scholarly journals Russian Approaches to the Forest Type Classification

2021 ◽  
Vol 906 (1) ◽  
pp. 012023
Author(s):  
Valery Fomin ◽  
Anna Mikhailovich
Keyword(s):  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Russian Federation ◽  
Forest Type ◽  
Anthropogenic Factors ◽  
Genetic Approach ◽  
Habitat Conditions ◽  
Forest Types ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
Forest Typology ◽  
Type Classification

Abstract The results of researches characterizing the geographical distribution of forest-ecological, phytocoenotic, and genetic classifications of forest types in the Russian Federation nowadays are presented in the thesis. A comparative analysis was carried out for the following items: the inclusive concept of a classification unit (a type of habitat conditions; a type of forest); features of distinguishing the border of the classification units; classification features used to determine the type of habitat conditions; features of the classification of phytocoenoses used to determine the forest type; the degree to which the successional dynamics of forest stands are taken into consideration; the degree to which the influence of anthropogenic factors are taken into consideration; the level of implementation in forest management and forestry practice; regions of implementation. In the process of development of forest typologies, the concept of a forest type changed from understanding it as a forest area homogeneous by composition, structure, and appearance (homogeneity in space) in natural classifications to the concepts of a forest type, in which priority is given to homogeneity in origin (genesis), as well as developmental processes and dynamics (homogeneity in time) in genetic and dynamic typologies. Currently, there is the following forest type classification in the Russian Federation: forest-ecological, phytocoenotic, genetic, and dynamic. When classifying forest areas within the forest-ecological direction provided by E.V. Alekseev – P.S. Pogrebnyak, the priority is given to the characteristics of the habitat conditions. Within the phytocoenotic direction provided by V.N. Sukachev, the priority is given to the phytocoenosis characteristics. Within the genetic approach provided by B.A. Ivashkevich – B.P. Kolesnikov, a forest type is considered as a series of alternating phases – types of phytocoenosis within the same type of habitat conditions. In this case, phytocoenotic classifications can be a part of the genetic classifications for the climax forest phytocoenosis. And the dynamic approach provided by I.S. Melekhov is very close to the genetic one and is a superstructure over the classical phytocoenotic forest typology provided by V.N. Sukachev. The current use of forest typological classifications by forest inventory management enterprises in the Russian Federation was studied. A map of the geographical distribution of forest typologies of the above-listed directions of forest typology researches was created. Forest-ecological classifications are used mainly in the southern regions of the European part of Russia and the North Caucasus. Forest typologies created based on a genetic approach to the forest type classification are used in Western Siberia, in the south of the Far East and Eastern Siberia, and in some regions of the Urals. Phytocoenotic classifications of forest types are used in other regions of the Russian Federation.

scholarly journals Historical avenues of research in Russian forest typology: ecological, phytocoenotic, genetic, and dynamic classifications

2017 ◽  
Vol 47 (7) ◽  
pp. 849-860 ◽  
Author(s):  
V.V. Fomin ◽  
S.V. Zalesov ◽  
A.S. Popov ◽  
A.P. Mikhailovich
Keyword(s):  
Russian Federation ◽  
Forest Inventory ◽  
Sustainable Forest Management ◽  
Forest Type ◽  
National Forest Inventory ◽  
Montreal Protocol ◽  
Inventory Systems ◽  
National Forest ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
Forest Typology

The Russian Federation is one of many countries that have signed the Montreal Protocol and Pan-European Forest Process. These initiatives are aimed at harmonizing national forest inventory systems with criteria and indicators for sustainable forest management. In Russia, the classification of forest type is at the heart of national forest inventory systems. For various historical reasons, Russian scientific advancements in the field of forest typology remain little known in the rest of the world. This paper is aimed at addressing this deficiency. Here, we provide an overview of the main trends in the field of forest typology studies in the previous political states of the Russian Empire, the Soviet Union, and the Russian Federation from the end of the nineteenth century to the beginning of the twenty-first century. We detail the principles that formed the basis of the most significant forest type classifications. We also perform similarity and differences analyses comparing approaches used by members of different scientific schools in the field of forest typology. The historical relationship between ecological, phytocoenotic, genetic, and dynamic forest type classifications are discussed as well as the reasons for the prevalence of certain forest type classifications in different regions of Russia.

scholarly journals Potential of P-Band SAR Tomography in Forest Type Classification

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 696
Author(s):  
Dinh Ho Tong Minh ◽  
Yen-Nhi Ngo ◽  
Thu Trang Lê
Keyword(s):  
Forest Type ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Strong Support ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
High Sensitivity ◽  
Forest Site ◽  
Forest Types ◽  
Forest Classification ◽  
Sar Data ◽  
Type Classification

Forest type classification using spaceborne remote sensing is a challenge. Low-frequency Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) signals (i.e., P-band, ∼0.69 m wavelength) are needed to penetrate a thick vegetation layer. However, this measurement alone does not guarantee a good performance in forest classification tasks. SAR tomography, a technique employing multiple acquisitions over the same areas to form a three-dimensional image, has been demonstrated to improve SAR’s capability in many applications. Our study shows the potential value of SAR tomography acquisitions to improve forest classification. By using P-band tomographic SAR data from the German Aerospace Center F-SAR sensor during the AfriSAR campaign in February 2016, the vertical profiles of five different forest types at a tropical forest site in Mondah, Gabon (South Africa) were analyzed and exploited for the classification task. We demonstrated that the high sensitivity of SAR tomography to forest vertical structure enables the improvement of classification performance by up to 33%. Interestingly, by using the standard Random Forest technique, we found that the ground (i.e., at 5–10 m) and volume layers (i.e., 20–40 m) play an important role in identifying the forest type. Together, these results suggested the promise of the TomoSAR technique for mapping forest types with high accuracy in tropical areas and could provide strong support for the next Earth Explorer BIOMASS spaceborne mission which will collect P-band tomographic SAR data.

scholarly journals Assessment of development effectiveness of solar energy in Russia

2020 ◽  
Vol 221 ◽  
pp. 03002
Author(s):  
Aleksey Bataev ◽  
Vitaly Potyarkin ◽  
Antonina Glushkova ◽  
Dmitry Samorukov
Keyword(s):  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Solar Energy ◽  
Russian Federation ◽  
Power Plants ◽  
Renewable Energy Sources ◽  
Environmental Safety ◽  
Anthropogenic Factors ◽  
Energy Sources ◽  
Quality Level ◽  
The Russian Federation

Non-renewable fossils are the main source of energy in modern conditions. This method of production and consumption of energy acts as one of the main anthropogenic factors that negatively impact the environment. Besides, limited energy reserves do not guarantee the sustainable development of world energy in the long term. The way out of this situation is using renewable energy sources (RES). Renewable energy sources are one of the promising and innovative areas of energy development. These energy sources allow moving to a new high-quality level of power supply and heat supply of the country and significantly improving the ecological state of settlements. The Russian Federation has all conditions for the implementation of such innovative projects aimed at using renewable energy sources. One of such promising projects is solar energy. The perspective of using solar energy is an almost inexhaustible resource, available everywhere, and also has another advantage high environmental safety. Besides, solar energy is characterized by low indicators in terms of capital and operating costs, a lower cost of electricity compared to traditional energy as well. In this study, the perspectives for the development of solar energy in the Russian Federation are identified. The existing solar capacities in Russia are analyzed, the main developments of solar energy in the country are determined. A model for assessing the economic efficiency of floating power plants is proposed in this paper. These plants make it possible to provide electricity to entire settlements. Having been the study, conclusions are drawn about the prospects of using such power plants as sources of cheap energy and environmental compatibility.

scholarly journals The Influence of the Composition of the Forest on Spruce Drying

2017 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 66-74
Author(s):  
Людмила Иванчина ◽  
Lyudmila Ivanchina ◽  
Сергей Залесов ◽  
Sergey Zalesov ◽  
Евгения Залесова ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Russian Federation ◽  
Forest Type ◽  
European Part ◽  
Spruce Forest ◽  
Mixed Forests ◽  
Spruce Forests ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
Pleurocarpous Moss ◽  
Perm Region ◽  
Softwood Species

Plantions of pleurocarpous moss spruce forest type are dominant in the area of coniferous-deciduous (mixed) forests of the European part of the Russian Federation in Perm region. The problem of drying of spruce forests has aggravated dramatically in recent years. However, among scientists there is no consensus on the causes of the drying of spruce forests, which hinders the development of recommendations on improvement of forest management in spruce forests. In this regard spruce plantations in Perm region are not exceptions. On the basis of acts of forest pathology survey, drying of pleurocarpous moss spruce forest with different composition of forest stands is analyzed. The drying area for the period from 2010 to 2016 at Ocherskoe forestry in Perm region (forest area of coniferous-deciduous (mixed) forests of the European part of the Russian Federation) is mapped to a planted area of pleurocarpous moss spruce forest of different species composition. It was found that there was no drying out spots for the analyzed period in plantings of pleurocarpous moss spruce forest with a mixture of softwood species. As well as stands with admixture of fir and birch are characterized by high resistance. Among the identified drying out spots of spruce the most represented are plantations which contain of spruce, fir and pine (28.1 % of the total area of drying out spots), as well as spruce, fir, pine and birch (22.56 % of the total area of drying out spots). Data on the influence of the composition of the forest on mortality of spruce in the conditions of pleurocarpous moss spruce forest can be used in forming thinnings, as well as creation of forest crops.

scholarly journals The Legal Definition of the Concept of Ecotourism

Lex Russica ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. 34-52 ◽  
Author(s):  
М. I. Vasilyeva
Keyword(s):  
Russian Federation ◽  
Policy Development ◽  
Service Sector ◽  
Local Population ◽  
Anthropogenic Factors ◽  
Natural Areas ◽  
Natural Objects ◽  
Specially Protected Natural Areas ◽  
Protected Natural Areas ◽  
The Russian Federation

The term ecotourism is traditionally referred to travelling to natural areas in locations unaffected or poorly affected by anthropogenic factors and having scientific, cognitive, recreational, cultural value, and carried out by environmentally friendly methods, contributing to and promoting the harmonization of human relations with the environment, ecological education and education that promotes the protection of biological and landscape diversity. One of the essential features of ecotourism is the involvement of the local population in providing tourists with works and services in the service sector. The use of natural areas for tourism is of great social and economic importance for the development of regions with significant recreational potential. The organization of tourism in protected natural territories has features related to their legal regime aimed at the preservation of natural objects for the purpose of protection of which such territories are created and containing restrictions on the use of natural resources and economic activities. The policy development of ecotourism in specially protected natural areas as an objective laid by the State requires to define this concept in compliance with the law, since its content depends on the degree of involvement of specially protected natural objects, complexes and ecosystems in recreational activities. The concept of ecotourism should include an indication of the maximum permissible recreational loads and the conformity of forms of ecotourism with the objectives of specially protected natural areas as defined in the legislation and individual provisions thereon. The list of objects of tourist infrastructure must be approved by the Government of the Russian Federation for federal specially protected natural territories and the highest executive authorities of constituent entities of the Russian Federation and municipalities for specially protected natural areas at the regional and local levels.

scholarly journals Rozsoshentsy forest area of Poltava-city green belt (soil-geobotanical and typological and characteristic)

2015 ◽  
Vol 16 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 18-24
Author(s):  
N. O. Vlasenko
Keyword(s):  
Forest Type ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Growth Conditions ◽  
Forest Growth ◽  
Forest Area ◽  
Forest Types ◽  
White Poplar ◽  
Green Belt ◽  
Bottomland Forests ◽  
Forest Typology

Natural forests have their own ancient history, for this reason, their composition and structure reflect their existing conditions. In the artificial forests, only growth class and plantations general conditions can be in part the indicator of this residence. O. L. Belgard investigated natural biogeocoenosis and artificial cultural geocoenosis and worked up the detailed forest typology. The peculiarity of O. L. Belgard typology is biogeocoenological approach to the understanding and forest investigating based on G. M. Vysotskiy, G. F. Morozov, V. M. Suchkov ideas.  O. L. Belgard accepted the conception of forest biogeocoenosis the components of which are phytocoenosis, zoocoenosis, microbiota, climatope and adaphotope. Rozsoshentsy forestry consists of 87 planning compartments with a total area of 3130.0 hectares, is a part of National Enterprise “Poltava forestry” and is situated on its southern part on the territory of Poltava administrative district and Poltava city. There are no publications in the science literature that could systematically reflect the results of investigations taken place in Rozsoshentsy forest area.  Different scientists in different times investigated particular types of vegetations; the general characteristic of forests was specified in some works. The aim of our work is the forest typology investigation, ecological and biological, typological, soil and geobotanical peculiarities of natural and artificial forests of Rozsoshentsy forest area. For the fist time the investigation of natural and artificial forests of Rozsoshentsy forest area of Poltava-city green belt has been started according to the method of O. L. Belgard forest typology. Groups that were investigated inside the forestry are related to hydrotopes of bottomland forests with long-term flooding, bottomland forests with short-term flooding, noninundated with arena and ravine forests.  The forest type is defined by accessories to specific trophotope and hydrotope and connected with floodplain factor of certain place of existence. The main place in definition of ecotope peculiarities takes vegetations that fully reflect the dimensionality of conditions. There are some plant associations inside the forest type that give an idea about coenosis from the floristic point of view.  One or several associations can correspond to each forest type with direct species structure of tree, bushy and herbaceous layers. Artificial forests typological characteristic based on three taxonomic rank units: forest growth conditions type, ecological structure type and forest stand type. It was found out that the main forest types in structure of investigated forest area are oak, pine, sticky alder and aspen, poplar and birch forests. It means that main forest forming types are six types of wood.  Rozsoshentsy forest area of Poltava-city green belt dendroflora has 33 tree and bushy types, 24 genuses, 14 families, 2 rooms. The most popular forest types on the investigated territory according to the forest typology are new oak and pine trees – 31.9 % , new pine forests – 9.1 %, new and dry maple and linden forests – 27.2 % and 6.3 % correspondently. Forest accounts for 5.3 % of forested areas with excessive wet ground. The investigation that was carried out gave us an opportunity to find out four natural forest vegetation types: (new linden and hornbeam forest with wide grasses), Dn4 (alder forest with moist tall grasses), Dc3 (wet aspen forest with aise-weed), De3 (wet white poplar forest); and two types of artificial forest vegetations: De3 (wet white poplar forest) and AB1 (birch forest with dryish miscellaneous). Different variations of soils have been investigated. It was found out that in investigated natural phytocoenosis the type of forest growth conditions is clay loam with different variations: new (СГ2), wet (СГ3),  moist (СГ4); and wet sandy loam (СП3); in artificial cultural phytocoenosis the sandy loam is wet and dryish. The prevailing soil types on the territory of Rozsoshentsy forestry are dark grey podzolized forest loam, typical chernozem and podzolized hard loamy chernoozem, but in floodplain of the river Vorskla  is a peat-bog soils. The content of humus is 7–8 %. The depth of ground water deposits connected with deposits of brown-red underclay (impermeable horizon) and ranges according to the relief elements and soil degree of erosion from 15 to 34 m. Carbonates are absent in soil of Rozsoshentsy forest area. Water extract analysis tells about the lack of salinity, dry particles ranges between 0.05–0.2 %, PH is mostly alkaline. Detailed ecological and biological characteristics and establishing peculiarities of Rozsoshentsy forest area adaphotope will give an opportunity to reconstruct the existing Poltava-city green belt plantations and organize the stationary investigations with the aim of their employment and saving. 

scholarly journals The Influence of Abiotic and Anthropogenic Factors on the Formation of Potato Yield

2021 ◽  
Vol 247 ◽  
pp. 01041
Author(s):  
Alexander Shpanev ◽  
Vasiliy Smuk
Keyword(s):  
Russian Federation ◽  
Plant Protection ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Potato Yield ◽  
Anthropogenic Factors ◽  
Mineral Fertilizers ◽  
North West ◽  
The North ◽  
West Region ◽  
The Russian Federation

Data on the influence of abiotic and anthropogenic factors on the formation of crop productivity are important for the productive process management system. This work examines the results of a long-term study of the influence of abiotic (weather conditions) and anthropogenic (mineral fertilizers, an integrated plant protection system) factors on the formation of potato productivity in the North-West region of the Russian Federation. Weather conditions were the most significant (23.6%) among all the factors affecting the potato yield in the North-West region of the Russian Federation. Integrated plant protection and mineral nutrition had approximately equal contribution to the yield, i.e. 16.6% and 18.6% accordingly. In 2012–2020, additional potato yield reached 56–65% on average under the influence of mineral fertilizers, depending on their dose, and 37–56% under the influence of integrated plant protection Program. The combined influence of these two factors, taking into account the effect of interaction, led to an increase of the potato yield by 114-157% as compared with the actual yield on unfertilized and unprotected control (143 centners per hectare).

scholarly journals Mapping Forest Types in China with 10 m Resolution Based on Spectral–Spatial–Temporal Features

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (5) ◽  
pp. 973
Author(s):  
Kai Cheng ◽  
Juanle Wang ◽  
Xinrong Yan
Keyword(s):  
Remote Sensing ◽  
Forest Type ◽  
Google Earth ◽  
Growth Patterns ◽  
Forest Types ◽  
Forest Classification ◽  
Classification Framework ◽  
Temporal Features ◽  
Occurrence Matrix ◽  
Type Classification

The comprehensive application of spectral, spatial, and temporal (SST) features derived from remote sensing images is a significant technique for classifying and mapping forest types. Facing limitations in the availability of detailed forest type identification processes for large regions, a forest type classification framework based on SST features was developed in this study. The advantages of Sentinel-2 and Landsat series imagery were used to extract SST forest type classification features, using red-edge bands, a gray-level co-occurrence matrix, and harmonic analysis, with the assistance of the Google Earth Engine platform. Considering four representative Chinese geographic regions—middle and high latitudes, complex mountainous areas, cloudy and rainy areas, and the N–S climate transition zone—our method was proven to be effective, with overall classification accuracies > 85%. The scheme to assess the importance of SST features for forest classification in various regions was designed using the Gini criterion in the random forest algorithm and revealed that spectral features were more effective in classifying forest types with complex compositions. Temporal features were found to be favorable for identifying forest types with obvious evergreen and deciduous growth patterns, while spatial features produced better classification results for forest types with different spatial structures, such as needle- or broad-leaved forests. The findings of this study can provide a reference for feature selection in remote sensing forest type classification processes, and identifying forest types in this way could provide support for the accurate and sustainable management of forest resources.

scholarly journals Environmental safety as the most important area of ensuring national security and sustainable development of the Russian Federation

2021 ◽  
Vol 315 ◽  
pp. 02015
Author(s):  
Elena Vorontsova ◽  
Andrey Vorontsov ◽  
Yuriy Drozdenko
Keyword(s):  
Sustainable Development ◽  
National Security ◽  
Russian Federation ◽  
Global Climate ◽  
Environmental Safety ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Anthropogenic Factors ◽  
Environmental Threats ◽  
Urgent Task ◽  
The Russian Federation

The article is devoted to the study of problematic issues of ensuring environmental safety in the Russian Federation as an urgent task of the state and society, on the solution of which the national security of the country and the possibility of its sustainable development largely depend. The role and importance of environmental safety in the system of national security of Russia is analyzed, the necessity of forming and implementing a long-term state policy in the field of environmental protection and rational use of natural resources is proved. On the basis of environmental monitoring data, the current state of the environment is characterized, especially in areas of intensive industrial production (the Urals, Siberia, the Arctic), negative anthropogenic factors are identified that violate the ecological balance in the territories of active resource extraction, and the environmental threats arising in this connection are analyzed. It is noted that in the context of increasing economic activity and global climate change, compliance with environmental safety requirements becomes a factor capable of ensuring sustainable economic development.

scholarly journals MAPPING SPATIAL ACCURACY OF FOREST TYPE CLASSIFICATION IN JAXA’s HIGH-RESOLUTION LAND USE AND LAND COVER MAP

2019 ◽  
Vol IV-3/W1 ◽  
pp. 57-63
Author(s):  
N. Tsutsumida ◽  
S. Nagai ◽  
P. Rodríguez-Veiga ◽  
J. Katagi ◽  
K. Nasahara ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Land Cover ◽  
Forest Type ◽  
Accuracy Assessment ◽  
Spatial Accuracy ◽  
Forest Types ◽  
Broadleaf Forest ◽  
Northern Edge ◽  
Accuracy Measures ◽  
Type Classification

<p><strong>Abstract.</strong> Accuracy assessment of forest type maps is essential to evaluate the classification of forest ecosystems quantitatively. However, map users do not understand in which regions those forest types are well classified from conventional static accuracy measures. Hence, the objective of this study is to unveil spatial heterogeneities of accuracies of forest type classification in a map. Four forest types (deciduous broadleaf forest (DBF), deciduous needleleaf forest (DNF), evergreen broadleaf forest (EBF), and evergreen needleleaf forest (ENF)) found in the JAXA’s land use / cover map of Japan were assessed by a volunteered Site-based dataset for Assessment of Changing LAnd cover by JAXA (SACLAJ). A geographically weighted (GW) correspondence matrix was applied to them to calculate the degree of overall agreements of forest type classes (forest overall accuracy), and the degree of accuracy for each forest class (forest user’s and producer’s accuracies) in a spatially varying way. This study compared spatial surfaces of these measures with static ones of them. The results show that the forest overall accuracy of the forest map tends to be relatively more accurate in the central Japan, while less in the Kansai and Chubu regions and the northern edge of Hokkaido. Static forest user’s accuracy measures for DBF, DNF, and ENF are better than forest producer’s accuracy ones, while the GW approach tells us such characteristics vary spatially and some areas have opposite trends. This kind of spatial accuracy assessment provides a more informative description of the accuracy than the simple use of conventional accuracy measures.</p>

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