scholarly journals Poverty dynamics in farm and rural households: PATANAS data analysis 2007‒2018

2021 ◽  
Vol 892 (1) ◽  
pp. 012053
Author(s):  
R D Yofa ◽  
M Maulana ◽  
A M Ar-rozi ◽  
I S Anugerah ◽  
V Darwis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rural Households ◽  
Poverty Line ◽  
Policy Studies ◽  
Urban Sector ◽  
Agricultural Modernization ◽  
Agricultural Income ◽  
Income Sources ◽  
Study Results ◽  
Job Transfer ◽  
Data Survey

Abstract In developing countries, the majority of the population work as farmers. Thus, the welfare realization can be achieved by increasing farmers’ welfare. Welfare is the opposite of poverty, therefore, the prevalence of poverty is seen as an indicator of welfare. This study aims to analyze the dynamics of poverty at the farm and rural household levels. The data used is from a panel data survey of the National Farmers Panel (PATANAS) on four agroecosystems from 2007 to 2018, collected by the Indonesian Centre for Agricultural Socio-Economic and Policy Studies (ICASEPS), Ministry of Agriculture. The data were analyzed statistically descriptive by making six poverty categories based on the distance between per capita income and the poverty line published by Central Bureau Statistic (CBS). The study results show that rural households still use the land as their main base of income in all types of agroecosystems. On the other hand, non-agricultural income sources have consistently increased, indicating a structural change from the dominance of agriculture to industry and services. There has been a decrease in the number of rural households categorized as almost non-poor, destitute, and suffering. The number of households categorized as non-poor and very poor is dominant in all agroecosystems. It shows that there is widening inequality. Recommendations can be given in farm upgrading through agricultural modernization, rural agro-industrialization, and even job transfer from rural farmers to the formal urban sector.

Economic Analysis of Non-Farm and Off-Farm Income Sector: A Way Ahead in Making Farmers Income Profitable

2021 ◽  
pp. 112-119
Keyword(s):  
Public Investment ◽  
Rural Households ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Farm Households ◽  
Farm Income ◽  
Small Farmers ◽  
Income Diversification ◽  
Agricultural Income ◽  
Income Sources ◽  
Multi Stage

Income diversification is an important strategy to augments income among small and marginal farmers. This study evaluated the income diversification among farm households in the Ariyalur district. A multi-stage sampling technique was used, and 115 rural households were selected by applying Arkin and Colton formula. The data collected were analyzed using the Herfindahl index and Gini-coefficient. The results showed that the average number of income sources accessed by all marginal farmers is about 1.81, and small farmers are about 1.90, and small farmers had an income diversification range of 0.64 to 0.65, which is a medium diversification category. When the non-farm and off income were considered together with agricultural income, the overall income inequality dropped. The results suggested that the local government should take serious steps to create employment avenues for smallholders outside agriculture that provide credit, training, and necessary inputs to rural households and recommended for public investment in rural infrastructures, such as roads and bridges, telecommunications, education, energy, and water.

scholarly journals Income Diversification, Inequality and Poverty among Rural Households in Oyo State, Nigeria

2017 ◽  
Vol 9 (5) ◽  
pp. 83
Author(s):  
Olubunmi O Alawode ◽  
Isaac B Oluwatayo ◽  
Afusat O Abdullahi
Keyword(s):  
Skill Acquisition ◽  
Gini Coefficient ◽  
Rural Households ◽  
Poverty Line ◽  
Farm Size ◽  
Probit Regression ◽  
Total Income ◽  
Income Diversification ◽  
Agricultural Income ◽  
Crop Farming

 The study examined income diversification, inequality and poverty among rural households in Oyo state, Nigeria. Cross-section data were generated from the survey conducted on a sample of 200 households with the aid of structured questionnaire using multi-stage sampling procedure. Descriptive statistics, diversification index, Gini coefficient, FGT poverty index, and the Probit regression model were used to analyze data. Mean income diversification index of 1.22 shows that majority of the respondents had multiple streams of income but crop farming had the largest share (90%) in total income. Mean income of respondents was ₦77,613.2±83575.01, and Gini coefficient of 0.48, 0.46, and 0.39 were obtained for total income, nonagricultural income, and agricultural income respectively. The poverty line was ₦6,490.50 and mean per capita expenditure was ₦9,735.74. The head count ratio showed that 53.5% of the households were poor while 46.5% were regarded as non-poor, and poverty gap was 0.214. From probit results, age, secondary occupation, and farm size had significant inverse relationship with poverty status. Having primary and secondary income sources is poverty reducing, therefore, rural households should be encouraged to remain in farming, especially crop farming, and motivated through skill acquisition to diversify into other income generating activities.   

scholarly journals Effect of livelihood diversification on rural households’ poverty reduction in Central Zone of Tigray regional state, Ethiopia

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yohannes Halefom Gebretsadik ◽  
Berhane Tsegay Teklemariam ◽  
Hailay Nigusie Gebru
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Poverty Reduction ◽  
Skill Training ◽  
Rural Households ◽  
Central Zone ◽  
Marginal Effect ◽  
Livelihood Diversification ◽  
Agricultural Income ◽  
Income Sources ◽  
Rural Livelihood

Abstract Rural livelihood diversification studies previously conducted in Ethiopia lack linkages with poverty. This study was aimed at investigating the effect of livelihood diversification on rural households’ poverty reduction. The result of this study revealed that 49.80%, 40.41% and 9.80% of the rural households’ income was generated from: agriculture, both agricultural & non-agricultural and non-agricultural income sources respectively. The mean rural livelihood diversification index (SDI) was 0.38. This low diversification index was a source of vulnerability to the adverse effects of climate changes. The absolute poverty line was calculated 6067.75 Birr/year per adult equivalents. Hence, 39.58% of female-headed households, 30.96% male-headed households and 32.65% of the population were poor. The logistic marginal effect analysis indicated that as the households’ SDI increased by one unit, the probability of being poor was reduced by 0.282 (p<0.01%). To reduce rural households' poverty, diversification of rural livelihood beyond agricultural income sources should be promoted through skill training, saving mobilization, improving access to credit, market information, and rural transport facility. Moreover, an appropriate institutional arrangement should be made for promoting a rural non-farm economy that can be possible by capacitating and extending of the small and micro-enterprises development agency into rural areas.

scholarly journals Income Diversification, Inequality and Poverty among Rural Households in Oyo State, Nigeria

2017 ◽  
Vol 9 (5(J)) ◽  
pp. 83-92
Author(s):  
Olubunmi O Alawode ◽  
Isaac B Oluwatayo ◽  
Afusat O Abdullahi
Keyword(s):  
Skill Acquisition ◽  
Gini Coefficient ◽  
Rural Households ◽  
Poverty Line ◽  
Farm Size ◽  
Probit Regression ◽  
Total Income ◽  
Income Diversification ◽  
Agricultural Income ◽  
Crop Farming

 The study examined income diversification, inequality and poverty among rural households in Oyo state, Nigeria. Cross-section data were generated from the survey conducted on a sample of 200 households with the aid of structured questionnaire using multi-stage sampling procedure. Descriptive statistics, diversification index, Gini coefficient, FGT poverty index, and the Probit regression model were used to analyze data. Mean income diversification index of 1.22 shows that majority of the respondents had multiple streams of income but crop farming had the largest share (90%) in total income. Mean income of respondents was ₦77,613.2±83575.01, and Gini coefficient of 0.48, 0.46, and 0.39 were obtained for total income, nonagricultural income, and agricultural income respectively. The poverty line was ₦6,490.50 and mean per capita expenditure was ₦9,735.74. The head count ratio showed that 53.5% of the households were poor while 46.5% were regarded as non-poor, and poverty gap was 0.214. From probit results, age, secondary occupation, and farm size had significant inverse relationship with poverty status. Having primary and secondary income sources is poverty reducing, therefore, rural households should be encouraged to remain in farming, especially crop farming, and motivated through skill acquisition to diversify into other income generating activities.   

Poverty in the European Union and in Russia: A comparative analysis

2021 ◽  
Vol 20 (4) ◽  
pp. 697-717
Author(s):  
Eka R. ERMAKOVA ◽  
Dar'ya V. VASHURKINA
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Poverty Line ◽  
Poverty Measurement ◽  
Federal State ◽  
Economic Science ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Monetary Approach ◽  
Study Results ◽  
The Absolute

Subject. The article considers and compares methods used in the European and domestic practice for determining the poverty line. Objectives. Our aim is to underpin the need to abandon the absolute approach to determining the poverty line in Russia in favor of relative approaches. Methods. We employ general scientific methods of cognition (comparison, analysis, and synthesis) and special methods of economic science (rationed assessments). The data of the Federal State Statistics Service and its territorial bodies, the Statistical Office of the European Communities, etc. serve as the information base of the study. Results. The paper shows the failure of the absolute approach to poverty measurement, reveals its shortcomings, determines that it distorts the picture of economic reality in the study of poverty. We apply the European monetary approach to poverty measurement. The comparative analysis of poverty rates in Western Europe and in Russia confirms the existence of extreme forms of poverty, both in developed European States and in our country. The paper uses the ‘zone theory’ to assess the severity of poverty in Russia; the actual values of these indicators in Western Europe serve as thresholds. Conclusions. The use of the relative monetary approach to measure poverty in the country gives a more accurate idea. Since 2021, Russia has switched to a similar method of calculating the subsistence rate and the minimum wage. Hence, the officially recorded level of poverty in the country will increase, and this will require additional measures to support the poor by the State.

scholarly journals Labor allocation dynamics, problem, and strategy for plantation development in Indonesia

2021 ◽  
Vol 892 (1) ◽  
pp. 012092
Author(s):  
S Wahyuni ◽  
S H Susilowati ◽  
R D Yofa ◽  
D H Azahari
Keyword(s):  
Time Allocation ◽  
Policy Studies ◽  
Labor Allocation ◽  
Female Workers ◽  
Participation Of Women ◽  
The Family ◽  
Data Survey ◽  
Plantation Development ◽  
Data Source ◽  
Gender Based

Abstract Women have important role in farming activities they have and running their household. This paper aims to analyze gender-based working time allocation in farming plantation to support the fifth SDGs “gender equality”. The data source was from a micro panel data survey of the National Farmers Panel (PATANAS) done by the Indonesian Center for Agricultural Socio Economic and Policy Studies, Ministry of Agriculture, in 2009 and 2018. The qualitative research was adopted, data analyzed descriptively by comparing results in 2009 and 2018. The results showed that the time allocation for female workers outside the family per hectare in 2018 increased compared to 2009 for sugarcane, rubber, and cacao commodities. The allocation of labor time in women’s families also increased in sugarcane (+ 37%) and rubber (+ 33%) but decreased for cacao (-55%) and oil palm (-42%) because were replaced by labor from outside the family. The allocation of time for labor within the family and outside the family in both 2009 and 2018 was dominated by male workers. Male and female laborer have certain activity in plantation farming and in general wages of male laborers are higher than those of women. In 2009 the labor wage difference was IDR 5,163 and getting higher in 2018 ranging from IDR 6,048 (cacao) to IDR 9,302 (sugarcane). Suggested that to increase the participation of women in plantation farming, special improvement should be addressed to women’s capacities in technical, managerial, wages system and problems of women’s working on plantations which showed increasing labor.

scholarly journals Foresight for income and employment: What can we learn for agricultural research for development

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gideon Kruseman ◽  
Ahmad Dermawan ◽  
Mandiaye Diagne ◽  
Dolapo Enahoro ◽  
Aymen Frija ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
International Development ◽  
Food Systems ◽  
Agricultural Research ◽  
Decision Makers ◽  
Comprehensive Overview ◽  
Agricultural Income ◽  
Food And Agriculture ◽  
Study Results ◽  
Entry Points ◽  
The Future

Challenges related to poverty, hunger, nutrition, health, and the environment are widespread and urgent. One way to stress the urgency of making the right decisions about the future of the global food systems now is to better understand and more clearly articulate the alternative scenarios that food systems face. Developing, synthesizing, and presenting such alternatives to decision makers in a clear way is the ultimate goal of e CGIAR Foresight team.No single source of information focuses regularly and systematically on the future of food and agriculture, and challenges facing developing countries. Our work aims to fill that gap with a focus on agricultural income and employment.group systematically collects information about past, on-going and planned foresight activities across CGIAR centers and their partners, spanning the global agricultural research for development arenaWe present a comprehensive overview and synthesis of the results of relevant foresight research, which through the tagging with metadata allows for customized investigations in greater detail. The cross-cutting nature of this work allows for a more comprehensive picture and assessments of possible complementarities/trade-offs.Potential users of this report and associated activities include CGIAR science leaders and scientists as well as the broader research community, national and international development partners, national governments and research organizations, funders, and the private sector.The approach developed by the CGIAR foresight group is used to make foresight study results accessible across organizations and domains in order to aid policy and decision makers for strategic planning. The approach allows visualization of both the available information across multiple entry points as well as the identification of critical knowledge gaps.

Multiplex livelihoods in rural Africa: recasting the terms and conditions of gainful employment

2002 ◽  
Vol 40 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-28 ◽  
Author(s):  
Deborah Fahy Bryceson
Keyword(s):  
Dynamic Change ◽  
Ecological Factors ◽  
Policy Formulation ◽  
Gainful Employment ◽  
Agricultural Income ◽  
Income Sources ◽  
Recent Case Study ◽  
Effective Policy ◽  
Rural Africa ◽  
Rural Dwellers

Citing recent case study evidence from various parts of Africa, this article argues that the income diversification efforts of most rural dwellers over the past decade have been directed at meeting daily needs amidst declining returns to commercial agriculture. Individuals and households have experimented with new forms of livelihood, expanding their non-agricultural income sources, while retaining their base in subsistence farming. Various livelihood patterns are emerging, depending on historical, geographical and agro-ecological factors at local and national levels. Livelihood experimentation has catalysed overlapping arenas of dynamic change, notably disequilibria between households and individual members, tensions between generations, the recalibration of gender power balances, and a search for new social networks. So far this surge of livelihood ‘multiplexity’ has not generated adequate overall levels of gainful employment, technical innovation, purchasing power or welfare improvement. Thus, probing the complex interplay of economic, social, cultural and political dynamics in rural Africa becomes all the more essential for effective policy formulation.

scholarly journals Süt Keçisi Yetiştiren İşletmelerin Ekonomik Sürdürülebilirliği ve Aile Geçimi İçin Sürü Büyüklüğünün Tespiti

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (11) ◽  
pp. 2491-2497
Author(s):  
Duygu Aktürk ◽  
Dilek Arsoy
Keyword(s):  
Milk Yield ◽  
Average Rate ◽  
Goat Milk ◽  
Poverty Line ◽  
Herd Size ◽  
Production Costs ◽  
Dairy Goat ◽  
Total Production ◽  
Statistical Institute ◽  
Study Results

With this study, it is aimed to reveal the effect of economically sustainable dairy goat breeding in order to provide sufficient income. For this purpose, in Çanakkale Province, which has 234.408 thousand head goats, mostly dairy goat breeding, 30 enterprises were selected through proportional sampling to determine the herd size for technical herd analysis and economic sustainability in family subsistence. The parameters obtained are milk yield (2.1 L), herd size (168.21 heads), number of animals milked (82.54 heads), milk marketing rate (96.75%). 52.30% of milk production costs are variable costs and 47.70% are fixed costs. Feed costs have the highest share in total production costs with 43.88%. In the enterprises, 68.34% of the total gross production value obtained from goat breeding is milk, 27.06% is Productive Fixture Increase and 4.60% is fertilizer income. The cost of 1 L milk in the enterprises was calculated as 1.73 TL (USD 0.36), (the average rate of 1 USD in 2018 is 4.81 TL). 1 L of goat milk price is 3 TL (USD 0.62), (Canakkale, Turkey, sales price, 2018) considering; It has been determined that the enterprises make an average profit of 1.27 TL / L per liter (42%). With the calculated parameters, a profit of 602.27 TL (125.21 Dollars) was obtained from only milk sales in a production period from a dairy goat. A family of four the poverty line, according to the Turkey Statistical Institute 2018 poverty study results are reported on a monthly 6609.000 TL. As a result of the research, the average milk yield is 2.10 L, and as a result of the calculation made considering the average milking time of 225 days and the profit obtained from it, the number of milky goats that will meet the poverty line for a family of four was determined as 131 heads.

scholarly journals Toward Cleaner Production: Can Mobile Phone Technology Help Reduce Inorganic Fertilizer Application? Evidence Using a National Level Dataset

Land ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (10) ◽  
pp. 1023
Author(s):  
Nawab Khan ◽  
Ram L. Ray ◽  
Hazem S. Kassem ◽  
Muhammad Ihtisham ◽  
Abdullah ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Capital ◽  
Mobile Phone ◽  
Rural Households ◽  
Inorganic Fertilizer ◽  
Two Stage ◽  
Promotion Policy ◽  
Remote Areas ◽  
Promotion Policies ◽  
Study Results ◽  
The Impact

Increasing agricultural production and optimizing inorganic fertilizer (IF) use are imperative for agricultural and environmental sustainability. Mobile phone usage (MPU) has the potential to reduce IF application while ensuring environmental and agricultural sustainability goals. The main objectives of this study were to assess MPU, mobile phone promotion policy, and whether the mediation role of human capital can help reduce IF use. This study used baseline regression analysis and propensity score matching, difference-in-differences (PSM-DID) to assess the impact of MPU on IF usage. However, the two-stage instrumental variables method (IVM) was used to study the effects of mobile phone promotion policy on IF usage. This study used a national dataset from 7,987 rural households in Afghanistan to investigate the impacts of MPU and associated promotion policies on IF application. The baseline regression outcomes showed that the MPU significantly reduced IF usage. The evaluation mechanism revealed that mobile phones help reduce IF application by improving the human capital of farmers. Besides, evidence from the DID technique showed that mobile phone promotion policies lowered IF application. These results remained robust after applying the PSM-DID method and two-stage IVM to control endogenous decisions of rural households. This study results imply that enhancing the accessibility of wideband in remote areas, promoting MPU, and increasing investment in information communication technologies (ICTs) infrastructure can help decrease the IF application in agriculture. Thus, the government should invest in remote areas to facilitate access to ICTs, such as having a telephone and access to a cellular and internet network to provide an environment and facility to apply IF effectively. Further, particular policy support must focus on how vulnerable populations access the internet and mobile phone technologies.

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