scholarly journals Comparison Of Winter Maintenance Requirements (Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania)

2021 ◽  
Vol 1202 (1) ◽  
pp. 012039
Author(s):  
Jānis Kastanovskis
Keyword(s):  
Traffic Safety ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Service Level ◽  
The State ◽  
Unit Price ◽  
Skid Resistance ◽  
Joint Stock Company ◽  
Stock Company ◽  
Winter Maintenance ◽  
Snow And Ice

Abstract Three Baltic states are located next to each other on the coast of the Baltic Sea. Similarly, to Finland, density of population in these countries is low. All three countries have large amount of state roads with low traffic intensity. Climatic differences are minimal. Milder climate is in coastal area but inland the weather conditions are more severe. The average air temperature in January in Estonia is from -2 to -7 degrees Celsius but in Lithuania from -1 to -5 degrees Celsius. The number of snowy days fluctuates from 50 to 120. All three countries have common contracts for summer and winter maintenance where the responsibility for maintenance activities lays on the contractors. Despite common history the methods of the assignment of road maintenance contracts are different in every country. Estonia awards contracts in open tenders and has performance-based contracts. Latvia has the contract awarded to the State Joint Stock Company «Latvijas autoceļu uzturētājs» (“Latvian Road Maintainer”) by law and the contract is unit price based. Lithuania has the contract awarded to the state-owned company « Kelių priežiūra» the contract is performance-based. The requirements for road conditions are quite similar in all three countries. They have three levels of maintenance. High service level means snow and ice-free surface of the road pavement during winter in constant weather conditions and quick response in case of worsening road conditions. Medium service level means that snow and ice is allowed on the surface, but activities must be undertaken to improve skid resistance. The lowest service level means that snow and ice is allowed on the surface and activities to improve skid resistance (mostly only snow cleaning) may be undertaken in some spots only. In Estonia the expenses for winter maintenance are lower than in the neighbouring countries but it does not have impact on traffic safety during winter.

Monitoring of the Environmental Technogenic Hazard of the Oil Extraction Plant

2020 ◽  
Vol 1006 ◽  
pp. 208-213
Author(s):  
Svetlana Nemenushcha ◽  
Yevhenii Kotliar ◽  
Olena Fesenko ◽  
Victoria Lysyuk
Keyword(s):  
High Risk ◽  
Oil Extraction ◽  
The State ◽  
Joint Stock Company ◽  
Production Operation ◽  
Technological Equipment ◽  
Stock Company ◽  
Extraction Plant ◽  
Main Production ◽  
State Of The Environment

In Ukraine there is a tendency to increase the number of man-made emergencies, which directly affects the state of the environment and the population. Particularly dangerous situations are formed in case of disturbance of objects with high risk conditions, which include oil extraction enterprises. Observing the state of the environment and the operation of technological equipment at such enterprises, warning of the risk of emergencies that are hazardous to human health and the environment, are the basis and task of monitoring. The results of engineering and ecological analysis of the state of ecological and technogenic danger on the example of private joint-stock company «Kropyvnytskyi oil extraction plant» are presented in the work. The main probable factors of its formation at each technological stage of production are established. The sources of environmental and human hazards are technological equipment and materials. Pollutants of land, water and atmospheric air are dust of vegetable origin and meal, solvent of hexane and its vapors, carbon dioxide and washing solution - soda ash, etc. Expert evaluation of the main production operation - oil extraction was carried out in detail. The extraction process is the main production operation for both press oil and extraction oil, as well as cake and meal. The results of the study can be used to clarify the program of monitoring the sources of technogenic and environmental risk at high risk facilities, planning activities and means of improving the resilience of the enterprises of the industry, preventing emergencies and minimizing their consequences. Awareness enhances management efficiency and minimizes environmental and population risks.

Legal and Organizational Issues of the Transformation of Public Universities into Non-Profit Organizations in Kazakhstan

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 726
Author(s):  
Bakhyt ALTYNBASSOV ◽  
Zaure ABDUKARIMOVA ◽  
Aigerim BAYANBAYEVA ◽  
Sabit MUKHAMEJANULY
Keyword(s):  
Higher Education ◽  
Public Universities ◽  
Higher Education Institutions ◽  
Civil Law ◽  
The State ◽  
Joint Stock Company ◽  
Stock Company ◽  
Non Profit ◽  
The Government ◽  
The University

This article discusses several legal and economic problems in the process of globalization of higher education in Kazakhstan. To date, the Government of Kazakhstan has issued a resolution on the transformation of 25 national and state universities into non-profit joint-stock companies, as well as amendments to the Civil Code and other current legislation. As a result of this study, it has been found that the concept of a non-profit joint-stock company was first used in Kazakhstan and contradicted the institution of legal entities in civil law. Such changes and amendments in civil law are an unprecedented phenomenon in the legal systems of the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) countries. There is also a risk that the transfer of higher education institutions to non-profit joint-stock companies may become the legal basis for the illegal privatization of public universities. The authors suggest that the privatization of higher education institutions has been detrimental to the state, and that reform should be addressed based on administrative and legal considerations and through improved university governance models. The modernization of the governance model of public universities according to modern requirements is beneficial to the state and society. The study analyzes the relationship between the university and its stakeholders based on Freeman’s Stakeholder theory. It also identifies deficiencies in legislation that impede the establishment of partnerships between the university and industrial companies and suggests ways to address them.

scholarly journals SOME PROBLEMS AND WAYS TO SOLVE THE ADMINISTRATIVE AND FINANCIAL CHARACTER OF THE STATE PARTICIPATION IN JOINT STOCK COMPANY

2020 ◽  
Vol 35 (3) ◽  
pp. 63-66
Author(s):  
N.G. Gadzhiev ◽  
◽  
S.A. Konovalenko ◽  
R.A. Kornilovich ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
The State ◽  
Scientific Article ◽  
Joint Stock Company ◽  
Stock Company ◽  
Public Companies ◽  
Main Research ◽  
Regulatory Documents ◽  
State Participation ◽  
Modern Economic

Participation of the state in joint-stock companies is one of the specific features of the modern economic system of Russia, inherited from the command-administrative system of the USSR economy. Today, most of the "top" blue chip companies on the country's stock markets are public companies with government participation. In the article, the authors investigate the main problems of the administrative and financial nature of state participation in joint-stock companies and suggest ways to solve them. The theoretical and methodological basis of the research in the scientific article was the work of both Russian and foreign experts in the field of law, corporate governance, regulatory documents on the topic of research, as well as materials from periodicals of leading legal scholars. The main research methods used in writing the work were: methods of observation, comparison, induction, deduction and monographic (descriptive). The results of the study can be used in the study and classification of the problems of state participation in joint stock companies, in the search for specific proposals by the authors to improve efficiency in the field of administrative and financial legislation.

scholarly journals Protection of Shareholders Minority in Joint Stock Company Pursuant to Jordan Companies Law

2016 ◽  
Vol 9 (10) ◽  
pp. 22
Author(s):  
Mohamad Ali Helalat
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
National Economy ◽  
Minority Rights ◽  
Negative Influence ◽  
The State ◽  
Joint Stock Company ◽  
Stock Company ◽  
Rights Protection ◽  
Economical Development

<p>The Joint Stock Company has its role in motivating the economical development of the state. In order to fulfill such role, balancing shall be achieved between Majority and Minority rights or at least restricting the majority arbitrariness in terms of decision making. Such arbitrariness means bringing the investors away from investments in such types of companies which shall, indeed, have its negative influence on the national economy.</p><p>The laws and Jordanian companies' law in particular, paid specific attention in terms of minority rights protection, and in the same time recognize its existence, its right to participate in decision making and also to practice control over the majority who manage and run the company's affairs.</p><p>Indeed, we cannot ignore the fact that Jordanian legislator tried much to correspond between majority and minority rights or at lease protect the minority rights. In spite of such efforts, we still witness more problems that hinder such issue.</p>From this point this study came to clarify much of such rights, presenting and analyzing thereof in a way that enable the investor to practice in a way to achieve desired interests.

scholarly journals METHODICAL PROVISIONS FOR CREATING AN OUTSOURCING COMPANY (WITH CONSIDERING ORGANIZATIONAL AND LEGAL FORMS OF ENTERPRISES)

2019 ◽  
Vol 21 (2(71)) ◽  
pp. 121-129
Author(s):  
A. SAINCHUK
Keyword(s):  
Limited Liability ◽  
Institutional Support ◽  
General Meeting ◽  
The State ◽  
Joint Stock Company ◽  
Stock Company ◽  
Legal Form ◽  
Legal Forms ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
State Registration

Topicality. The topicality of the problem of creating an outsourcing company does not raise doubts, because the number of outsourcing companies is constantly increasing which provide outsourcing services. During the crisis in Ukraine, there is to need in next positions: reducing the cost of the enterprise, maintaining a certain market segment, maintaining competitiveness in the market, maintaining a certain quality of services (works, goods). If the company use outsourcing at the enterprises, it will be possible to hold all these positions, during the crisis management period.Aim and tasks. The aim of the article is to develop methodological provisions for creating an outsourcing company within the framework of the existing institutional support in Ukraine. Some stages of creating an outsourcing company can be given on the example of law firm in the form of an attorney company, an attorney bureau or a lawyer of individual (an entrepreneur and a self-employed person).Research results. The methodological provisions were developed for creating an outsourcing company. In the article was using the example of practice of law, was taking into account the peculiarities of state registration of various organizational and legal forms of management and the tax system. Also, an algorithm has been created for the election of a simplified taxation system if to realise the case of a project to create an outsourcing company.Conclusion. Methodical provisions for creating an outsourcing company consist of sixteen stages. The author provided recommendations for making changes to the classifier of organizational and legal forms of enterprenier. It was proposed to add an outsourcing company as a new organizational and legal form of enterprenier in order to improve the existing system of national statistical classifications. The changes will provide the State Statistics Service of Ukraine the opportunity to raise to a qualitatively new level the statistical analysis of outsourcing companies in Ukraine.There is no clear phased methodology or instructions for creating a new outsourcing enterprise in Ukraine. The author has developed a methodology for creating an outsourcing company within the institutional support in Ukraine.The article examines in details the situation - the use of outsourcing when creating an outsourcing company. The article also gradually developed an algorithm for creating an outsourcing enterprise. Only five stages were investigated for creating outsourcing company in this article.The author has distinguished the sixteen stages of creating an outsourcing company.Stage 1 - the definition of the organizational and legal form of entrepreneur. The author proposed a new legal form - an outsourcing company. Therefore, it is necessary to change the existing classifier. In work the algorithm of definition of the organizational and legal form of entrepreneur on an example of lawyer activity is developed.Stage 2 - determination of the name of the enterprise. Practical recommendations are given for determining the name of an outsourcing company.Stage 3 - determining the number of participants (founders) of the company. Depending on the number of founders, it is necessary to choose a certain organizational and legal form of entrepreneur. So, for example, if a lawyer carries out practice of law individually without the involvement of employees and other founders, then it is necessary to carry out activities in the form of an individual, an entrepreneur or a self-employed person. Then create a company is not required.Stage 4 - the formation of the charter capital of an outsourcing company. The author has noticed that the minimum charter capital is set for a joint stock company, but not for a limited liability company. This stage is status ant, as the participants are responsible within their share in the charter capital.Stage 5 - drawing up and signing the charter and the protocol of the general meeting of the participants (founders) of the company on the creation of an outsourcing company. There are two types of charters in the article: model and own charter of the company. The model charter does not even need to be submitted to the state registrar. The article contains the main sections of the charter of an outsourcing company.The next article will consist of from sixth to sixteenth stages.

scholarly journals Minority shareholders vs. the state: the case of JSC “UKRNEFT”

2005 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 106-111
Author(s):  
Alexander Kostyuk ◽  
Olena Kostyuk
Keyword(s):  
Ownership Structure ◽  
The State ◽  
Joint Stock Company ◽  
Corporate Ownership ◽  
Minority Shareholders ◽  
Stock Company ◽  
Asymmetry Of Information ◽  
Company Stock ◽  
Corporate Ownership Structure

The joint-stock company "Ukrneft" is a good example for understanding the role of asymmetry of information in the corporate governance. Corporate ownership structure is characterized by high enough concentration. The state is the largest stockholder, owning 50%+1 company stock, i.e. controlling block. Besides the state, there are some large shareholders in the structure of corporate ownership of the joint stock company "Ukrneft’". They are represented by Pryvatbank, Ukrsybbank and Wotford Groups. The consolidated shareholding of these shareholders is 41 % of voting shares. The remaining 9 % of shareholder equity belong to the rest minority shareholders

Entrepreneurs and the State in the Italian Film Industry, 1919–1935

2011 ◽  
Vol 85 (4) ◽  
pp. 775-798
Author(s):  
Marina Nicoli
Keyword(s):  
Interwar Period ◽  
Film Industry ◽  
The State ◽  
Early Years ◽  
Joint Stock Company ◽  
Stock Company ◽  
Benito Mussolini ◽  
Italian Government ◽  
Italian Film

During its early years, entrepreneurs in the Italian film industry maintained a complicated relation with the state. The arrangements between the joint-stock company Società Anonima Stefano Pittaluga and the Italian government in the interwar period were typical. Initially, Italian banks financed productions, despite the difficulties entailed in assessing a film's potential profitability. Following the rise of Benito Mussolini, the state invested in the industry, viewing it as a means of building nationalism and shaping the country's culture. While the deal was disastrous for the quality of the films, it nevertheless enabled filmmakers to gain technical experience and acquire production facilities that they were later able to put to better use.

scholarly journals Influence of German Siedlungen and Bauhaus on Helsinki’s Prewar Housing Companies

Tahiti ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Juhana Heikonen
Keyword(s):  
Affordable Housing ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Ad Hoc ◽  
The State ◽  
Joint Stock Company ◽  
Housing Crisis ◽  
Stock Company ◽  
Housing Projects ◽  
Teachers And Students ◽  
The City

The greatest achievement of the Bauhaus movement in terms of volume was the new approach to affordable housing, even though the movement itself contributed little in the way of building. Many of the Bauhaus teachers and students were involved during the 1920s and 1930s in new large-scale housing projects in Frankfurt, Berlin, and elsewhere in Germany, as originally required by the new Weimar constitution of 1919, which attempted to tackle the housing crisis via laws and new financing models. These new Siedlungen (subsidized housing estates) were made possible with earlier models of Baugenossenschaftenand Bauaktiengesellschaften, which acted as the main contractors and owners of the property and were partially subsidized by the city or the state. This form of cooperative building was naturally in line with Walter Gropius' manifest of 1919 and based also on cooperation between different parties. City of Helsinki did not have the resources to subsidize any kind of private building, though the housing crisis was certainly dire. However, the Finnish Asunto-osakeyhtiölaki (Liability Housing Companies Act, 1926) was partially developed for this purpose, to help build and maintain jointly owned real-estate properties. In short, a housing company is a normal joint-stock company that enables the stockowner to own a flat. This new system enabled both the stockowner and the company to borrow money, which in turn enabled the capital-poor lending banks to borrow from abroad. The law proved to be a success. The founders of these companies varied. The majority were normal developers who built to sell. Those in the minority included the state, cities, Finnish co-ops, and various ad hoc groups (usually according to profession, family, and so forth), such as railroad workers, bankers, professors, or officers. They hired their own supervisors, builders, and other experts, and, as can be expected, oversaw the work of the architect as well. In all cases, the city of Helsinki provided the master plan and sold or rented the land. This article sheds light on the influence of the Bauhaus movement and German architecture on housing in Helsinki using period’s professional press as data. The consensus has been that German influence came through Sweden. This paper is an inquiry into the role of direct German influence on Helsinki’s housing companies.

scholarly journals Study on the influence of skid resistance on traffic safety of highway with a high ratio of bridges and tunnels

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yongjie Ding ◽  
Danni Li ◽  
Mingxuan Huang ◽  
Xuejuan Cao ◽  
Boming Tang
Keyword(s):  
Correlation Analysis ◽  
Traffic Safety ◽  
Traffic Accident ◽  
Traffic Accidents ◽  
Prediction Models ◽  
Back Propagation ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
High Ratio ◽  
Skid Resistance ◽  
The Relationship

ABSTRACT The safety of highways with a high ratio of bridges and tunnels is related to multiple factors, for example, the skid resistance of the pavement surface. In this study, the distribution of accidents under different conditions was calculated to investigate the relationship between the road skid resistance and the incidence of traffic accidents based on the traffic accident data of the Yuxiang highway. Statistical results show that weather conditions and road alignment may affect traffic accidents. The correlation analysis method was used to study the relationship between three factors and traffic accidents. The results show that road alignment, weather conditions and road skid resistance are related to the incidence of traffic accidents. The traffic accident prediction models were established based on back propagation neural network to verify the correlation analysis results. It is confirmed that road alignment, weather conditions and road skid resistance are the factors that affect traffic accidents.

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