Typology of Media Systems

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel C. Hallin
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
North America ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Social Systems ◽  
System Level ◽  
Role Of The State ◽  
The Social ◽  
Media Markets ◽  
Media Systems ◽  
Journalistic Professionalism

Typologies are a central tool of comparative analysis in the social sciences. Typologies identify common patterns in the relationships among elements of media systems and wider social systems, and serve to generate research questions about why particular patterns occur in particular systems, why particular cases may deviate from common patterns, and what the consequences of these patterns may be. They are important for specifying the context within which particular processes operate, and therefore for identifying possible system-level causes, specifying the scope of applicability of theories, and assessing the validity of measurements across systems. Typologies of media systems date to the publication of Four Theories of the Press, which proposed a typology of authoritarian, libertarian, social responsibility and Soviet Communist media systems. Hallin and Mancini’s typology of media systems in Western Europe and North America has influenced most recent work in comparative analysis of media systems. Hallin and Mancini proposed three models differentiated on the basis of four clusters of variables: the development of media markets; the degree and forms of political parallelism; journalistic professionalism; and the role of the state. Much recent research has been devoted to operationalizing these dimensions of comparison, and a number of revisions of Hallin and Mancini’s model and proposals for alternative approaches have been proposed. Researchers have also begun efforts to develop typologies including media systems outside of Western Europe and North America.

Ideas, Institutions and the Policies of Governments: a Comparative Analysis: Parts I and II

1973 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 291-313 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anthony King
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
North America ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Welfare States ◽  
Decision Making Processes

This paper is about the things governments do and why they do them. It is written in the belief that, while we know quite a lot about decision-making processes in individual countries, we do not know nearly enough about why the governments of different countries make different decisions and pursue different policies. The countries of North America and western Europe are often described as ‘welfare states’, the implication being that the governments of all of them do broadly similar things in broadly similar ways. As we shall see, however, these broad similarities conceal important, wide divergences. These divergences deserve to be explained.

Ensuring Sustainability of the Social Order as a Priority in the Field of National Security

2021 ◽  
pp. 8-25
Author(s):  
Hryhorii Sytnyk ◽  
Mariia Orel
Keyword(s):  
National Security ◽  
Public Administration ◽  
Social Order ◽  
Social System ◽  
Social Systems ◽  
The State ◽  
System Level ◽  
The Social ◽  
Hierarchical Levels ◽  
The Stability

The purpose of the article is to analyze the factors on which the stability of the social order depends and to substantiate the expediency of its priority in the sphere of national security. The scientific novelty of the article is the justification of the interrelationship between national security and the stability of the social order in the need’s context to merge society around the goals that guarantee its security. Conclusions. The study shows that the sustainability of the social order ensures the existence and security of society and social institutions. We analyzed the axiological dimension of social order and sustainability through the disclosure of the social function of value orientation. We see them as the basis for the choice of action of the elements of social systems. In this context, we emphasized justifying the importance of a conceptual framework for its sustainability that considers the socio-cultural specificities of society and the values of the indivisible. We have shown that the main reason for the danger of social order and stability leading to the disintegration of society is the disparity of traditional values. They inform society of the ideological principles, program goals, and legal norms concerning its existence and the development of the State, which are determined by the highest political leadership. This makes it advisable to study the social system in question, its hierarchical levels, and their interrelationships. Hierarchical levels (moral, legal, conceptual) are described, their interrelationship is described, and it shows the category of sustainability to reflect the qualitative and quantitative assessment of the social order as a social system. Level – the quality (conflict-free) of its internal structuring. Emphasis has been placed on the desirability of distinguishing, at the conceptual level, the social order from the conceptual and ideological, and programmatic aspects this ensures that political decisions are made at the strategic level of public administration and that the strategic objectives of society, the means, and means of achieving them in national security, are justified. It has been established that the most effective means of destroying the State is to generate the prerequisites for threatening the stability of the social order, Therefore, the priority task of the actors of public administration and administration is to develop and implement a set of measures aimed at structuring and harmonizing principles, values and objectives at and between hierarchical levels of social order. We have identified basic prerequisites for the effectiveness of these measures, including mutually agreed goals, timetables, means, and methods of implementing strategies for socio-political and socio-economic development. Key words: social order, national security, public administration, social order and stability risks, value orientations, social order levels

scholarly journals Factors of urban sprawl in Bulgaria

Spatium ◽  
2013 ◽  
pp. 22-29 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aleksandar Slaev ◽  
Ivan Nikiforov
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
Urban Sprawl ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Single Family ◽  
Market Society ◽  
Urban Forms ◽  
The Public ◽  
Residential Preferences ◽  
The Social ◽  
South Eastern Europe

Urban sprawl has become a topical urban issue first in North America and later in Western Europe. It turned into a major challenge to urban sustainability. However, sprawl in Western Europe has displayed many specific features different than that in North America and these features are related to the concrete circumstances in the two continents. The social, economic and urban situation in the new European democracies is also quite different and this inevitably has its impact on the forms of sprawl. One of the main characteristics of sprawl is that it is considered to be market-led. More precisely, a major factor is the lack of balance between market trends and planning policy that allows for the market players to determine the use of their plots in suburban locations with little reference to the public interests and issues of sustainability. As the countries in Eastern and South-eastern Europe have already made certain progress on their way to market society, the problems of sprawl were faced in these countries too. The goal of the paper is to apply widely accepted definitions of sprawl to the processes in the suburbs of Sofia and, thus, to assess whether these are processes of sprawl. It also aims to study the specific traditions and residential preferences of Sofia?s population in order to identify specific characteristics and aspects of the Bulgarian model. The findings of the paper confirm that Bulgaria?s capital Sofia is experiencing processes of urban sprawl, particularly in its southern suburban areas - in the foot of Vitosha Mountain. Next, these processes display strong regional characteristics. So far sprawl in Bulgaria is less intensive than that in Western Europe but also than that in the post-socialist countries in Central Europe and in Baltic states. Eventually, the urban forms of Bulgarian sprawl tend to be denser and with mix of single-family and multi-family residential types and mix of land uses.

scholarly journals TOP-200 Higher Education Institutions in Four International Ratings: Comparative Analysis

2019 ◽  
Vol 28 (3) ◽  
pp. 85-95 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ivan E. Zadorozhnyuk ◽  
Larisa Yu. Korosteleva ◽  
Boris K. Tebiyev
Keyword(s):  
Higher Education ◽  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
North America ◽  
English Language ◽  
Higher Education Institutions ◽  
Competitive Environment ◽  
University Ranking ◽  
The Social ◽  
International University

Rating places of 200 higher education institutions according to ARWU, THE, QS and Moscow International Rating (MosIR) are compared. The authors give an interpretation of a phenomenon of domination of English-language higher education institutions on the top positions and as well as higher education institutions of Europe and North America. The paper dwells on the main ranking parameters in Moscow International University Ranking (MosIR) and its innovative charac teristics, in particular the new parameter “University and Society”. The ranking “Three University Missions” focuses on the social openness of higher education institutions, their communications with society. Special attention is paid to the ranking paradoxes. The authors come to a conclusion that the introduction of Moscow International University Ranking improves the competitive environment in the global educational space.

Captains of the Revolution

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joe Carlen
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
Social Structure ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Industrial Revolution ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
The Social ◽  
The World ◽  
The Revolution

The Industrial Revolution that began in 18th-century Britain would, in fairly short order, transform Western Europe, North America, and other regions of the world irreversibly. This momentous change would compel government, church, and other institutions to make unprecedented and often reluctant adjustments to the social structure. These entities were reacting to a revolution but who actually instigated it? Savvy and inventive British entrepreneurs did—the “captains” of new industries. Many of these remarkable figures and their often unintended impact on the world around them are discussed in this chapter.

Political journalists’ corporate and personal identities on Twitter profile pages: A comparative analysis in four Westminster democracies

2017 ◽  
Vol 20 (4) ◽  
pp. 1488-1505 ◽  
Author(s):  
Folker Hanusch
Keyword(s):  
Social Media ◽  
Social Network ◽  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Personal Information ◽  
The Self ◽  
Economic Aspects ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
The Social ◽  
Political Journalists ◽  
Media Systems

The practice for journalists to present an identity and brand the self on social media has become common across many newsrooms, yet its practice is still poorly understood. Focusing on journalists’ self-representations on the social network site Twitter, this study aims to address the lack of empirical understanding through an analysis of the identities which political journalists present on their Twitter profile pages. A total of 679 accounts of parliamentary press gallery journalists in Australia, Canada, New Zealand and the United Kingdom were analyzed, with a focus on various textual and visual pieces of professional and personal information. The article develops scales of corporate and personal identity, finding that UK and Canadian journalists most strongly differentiate between personal and corporate identities. Differences across countries are linked to political and economic aspects of the respective media systems.

Galician Jewish Migration to Vienna

1999 ◽  
pp. 147-163
Author(s):  
Klaus Hödl
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Social Network ◽  
North America ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Local Culture ◽  
Economic Changes ◽  
Jewish Migration ◽  
The Social ◽  
Economic Transformations ◽  
The City

This chapter addresses two aspects of the socio-economic transformations which modernized Galicia in many respects — economic changes and nationalization of the social network — which permanently affected Jewish life in this Habsburg province. Both the economic and social aspects created such hardship for Jews that the effects were apparent internationally, in their massive emigration to western Europe and North America. Here, the chapter focuses on Vienna as one of the destinations of the Galician Jews, and on the special features of the city. It also discusses the ways in which the Galician Jews adjusted to the local culture and the methods the Viennese Jews used to help them acculturate. Although New York claimed the largest number of Galician Jewish emigrants between 1881 and 1910, the numbers choosing Vienna were not insignificant.

Educating the Second Generation

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard Alba ◽  
Nancy Foner
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
Baby Boomers ◽  
Social Mobility ◽  
Demographic Transition ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Second Generation ◽  
Quarter Century ◽  
Second Generation Immigrants ◽  
The Social ◽  
Adult Lives

This chapter focuses on the second-generation immigrants. Second generations emerging from low-status immigrations begin their adult lives with substantial disadvantages—which are manifest in the worlds of both education and work—compared to young adults who grew up in native-majority homes. They are of particular concern in light of the demographic transition that will occur during the next quarter century in Europe and North America, which will involve the massive exit of the baby boomers from the workforce. This transition will create a need for the social mobility of many children of immigrants if the departing baby boomers are to be replaced; at the same time, of course, it will generate potential opportunities to move up for the second generation, including individuals from families in humble circumstances. Thus, the integration of these youth is vital for their own futures and has enormous implications for the futures of the societies of North America and Western Europe.

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