Fundamentals of atomic and close-to-atomic scale manufacturing:A review

Abstract Atomic and Close-to-atomic Scale Manufacturing (ACSM) represents techniques for manufacturing high-end products in various fields, including future-generation computing, communication, energy and medical devices and materials. In this paper, the theoretical boundary between ACSM and classical manufacturing is identified after a thorough discussion of quantum mechanics and their effects on manufacturing. The physical origins of atomic interactions and energy beams-matter interactions are revealed from the point view of quantum mechanics. The mechanisms that dominate several key ACSM processes are introduced, and a current numerical study on these processes is reviewed. A comparison of current ACSM processes is performed in terms of dominant interactions, representative processes, resolution and modelling methods. Future fundamental research is proposed for establishing new approaches for modelling ACSM, material selection or preparation and control of manufacturing tools and environments. This paper is by no means comprehensive, but provides a starting point for further systematic investigation of ACSM fundamentals to support and accelerate its industrial scale implementation in the near future.

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Discovery of an Unexpected Similarity in Ligand Binding Between BRD4 and PPARγ

10.26434/chemrxiv.11472618.v1 ◽

2019 ◽

Author(s):

Lina Humbeck ◽

Jette Pretzel ◽

Saskia Spitzer ◽

Oliver Koch

Keyword(s):

Cancer Therapy ◽

Drug Targets ◽

Synergistic Effects ◽

Complex Structure ◽

Peroxisome Proliferator ◽

Resistance Development ◽

Peroxisome Proliferator Activated Receptor ◽

Starting Point ◽

Fundamental Research ◽

Important Drug

Knowledge about interrelationships between different proteins is crucial in fundamental research for the elucidation of protein networks and pathways. Furthermore, it is especially critical in chemical biology to identify further key regulators of a disease and to take advantage of polypharmacology effects. A comprehensive scaffold-based analysis uncovered an unexpected relationship between bromodomain-containing protein 4 (BRD4) and peroxisome-proliferator activated receptor gamma (PPARγ). They are both important drug targets for cancer therapy and many more important diseases. Both proteins share binding site similarities near a common hydrophobic subpocket which should allow the design of a polypharmacology-based ligand targeting both proteins. Such a dual-BRD4-PPARγ-modulator could show synergistic effects with a higher efficacy or delayed resistance development in, for example, cancer therapy. Thereon, a complex structure of sulfasalazine was obtained that involves two bromodomains and could be a potential starting point for the design of a bivalent BRD4 inhibitor.

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Short Review and opinion: New matter properties and applications based on Hybrids Graphene based Metamaterials

Current Graphene Science ◽

10.2174/2452273204999200528141157 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 04 ◽

Author(s):

A. Guillermo Bracamonte

Keyword(s):

Short Review ◽

New Materials ◽

Design And Synthesis ◽

Chemical Structures ◽

Current State ◽

Potential Applications ◽

Fundamental Research ◽

Miniaturized Instrumentation ◽

And Control ◽

Conductive Properties

: Graphene as Organic material showed special attention due to their electronic and conductive properties. Moreover, its highly conjugated chemical structures and relative easy modification permitted varied design and control of targeted properties and applications. In addition, this Nanomaterial accompanied with pseudo Electromagnetic fields permitted photonics, electronics and Quantum interactions with their surrounding that generated new materials properties. In this context, this short Review, intends to discuss many of these studies related with new materials based on graphene for light and electronic interactions, conductions, and new modes of non-classical light generation. It should be highlighted that these new materials and metamaterials are currently in progress. For this reason it was showed and discussed some representative examples from Fundamental Research with Potential Applications as well as for their incorporations to real Advanced devices and miniaturized instrumentation. In this way, it was proposed this Special issue entitled “Design and synthesis of Hybrids Graphene based Metamaterials”, in order to open and share the knowledge of the Current State of the Art in this Multidisciplinary field.

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The Physical World

10.1093/oso/9780198795933.001.0001 ◽

2017 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Nicholas Manton ◽

Nicholas Mee

Keyword(s):

Quantum Mechanics ◽

Particle Physics ◽

Variational Principles ◽

Black Body ◽

Black Body Radiation ◽

Physical World ◽

Atomic Scale ◽

Solid State Physics ◽

Least Action ◽

Dimensional Spacetime

The book is an inspirational survey of fundamental physics, emphasizing the use of variational principles. Chapter 1 presents introductory ideas, including the principle of least action, vectors and partial differentiation. Chapter 2 covers Newtonian dynamics and the motion of mutually gravitating bodies. Chapter 3 is about electromagnetic fields as described by Maxwell’s equations. Chapter 4 is about special relativity, which unifies space and time into 4-dimensional spacetime. Chapter 5 introduces the mathematics of curved space, leading to Chapter 6 covering general relativity and its remarkable consequences, such as the existence of black holes. Chapters 7 and 8 present quantum mechanics, essential for understanding atomic-scale phenomena. Chapter 9 uses quantum mechanics to explain the fundamental principles of chemistry and solid state physics. Chapter 10 is about thermodynamics, which is built around the concepts of temperature and entropy. Various applications are discussed, including the analysis of black body radiation that led to the quantum revolution. Chapter 11 surveys the atomic nucleus, its properties and applications. Chapter 12 explores particle physics, the Standard Model and the Higgs mechanism, with a short introduction to quantum field theory. Chapter 13 is about the structure and evolution of stars and brings together material from many of the earlier chapters. Chapter 14 on cosmology describes the structure and evolution of the universe as a whole. Finally, Chapter 15 discusses remaining problems at the frontiers of physics, such as the interpretation of quantum mechanics, and the ultimate nature of particles. Some speculative ideas are explored, such as supersymmetry, solitons and string theory.

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Practices of sustainability and the enactment of their natures/cultures: Ecosystem services, rights of nature, and geoengineering

Social Science Information ◽

10.1177/0539018421998947 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 053901842199894

Author(s):

Frank Adloff ◽

Iris Hilbrich

Keyword(s):

Ecosystem Services ◽

Latin American ◽

Social Systems ◽

The Earth ◽

Starting Point ◽

Knowledge Cultures ◽

Rights Of Nature ◽

Value Of Nature ◽

The One ◽

And Control

Possible trajectories of sustainability are based on different concepts of nature. The article starts out from three trajectories of sustainability (modernization, transformation and control) and reconstructs one characteristic practice for each path with its specific conceptions of nature. The notion that nature provides human societies with relevant ecosystem services is typical of the path of modernization. Nature is reified and monetarized here, with regard to its utility for human societies. Practices of transformation, in contrast, emphasize the intrinsic ethical value of nature. This becomes particularly apparent in discourses on the rights of nature, whose starting point can be found in Latin American indigenous discourses, among others. Control practices such as geoengineering are based on earth-systemic conceptions of nature, in which no distinction is made between natural and social systems. The aim is to control the earth system as a whole in order for human societies to remain viable. Practices of sustainability thus show different ontological understandings of nature (dualistic or monistic) on the one hand and (implicit) ethics and sacralizations (anthropocentric or biocentric) on the other. The three reconstructed natures/cultures have different ontological and ethical affinities and conflict with each other. They are linked to very different knowledge cultures and life-worlds, which answer very differently to the question of what is of value in a society and in nature and how these values ought to be protected.

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Numerical Study of the Effect of Magnetic Fields on Melt-Crystal Interface-Deflection in Czochralski Crystal Growth

Heat Transfer: Volume 3 ◽

10.1115/ht2003-47534 ◽

2003 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Lijun Liu ◽

Koichi Kakimoto

Keyword(s):

Magnetic Field ◽

Magnetic Fields ◽

Numerical Study ◽

Silicon Crystal ◽

Czochralski Growth ◽

Thermal Flow ◽

Interface Shape ◽

Convective Thermal ◽

And Control ◽

Crystal Interface

In order to control the impurity distribution and remove defects in a crystal grown in Czochralski growth for high quality crystals of silicon, it is necessary to study and control the melt-crystal interface shape, which plays an important role in control of the crystal quality. The melt-crystal interface interacts with and is determined by the convective thermal flow of the melt in the crucible. Application of magnetic field in the Czochralski system is an effective tool to control the convective thermal flow in the crucible. Therefore, the shape of the melt-crystal interface can be modified accordingly. Numerical study is performed in this paper to understand the effect of magnetic field on the interface deflection in Czochralski system. Comparisons have been carried out by computations for four arrangements of the magnetic field: without magnetic field, a vertical magnetic field and two types of cusp-shaped magnetic field. The velocity, pressure, thermal and electromagnetic fields are solved with adaptation of the mesh to the iteratively modified interface shape. The multi-block technique is applied to discretize the melt field in the crucible and the solid field of silicon crystal. The unknown shape of the melt-crystal interface is achieved by an iterative procedure. The computation results show that the magnetic fields have obvious effects on both the pattern and strength of the convective flow and the interface shape. Applying magnetic field in the Czochralski system, therefore, is an effective tool to control the quality of bulk crystal in Czochralski growth process.

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From Adatom Migration to Chemical Kinetics: Models for MBE, Mombe and MOCVD

MRS Proceedings ◽

10.1557/proc-312-3 ◽

1993 ◽

Vol 312 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

D. D. Vvedensky ◽

T. Shitarat ◽

P. Smilauer ◽

T. Kaneko ◽

A. Zangwill

Keyword(s):

Experimental Data ◽

Molecular Beam Epitaxy ◽

Molecular Beam ◽

Chemical Vapor ◽

High Energy ◽

Atomic Scale ◽

Basic Model ◽

Mobile Species ◽

Local Environments ◽

Starting Point

AbstractThe application of Monte Carlo simulations to various epitaxial growth methods is examined from the standpoint of incorporating only those kinetics processes that are required to explain experimental data. A basic model for molecular-beam epitaxy (MBE) is first introduced and some of the features that make it suitable for describing atomic-scale processes are pointed out. Extensions of this model for cases where the atomic constituents of the growing surface are delivered in the form of heteroatomic molecules are then considered. The experimental scenarios that is discussed is the homoepitaxy of GaAs(001) using metalorganic molecular-beam epitaxy (MOMBE) with triethylgallium (TEG) and precursors and using MOCVD with trimethylgallium (TMG). For MOMBE, the comparisons between simulations and experiments are based on reflection high-energy electron diffraction intensities, by analogy with comparisons made for MBE, while for metalorganic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD) the simulations are compared to in situ glancingincidence x-ray scattering measurements. In both of these cases, the inclusion of a second mobile species to represent the precursor together with various rules for the decomposition of this molecule (in terms of rates and local environments) with be shown to provide a useful starting point for explaining the general trends in the experimental data and for further refinements of the model.

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Parametric Analysis of a Bayonet Tube With a Special Type of Extended Surface

Volume 7: Fluid Flow, Heat Transfer and Thermal Systems, Parts A and B ◽

10.1115/imece2010-38680 ◽

2010 ◽

Author(s):

L. Almanza-Huerta ◽

A. Hernandez-Guerrero ◽

M. Krarti ◽

J. M. Luna

Keyword(s):

Heat Transfer ◽

Parametric Analysis ◽

Numerical Study ◽

Systematic Investigation ◽

Heat Transfer Characteristics ◽

Maximum Heat ◽

Turbulent Transition ◽

Maximum Heat Transfer ◽

Internal Fluid ◽

Extended Surface

The present paper provides a numerical study of a parametric analysis of a bayonet tube with a special type of extended surface during the laminar-turbulent transition. The working internal fluid is air. Attention is focused on the heat transfer characteristics of the tube. The results constitute a systematic investigation of the effect of the extended surface located along the annulus of the bayonet on the overall heat transfer rate. The effects of the variation of some parameters related to the extended surface aiming to attain the maximum heat transfer with the minimum pressure drop are discussed. Comparisons between designs with and without extended surface are also made.

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Introduction of Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) green manure in rotations of head salads and baby leaf crops under greenhouse

Italian Journal of Agronomy ◽

10.4081/ija.2016.753 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 11 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Luigi Morra ◽

Domenico Cerrato ◽

Maurizio Bilotto ◽

Salvatore Baiano

Keyword(s):

Organic Carbon ◽

Total Nitrogen ◽

Green Manure ◽

Soil C ◽

C Balance ◽

Soil Biomass ◽

Starting Point ◽

Dry Biomass ◽

One Year ◽

And Control

This paper deals with the introduction in tunnel-greenhouses of sweet sorghum cultivated in short, summer cycle as green manure with the aim to amend soils with biomass grown on farm. This practice has been spreading in tunnels of Sele river Valley (Salerno, Italy) where baby leaf crops are cultivated in numerous cycles (up to 5-7) per year. Three sorghum varieties for forage or biomass (Goliath, BMR 201 and BMR 333) were cultivated in two farms at Eboli and San Marzano sul Sarno with the aims to study their responses in term of fresh and dry aboveground biomass yielded, C and N content of the biomass incorporated in soil, C balance in amended soils after one year of ordinary cash crop sequences. No differences, with regard to all the parameters measured, were pointed out among the tested varieties in each site. The sorghum cycle lasted 45 days at Eboli, yielding on average 98 and 13 t ha-1 of fresh and dry biomass, respectively; soil biomass incorporation supplied, on average 5.8 t ha-1 of organic carbon and 273 kg ha-1 of total nitrogen. In the farm of San Marzano, sorghum cycle lasted 68 days, yielding 116 and 18 t ha-1 of fresh and dry biomass, respectively; soil biomass incorporation supplied, on average 8 t ha-1 of organic carbon and 372 kg ha-1 of total nitrogen. After one year, the plots amended with sorghum biomass showed a soil organic carbon (SOC) concentration not different from the starting point while SOC decreased in fallow plots. At Eboli, initial SOC content was 12.3 g kg-1, but one year later it resulted 12.3, 12.8, 12.2 and 11.3 g kg-1 in BMR 201, BMR 333, Goliath and control plots, respectively. At San Marzano initial SOC content was 11.4 g kg-1, but one year later it resulted 11, 12, 10.7 and 10.5 g kg-1 in BMR 201, BMR 333, Goliath and control plots, respectively. The annual C balance put in evidence that the green manure with sorghum biomass caused SOC losses higher than those detected in fallow plots let us supposing a prime effect in boosting the soil microbial C mineralization. Only cv BMR 333 in the Eboli trial, pointed out a positive SOC change of 1.8 t ha-1. Further studies are requested to better understand the real efficacy of sorghum cover crop in soil amendment under tunnels devoted to intensive vegetable crop sequence.

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Dimer description of the SU(4) antiferromagnet on the triangular lattice

SciPost Physics ◽

10.21468/scipostphys.8.5.076 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 8 (5) ◽

Author(s):

Anna Keselman ◽

Lucile Savary ◽

Leon Balents

Keyword(s):

Phase Diagram ◽

Triangular Lattice ◽

Ground State ◽

Degrees Of Freedom ◽

Numerical Study ◽

Spin Model ◽

Translation Invariance ◽

Multilayer Graphene ◽

High Symmetry ◽

Starting Point

In systems with many local degrees of freedom, high-symmetry points in the phase diagram can provide an important starting point for the investigation of their properties throughout the phase diagram. In systems with both spin and orbital (or valley) degrees of freedom such a starting point gives rise to SU(4)-symmetric models. Here we consider SU(4)-symmetric "spin'' models, corresponding to Mott phases at half-filling, i.e. the six-dimensional representation of SU(4). This may be relevant to twisted multilayer graphene. In particular, we study the SU(4) antiferromagnetic "Heisenberg'' model on the triangular lattice, both in the classical limit and in the quantum regime. Carrying out a numerical study using the density matrix renormalization group (DMRG), we argue that the ground state is non-magnetic. We then derive a dimer expansion of the SU(4) spin model. An exact diagonalization (ED) study of the effective dimer model suggests that the ground state breaks translation invariance, forming a valence bond solid (VBS) with a 12-site unit cell. Finally, we consider the effect of SU(4)-symmetry breaking interactions due to Hund's coupling, and argue for a possible phase transition between a VBS and a magnetically ordered state.

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ANALYSIS OF THE SPATIOTEMPORAL CHARACTERISTICS OF HEMORRHAGIC FEVER WITH RENAL SYNDROME IN HUBEI PROVINCE, CHINA

ISPRS Annals of Photogrammetry Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences ◽

10.5194/isprsannals-ii-4-w2-207-2015 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol II-4/W2 ◽

pp. 207-210

Author(s):

H. Fan ◽

L. Ge ◽

L. Song ◽

Q. Zhao

Keyword(s):

Prevention And Control ◽

Temporal Distribution ◽

Hemorrhagic Fever ◽

Spatiotemporal Analysis ◽

Systematic Investigation ◽

Hubei Province ◽

Spatial And Temporal Distribution ◽

The Past ◽

Comprehensive Examination ◽

And Control

Hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome(HFRS) is a worldwide fulminant infectious disease. Since the first HFRS cases in Hubei Province were reported in 1957, the disease has spread across the province and Hubei has become one of seriously affected areas in China. However, the epidemic characteristics of HFRS are still not entirely clear. Therefore, a systematic investigation of spatial and temporal distribution pattern of HFRS system is needed. In order to facilitate better prevention and control of HFRS in Hubei Province, in this paper, a GIS spatiotemporal analysis and modeling tool was developed to analyze the spatiotemporal dynamics of the HFRS epidemic, as well as providinga comprehensive examination the dynamic pattern of HFRS in Hubei over the past 30 years (1980-2009), to determine spatiotemporal change trends and the causes of HFRS. This paper describes the experiments and their results.

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