDDS is less the globule size, higher would be the bioavailability. The adsorption of a solid carrier method is the most widely used method for the preparation of solid-SMEDDS. After review of many patents, it is observed that the solid-SMEDDS have a strong potential for targeting and treatment of a different type of Cancer due to their property to enhance permeation and increased bioavailability. Conclusion: S-SMEEDS are more acceptable pharmaceutically as compare to SEDDS due to various advantages over SEDDS viz stability issue is prevalent with SEDDS. A number of researchers had formulated S-SMEDDS of poorly soluble drugs and founded S-SMEDDS as prospective for the delivery of hydrophobic drugs for the treatment of Cancer. S-SMEEDS are grabbing attention, and the patentability on S-SMEDDS is unavoidable, these prove that S-SMEEDS are widely accepted carriers. These are used universally for the delivery of the hydrophilic drugs and anticancer drugs as it releases the drug to the gastrointestinal tract and enhances the systemic absorption. Abstract: Majority of active pharmaceutical ingredients (API) shows poor aqueous solubility, due to that drug delivery of the API to the systemic circulation becomes difficult as it has low bioavailability. The bioavailability of the hydrophobic drugs can be improved by the Self-emulsifying drug delivery system (SEDDS) but due to its various limitations, solid self-micro emulsifying drug delivery systems (S-SMEDDS) are used due to its advantages over SEDDS. S-SMEDDS plays a vital role in improving the low bioavailability of poorly aqueous soluble drugs. Hydrophobic drugs can be easily loaded in these systems and release the drug to the gastrointestinal tract in the form of fine emulsion results to In-situ solubilisation of the drug. In this review article the author's gives an overview of the solid SMEDSS along with the solidification techniques and an update on recent research and patents filled for Solid SMEDDS.

scholarly journals Niosomes: A Promising Drug Delivery System in Transdermal Drug Delivery (TDDS)

2021 ◽  
pp. 6-17
Author(s):  
Vibhavari M. Chatur ◽  
Shashikant N. Dhole
Keyword(s):  
Drug Delivery ◽  
Drug Delivery System ◽  
Delivery System ◽  
Transdermal Drug Delivery ◽  
Systemic Absorption ◽  
Ionic Surfactant ◽  
Transformative Change ◽  
Transdermal Drug Delivery System ◽  
Sustained Drug Release ◽  
High Level

Infectious disease treatment and immunisation have undergone a transformative change in recent years. With the advancement of biotechnology and genetic engineering, a large number of disease-specific biological have been created, as well as a focus on delivering these biological effectively. Niosomes are vesicular Nano carriers that are gaining popularity as a potential transdermal drug delivery system due to properties like enhanced drug penetration, a local depot for sustained drug release, and a rate-limiting membrane for modulating systemic absorption of drugs through the skin. Niosomes are non-ionic surfactant-based vesicles that are biodegradable, relatively nontoxic, more stable, and less expensive than liposomes. This analysis gives a high-level overview of niosomes, including their chemical composition, structure, benefits, and applications, as well as some general observations on niosomes as percutaneous permeation enhancers.

scholarly journals pH-Responsive Alginate-Based Microparticles for Colon-Targeted Delivery of Pure Cyclosporine A Crystals to Treat Ulcerative Colitis

Pharmaceutics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (9) ◽  
pp. 1412
Author(s):  
Murtada A. Oshi ◽  
Juho Lee ◽  
Jihyun Kim ◽  
Nurhasni Hasan ◽  
Eunok Im ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ulcerative Colitis ◽  
Drug Delivery ◽  
Side Effects ◽  
Drug Delivery System ◽  
Delivery System ◽  
Cyclosporine A ◽  
Targeted Delivery ◽  
Drug Loading ◽  
Systemic Absorption ◽  
Systemic Side Effects

Cyclosporine A (CsA) is a potent immunosuppressant for treating ulcerative colitis (UC). However, owing to severe systemic side effects, CsA application in UC therapy remains limited. Herein, a colon-targeted drug delivery system consisting of CsA crystals (CsAc)-loaded, Eudragit S 100 (ES)-coated alginate microparticles (CsAc-EAMPs) was established to minimize systemic side effects and enhance the therapeutic efficacy of CsA. Homogeneously-sized CsAs (3.1 ± 0.9 μm) were prepared by anti-solvent precipitation, followed by the fabrication of 47.1 ± 6.5 μm-sized CsAc-EAMPs via ionic gelation and ES coating. CsAc-EAMPs exhibited a high drug loading capacity (48 ± 5%) and a CsA encapsulation efficacy of 77 ± 9%. The in vitro drug release study revealed that CsA release from CsAc-EAMPs was suppressed under conditions simulating the stomach and small intestine, resulting in minimized systemic absorption and side effects. Following exposure to the simulated colon conditions, along with ES dissolution and disintegration of alginate microparticles, CsA was released from CsAc-EAMPs, exhibiting a sustained-release profile for up to 24 h after administration. Given the effective colonic delivery of CsA molecules, CsAc-EAMPs conferred enhanced anti-inflammatory activity in mouse model of dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis. These findings suggest that CsAc-EAMPs is a promising drug delivery system for treating UC.

Acid-labile poly(ethylene glycol) shell of hydrazone-containing biodegradable polymeric micelles facilitating anticancer drug delivery

2018 ◽  
Vol 33 (2) ◽  
pp. 119-133 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jing Xu ◽  
Benkai Qin ◽  
Shujuan Luan ◽  
Peilan Qi ◽  
Yingying Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drug Delivery ◽  
Block Copolymer ◽  
Ethylene Glycol ◽  
Drug Delivery System ◽  
Delivery System ◽  
Ph Sensitive ◽  
Drug Formulation ◽  
Poly Ethylene Glycol ◽  
Block Polymer ◽  
Poly Ethylene

Biodegradable pH-sensitive amphiphilic block polymer (mPEG-Hyde-PLGA) was synthesized via ring-opening polymerization, initiated from a hydrazone-containing macro-initiator. In this way, a pH-sensitive hydrazone bond was inserted into the backbone of block copolymer, linking hydrophilic poly(ethylene glycol) segment and hydrophobic poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) segment. The copolymer self-assembled to form stable micelles with mean diameters below 100 nm and served as a drug delivery system for doxorubicin, with drug loading content of 5.3%. pH sensitivity of the hydrazone-containing micelles was investigated by changes in diameter and size distribution observed by dynamic light scattering measurements when the micelles were encountered to acidic medium. Small pieces and larger aggregates were found by transmission electron microscopy resulting from the disassociation of the micelles in acidic conditions. It was also noted that doxorubicin release from the pH-sensitive micelles is significantly faster at pH 4.0 and pH 5.0 compared to pH 7.4, while almost no difference was detected in the case of pH non-sensitive micelles. MTT (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) assays on HepG-2 and MCF-7 cells revealed that doxorubicin-loaded pH-sensitive micelles had higher antitumor activity than pH-insensitive ones. This pH-sensitive drug delivery system based on hydrazone-containing block copolymer has been proved as a promising drug formulation for cancer therapy.

scholarly journals Preparation and Evaluation of Beta sitosterol Nanogel: A Carrier Design for Targeted Drug Delivery system

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 81-87
Author(s):  
Yashashri Mohan Inamdar ◽  
Bhushan Rane ◽  
Ashish Jain
Keyword(s):  
Drug Delivery ◽  
Drug Delivery System ◽  
Delivery System ◽  
Transdermal Drug Delivery ◽  
Drug Loading ◽  
Drug Formulation ◽  
Gelling Agent ◽  
Therapeutic Effects ◽  
Transdermal Drug Delivery System

Transdermal drug delivery system is promising but challenging system available for local as well as systemic effect of the drug. The prolonged residence of drug formulation in the skin is important for transdermal drug delivery. Nanogel drug delivery has remained as one of the most challenging task. The objective of the investigation was to develop a nanogel with reduced particle size in order to improve the bioavailability of the hydrophobic drug. The objective of the controlled and sustained delivery is to provide and maintained adequate concentration of drugs at the site of action. Nanogels based materials have high drug loading capacity, biocompatibility and biodegradability which are key points to design the drug delivery system effectively. Drug molecules loaded into the nanogel need to be retained and not to be transported out or leak prematurely while circulating in order to provide maximum therapeutic effects and minimum toxicity or side effects. The present study is to formulate nanosizes dispersion of Beta sitosterol by nanoprecipitation method and incorporating it into the gelling agent to produce nanogel by dispersion method. 1% of carbopol 934 shows better in-vitro drug release than the other concentrations of carbopol 934.

scholarly journals BUCCAL DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEM : HISTORY AND RECENT DEVELOPMENTS

2016 ◽  
Vol 9 (6) ◽  
pp. 36
Author(s):  
Arun L
Keyword(s):  
Drug Delivery ◽  
Drug Delivery System ◽  
Delivery System ◽  
Dosage Form ◽  
Oral Route ◽  
New Drugs ◽  
Peroral Administration ◽  
Buccal Drug Delivery ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
Transmucosal Delivery

Abstract                   Of the various routes of drug delivery, the oral route is most ancient as well as preferred by the patient being convenient to take. However, peroral administration of drugs has short comings such as hepatic first-pass metabolism and enzymatic degradation within the GI-tract which comprehend a hindrance to the absorption of peptides and protein group of drug. The drug absorption takesplace faster as it is in contact with the absorption surface. The drug delivery system helps the drug to remain at the same place of application longer for once or twice daily dosing. For some drugs alternate way of administration results in novel methods of action as opposed to the above said procedure. The characteristics of the oral mucosa as well as physicochemical properties of the drug poses as a hindrance to the oral mucosal administration of some drugs. Commercial availability of drug is restricted, although most of the drugs are qualitatively assessed for oral transmucosal delivery. The clinical benefit produced by an oral transmucosal dosage form is good eventhough the production of this dosage form is expensive. Transmucosal products are the recent drug delivery strategies. Delivery through transmucosal benefits the absorption four times than that of skin. Considering the availability of products, only some drugs are used for oral transmucosal delivery. So new drugs have to be processed and developed inorder to meet the limited transmucosal drug delivery. Present paper intends to emphasis the importance of oral transmucosal drug delivery and also highlights on the latest advancement in the field.  

scholarly journals Compartmental and COMSOL Multiphysics 3D Modeling of Drug Diffusion to the Vitreous Following the Administration of a Sustained-Release Drug Delivery System

Pharmaceutics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (11) ◽  
pp. 1862
Author(s):  
Emily Dosmar ◽  
Gabrielle Vuotto ◽  
Xingqi Su ◽  
Emily Roberts ◽  
Abigail Lannoy ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drug Delivery ◽  
Drug Delivery System ◽  
Delivery System ◽  
Drug Transport ◽  
3D Model ◽  
Release Behavior ◽  
Drug Diffusion ◽  
Release Drug ◽  
Antibiotic Drug

The purpose of this study was to examine antibiotic drug transport from a hydrogel drug delivery system (DDS) using a computational model and a 3D model of the eye. Hydrogel DDSs loaded with vancomycin (VAN) were synthesized and release behavior was characterized in vitro. Four different compartmental and four COMSOL models of the eye were developed to describe transport into the vitreous originating from a DDS placed topically, in the subconjunctiva, subretinally, and intravitreally. The concentration of the simulated DDS was assumed to be the initial concentration of the hydrogel DDS. The simulation was executed over 1500 and 100 h for the compartmental and COMSOL models, respectively. Based on the MATLAB model, topical, subconjunctival, subretinal and vitreous administration took most (~500 h to least (0 h) amount of time to reach peak concentrations in the vitreous, respectively. All routes successfully achieved therapeutic levels of drug (0.007 mg/mL) in the vitreous. These models predict the relative build-up of drug in the vitreous following DDS administration in four different points of origin in the eye. Our model may eventually be used to explore the minimum loading dose of drug required in our DDS leading to reduced drug use and waste.

Occular Drug Delivery System – A Review

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (02) ◽  
Author(s):  
Naveen Kumar ◽  
Sonia Pahuja ◽  
Ranjit Sharma
Keyword(s):  
Drug Delivery ◽  
Drug Delivery System ◽  
Delivery System ◽  
Anterior Segment ◽  
Drug Formulation ◽  
Therapeutic Drug ◽  
Alternative Mode ◽  
System A ◽  
Site Of Action ◽  
Ophthalmic Drug

The unique Anatomy of the eye makes it a highly protected organ and unique structure restricts entry of the drug into the target site of action. Designing an effective therapy for ocular diseases has been considered as a difficult task. Major barriers in eye medication are the ability to maintain a therapeutic level of the drug at the site of action. Therapeutic drug levels are not maintained for a longer duration in target tissues. Limitations of the traditional route of administration have challenged scientists to find an alternative mode of administration like periocular routes. The ophthalmic formulations are available as buffered, isotonic, sterile solution. A number of types of dosage forms are applied as the drug delivery system for the ocular delivery. The topical ocular drop is the most suitable and patient compliant route of drug administration, especially for the management of anterior segment diseases. Ideal ophthalmic drug formulation must be able to prolong the drug release and to remain in the area of the front of the eye for prolong period. It is necessary to optimize ophthalmic drug delivery; one way to do so is by adding polymers, development of in situ gel or using erodible or nonerodible insert orcolloidal suspension to extend the precorneal drug retention.

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