scholarly journals The Regionalization of Indonesian Maritime Continent Rainfall based on Integrated Multi-satellite Retrievals for GPM (IMERG)

2021 ◽  
Vol 893 (1) ◽  
pp. 012065
Author(s):  
IWA Yuda ◽  
T Osawa ◽  
M Nagai ◽  
R Prasetia
Keyword(s):  
Correlation Method ◽  
Rainfall Data ◽  
Annual Rainfall ◽  
North Central ◽  
Rain Gauges ◽  
The North ◽  
Satellite Retrievals ◽  
North Part ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Observation Tools

Abstract The need for adequate rainfall data in all regions of Indonesia cannot be achieved only by relying on ground observation tools. This work aims to evaluate the application of spatial satellite rainfall data in characterizing rainfall associated with climatic condition over Indonesia. This study applied an Integrated Multi-satellite Retrievals for GPM (IMERG) data using a double correlation method (DCM). The analysis was carried out in the period April 2014 to March 2019. Before regionalization, IMERG V06 data were validated using observed rainfall data from the Agency for Meteorology, Climatology, and Geophysics of the Republic of Indonesia (BMKG). The results showed that 96% of 154 total validation locations have a high correlation score between IMERG and rain gauges (r = 0.5 – 0.97). IMERG was also able to identify monthly and annual rainfall patterns in Indonesia. Based on DCM, we obtained four rainfall regions in Indonesia. Region A has the monsoonal characteristic, covers central and south Indonesia from south Sumatra to Nusa Tenggara, south parts of Kalimantan, some areas of Sulawesi, and parts of Papua. Region B has an equatorial pattern (semi-monsoonal), located in the equatorial area of Indonesia and covers the west and east part of Sumatra and the north-central part of Kalimantan. Region C, with an anti-monsoonal pattern, covers Maluku, western-central Papua, and parts of Sulawesi. Region D is influenced by monsoon and cold surge characteristics, located in the north part of Sumatera and a small portion of northern Kalimantan to the South China Sea region. Besides the new region D, this research also showed five other differences between IMERG-based map and gridded rain gauges’ data-based map (2003). The regionalization results based on IMERG reveal that there is a possibility of updating areas with certain rainfall characters in Indonesia related to resolution, density, and updates data sources.

Climatology and Trends of Climate Extremes of Temperature and Precipitation in Belo Monte Hydropower Plant – Eastern Amazon, Brazil

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wanderson Luiz-Silva ◽  
Pedro Regoto ◽  
Camila Ferreira de Vasconcellos ◽  
Felipe Bevilaqua Foldes Guimarães ◽  
Katia Cristina Garcia
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Climate Extremes ◽  
Annual Rainfall ◽  
The South ◽  
North Central ◽  
Adaptation Capacity ◽  
The North ◽  
South Central ◽  
Daily Data ◽  
Belo Monte

<p>This research aims to support studies related to the adaptation capacity of the Amazon region to climate change. The Belo Monte Hydroelectric Power Plant (HPP) is in the Xingu River basin, in eastern Amazonia. Deforestation coupled with changes in water bodies that occurred in the drainage area of Belo Monte HPP over the past few decades can significantly influence the hydroclimatic features and, consequently, ecosystems and energy generation in the region. In this context, we analyze the climatology and trends of climate extremes in this area. The climate information comes from daily data in grid points of 0.25° x 0.25° for the period 1980-2013, available in http://careyking.com/data-downloads/. A set of 17 climate extremes indices based on daily data of maximum temperature (TX), minimum temperature (TN), and precipitation (PRCP) was calculated through the RClimDex software, recommended by the Expert Team on Climate Change Detection and Indices (ETCCDI). The Mann-Kendall and the Sen’s Curvature tests are used to assess the statistical significance and the magnitude of the trends, respectively. The drainage area of the Belo Monte HPP is dominated by two climatic types: an equatorial climate in the north-central portion of the basin, with high temperatures and little variation throughout the year (22°C to 32°C), in addition to more frequent precipitation; and a tropical climate in the south-central sector, which experiences slightly more pronounced temperature variations throughout the year (20°C to 33°C) and presents a more defined wet and dry periods. The south-central portion of the basin exhibits the highest temperature extremes, with the highest TX and the lowest TN of the year occurring in this area, both due to the predominant days of clear skies in the austral winter, as to the advance of intense masses of polar air at this period. The diurnal temperature range is lower in the north-central sector when compared to that in the south-central region since the first has greater cloud cover and a higher frequency of precipitation. The largest annual rainfall volumes are concentrated at the north and west sides (more than 1,800 mm) and the precipitation extremes are heterogeneous across the basin. The maximum number of consecutive dry days increases from the north (10 to 20 days) to the south (90 to 100 days). The annual frequency of warm days and nights is increasing significantly in a large part of the basin with a magnitude ranging predominantly from +7 to +19 days/decade. The annual rainfall shows a predominant elevation sign of up to +200 mm/decade only in the northern part of the basin, while the remainder shows a reduction of up to -100 mm/decade. The duration of drought periods increases in the south-central sector of the basin, reaching up to +13 days/decade in some areas. The results of this study will be used in the future as an important input, together with exposure, sensibility, and local adaptation capacity, to design adaptation strategies that are more consistent with local reality and to the needs of local communities.</p>

scholarly journals Investigations on Prevalence and Antimicrobial Resistance of Enterohaemorrhagic Escherichia Coli (Ehec) Among Dairy Farms in the North Part of the Republic of Bulgaria

2015 ◽  
Vol 38 (1) ◽  
pp. 21-29 ◽  
Author(s):  
Valentina Urumova ◽  
Mihni Lyutzkanov ◽  
Vladimir Petrov
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Farm ◽  
The Other ◽  
Identification System ◽  
Cattle Farm ◽  
E Coli ◽  
The North ◽  
Enterohaemorrhagic Escherichia Coli ◽  
North Part ◽  
The Republic ◽  
O 157

Abstract Over a 2-year period, from January 2011 to May 2013, a total of 1094 faecal swab samples were collected from cattle at different age at 4 farms in North Bulgaria: Okorsh, Slavyanovo (Popovo municipality), Dobri dol and Trem. Out of them, 36 coli strains (3.3%) positive in the E. coli O:157 antiserum agglutination test and identified by the BBL CRYSTAL identification system as belonging to the E. coli O:157 serotype were isolated. The distribution of isolates was as followed: 5 (0.5%) E. coli O:157 strains at the Okorsh dairy cattle farm, 7 (0.6%) E. coli isolates at the Slavyanovo dairy farm, 16 (1.5%) isolates at the Dobri dol farm and 8 (0.7%) isolates at the Trem farm. Colibacteria exhibited 100% sensitivity to oxyimino-cephalosporins, gentamicin and enrofloxacin, and were resistant to ampicillin (19.4%) and tetracycline (41.6%). From the 15 strains resistant to tetracycline, 11 were isolated from the cows at Dobri dol, while the other 4 originated from the other three farms. The 7 ampicillin-resistant E. coli isolates were detected only at the Dobri dol cattle farm.

Occurrence of Summer Fallow Weeds within the Grain Belt Region of Southwestern Australia

2010 ◽  
Vol 24 (4) ◽  
pp. 562-568 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pippa J. Michael ◽  
Catherine P. Borger ◽  
William J. Macleod ◽  
Pip L. Payne
Keyword(s):  
Annual Rainfall ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
North Central ◽  
The North ◽  
South Central ◽  
Poaceae Family ◽  
Species Groups ◽  
Rigid Ryegrass ◽  
Summer Fallow ◽  
Western Australian

Field surveys were conducted on 319 sites of the Western Australian grain belt in 2006 to determine the occurrence and distribution of summer fallow weed species. Sites were located across five growing season regions (north, north central, central, south central, and south) and three annual rainfall zones (high, medium, and low). A total of 51 species (or species groups) from 18 families were identified, with the large majority of species (35%) belonging to the Poaceae family. The most prevalent species found, being present at more than 10% of all sites, were wheat, “melons” (weedy watermelon and paddymelon), rigid ryegrass, capeweed, clover, mintweed, wild radish, fleabane, windmill grass, and rolypoly. Correspondence analysis revealed that the north, central, and southern regions of the grain belt could be predominately segregated according to dominant weed species occurrence; however, no segregation by rainfall zone was apparent. This study has given an overview of summer fallow weed occurrence in the Western Australian grain belt and highlights those weed species that are common and yet lack sufficient research into their ecology and management.

scholarly journals Uncertainty of Optimal Rain Gauge Coastal Region: Case Study Makassar

2020 ◽  
Vol 1000 (1000) ◽  
Author(s):  
Giarno Arno ◽  
Muflihah Muflihah ◽  
Mujahidin Mujahidin
Keyword(s):  
Standard Deviation ◽  
Relative Standard Deviation ◽  
Water Resource Management ◽  
Coastal Region ◽  
Rain Gauge ◽  
Rainfall Data ◽  
Annual Rainfall ◽  
Error Level ◽  
Rain Gauges ◽  
Relative Standard

The quality of rainfall data is very important in disaster or hazard analysis and water resource management. However, the accuracy and density of rainfall gauges are increasing, especially if related to the increasing amount of rainfall due to extreme events, such as floods that occurred in Makassar City in 2019. The purpose of this study is to analyze the scenario of optimal rainfall measurement measures in Makassar City. Determination number of the optimal rainfall equipment acquired by calculation of the coefficient of variation or relative standard deviation and error level based on the latest rainfall data in several locations in Makassar City. The results showed that the change of the number of optimal rain gauges varies with the level of error schemes. If the rainfall measurement wants to be improved, the number of rain gauges must be added. Moreover, increasing rainfall accumulation requires an additional rain gauge. By comparing the monthly rainfall data obtained from the rain station in Makassar, it takes 10 rain stations so that the error level is 5%. Nevertheless, using a longer rainfall duration causes the number of the optimal rain gauge to increase. The optimal rain gauge for annual rainfall data at an error level of 5% is 55 units, while if the error level is increased to 10% then 14 units and 6 units for error levels of 15%. Based on the calculation of the relative standard deviation (RSD) from 5 locations that measuring rainfall in Makassar, the biggest city in west coast Sulawesi Island obtained the level of error level is 10%. The scenario with combined among the five existing rain gauges showed that needs to be added to the rainfall gauge between Panaikang or Biring Romang and Sudiang. It is also important to add equipment on-site between Paotere and Barombong.

How Extreme was the Drought?

1997 ◽  
Vol 28 (4-5) ◽  
pp. 297-306
Author(s):  
Bente Clausen ◽  
Charles P. Pearson
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Water Shortage ◽  
Rainfall Data ◽  
Annual Rainfall ◽  
Exceedance Probability ◽  
Severe Drought ◽  
The North ◽  
Auckland Region

In 1993/94 a severe drought on the North Island of New Zealand caused water shortage in the Auckland metropolis. How extreme was the drought? This paper presents comparisons of frequencies of the 1993/94 drought in four North Island regions using different indicators of drought and including both streamflow and rainfall data. With regard to streamflow deficit volume and duration the exceedance probabilities ranged from 1 to 25%; however, the 7-day annual minimum flows in 1993/94 were less extreme with non-exceedance probabilities from 10 to 34%. With regard to rainfall the drought in the Auckland region was most extreme (on average 2% exceedance probability) when annual rainfall totals were analysed compared to seasonal totals (on average 6% exceedance probability for half-annual totals and 13-38% for three-month totals). Thus, the conclusion was that the 1993/94 drought was extreme because of its duration rather than its magnitude.

Fog interception in montane forests across the Central Cordillera of Panamá

1996 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 357-369 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jaime Cavelier ◽  
Daniel Solis ◽  
Maria A. Jaramillo
Keyword(s):  
Drainage Basin ◽  
Annual Rainfall ◽  
Leeward Side ◽  
Mountain Range ◽  
Montane Forests ◽  
Rain Gauges ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Pacific Side ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Central Cordillera

ABSTRACTFog interception and rainfall were measured at 14 stations across the Central Cordillera in western Panamá. Fog interception and rainfall were measured monthly during 1988–1989 with artificial fog catchers and rain gauges, respectively. Fog interception was highest on ridges and increased with increasing altitude. Fog interception contributed between 2.4 and 60.6% of the total water input, depending on altitude and exposure to the prevailing winds. Absolute amounts of annual fog interception ranged from 142 to 2295 mm. Although low clouds were more frequent in montane forests, clouds close to the ground also occurred in the lowlands. During the study period, there was a gradient of increasing total rainfall from the Caribbean (3355 mm) to the Pacific side (5759 mm) of the Central Cordillera. Nevertheless, rainfall was more seasonal on the leeward side of the mountain range. Seasonal variation in fog intereption was different from rainfall patterns and no correlation was found between monthly (or annual) rainfall and fog interception. The results of this study showed the importance of montane forests for the preservation of water sources, particularly along ridges of the Fortuna drainage basin that provides more than 50% of the electricity of the Republic of Panamá.

scholarly journals Assessing the performance of multi-sources gridded data to estimate long-term rainfall change over north-central region of India

MAUSAM ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 71 (2) ◽  
pp. 225-232
Author(s):  
AKHTER JAVED ◽  
MAJUMDER DEBJYOTI ◽  
DEB ARGHA ◽  
DAS LALU
Keyword(s):  
High Resolution ◽  
Central India ◽  
Rainfall Data ◽  
Annual Rainfall ◽  
Ncep Reanalysis ◽  
Gridded Data ◽  
North Central ◽  
High Resolution Data ◽  
Skill Scores ◽  
Annual Scale

As station data quality and availability is not adequate to reliably estimate observed climate change over many parts of the country, multi sources observational gridded datasets have been employed in the present study. The performances of multi-observational gridded datasets, e.g., IMD gridded data, CRU, APHRODITE, GPCC, NCAR/NCEP reanalysis have been compared with the reference rainfall data from IITM over North central India (NCI), a region of subtropical monsoon climate, during four main seasons (MAM,JJAS,ON and DJF) as well as in annual scale for the period 1951-2003. All the gridded data except CRU and NCEP have secured good skill scores in all seasons as well as at annual scale. APHRODITE and NCEP reanalysis have shown large wet bias in all seasons. The reference rainfall data over NCI has shown 6.3 mm, 4.2 mm, 1.9 mm and 11.2 mm increase per decade for MAM, JJAS, DJF seasons and annual rainfall respectively whereas 2.2 mm decrease per decade has been found for ON season. Only GPCC dataset have been able to capture similar trend for all seasons. Performance of NCEP reanalysis has been worse in compared to others. GPCC and IMD high resolution data has shown smallest bias among all the datasets and also obtain superior skill scores than others. Therefore based on visual inspection and the results from different conventional measures, GPCC high resolution gridded data and high resolution IMD gridded data may be reliably used for climatic analysis of this region.

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