scholarly journals Factors of urban sprawl in Bulgaria

Spatium ◽  
2013 ◽  
pp. 22-29 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aleksandar Slaev ◽  
Ivan Nikiforov
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
Urban Sprawl ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Single Family ◽  
Market Society ◽  
Urban Forms ◽  
The Public ◽  
Residential Preferences ◽  
The Social ◽  
South Eastern Europe

Urban sprawl has become a topical urban issue first in North America and later in Western Europe. It turned into a major challenge to urban sustainability. However, sprawl in Western Europe has displayed many specific features different than that in North America and these features are related to the concrete circumstances in the two continents. The social, economic and urban situation in the new European democracies is also quite different and this inevitably has its impact on the forms of sprawl. One of the main characteristics of sprawl is that it is considered to be market-led. More precisely, a major factor is the lack of balance between market trends and planning policy that allows for the market players to determine the use of their plots in suburban locations with little reference to the public interests and issues of sustainability. As the countries in Eastern and South-eastern Europe have already made certain progress on their way to market society, the problems of sprawl were faced in these countries too. The goal of the paper is to apply widely accepted definitions of sprawl to the processes in the suburbs of Sofia and, thus, to assess whether these are processes of sprawl. It also aims to study the specific traditions and residential preferences of Sofia?s population in order to identify specific characteristics and aspects of the Bulgarian model. The findings of the paper confirm that Bulgaria?s capital Sofia is experiencing processes of urban sprawl, particularly in its southern suburban areas - in the foot of Vitosha Mountain. Next, these processes display strong regional characteristics. So far sprawl in Bulgaria is less intensive than that in Western Europe but also than that in the post-socialist countries in Central Europe and in Baltic states. Eventually, the urban forms of Bulgarian sprawl tend to be denser and with mix of single-family and multi-family residential types and mix of land uses.

Administrative Traditions

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Guy Peters
Keyword(s):  
Latin America ◽  
North America ◽  
Public Administration ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Central And Eastern Europe ◽  
Administrative Behavior ◽  
The Public ◽  
Public Bureaucracy ◽  
Anglo American ◽  
And Function

Contemporary public administration reflects its historical roots as well as contemporary ideas about how the public bureaucracy should be organized and function. This book argues that there are administrative traditions that have their roots centuries ago but continue to influence administrative behavior. Further, within Western Europe, North America, and the Antipodes there are four administrative traditions: Anglo-American, Napoleonic, Germanic, and Scandinavian. These are not the only traditions however, and the book also explores administrative traditions in Central and Eastern Europe, Latin America, Asia, and the Islamic world. In addition there is a discussion of how administrative traditions of the colonial powers influenced contemporary administration in Africa. These discussions of tradition and persistence also are discussed in light of the numerous attempts to reform and change public administration.

scholarly journals Sustaining What Is Unsustainable: A Review of Urban Sprawl and Urban Socio-Environmental Policies in North America and Western Europe

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (11) ◽  
pp. 4445 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carlos Bueno-Suárez ◽  
Daniel Coq-Huelva
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
Urban Sprawl ◽  
Environmental Sustainability ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Urban Governance ◽  
Essential Feature ◽  
Essential Element ◽  
Way Of Life ◽  
Environmental Consequences ◽  
Ex Post

Urban sprawl and its economic, social, and environmental consequences are central issues for approaching more sustainable forms of life and production. This review provides a broad theoretical exploration of the main features of urban sprawl but also of sustainable urban policies in Western Europe and North America. Urban sprawl can be observed in both continents, as the search for higher standards of economic, social, and environmental sustainability is also an essential feature of urban governance in the last years. Urban sprawl has been slightly weaker in Western Europe, as its are cities generally more compact. Moreover, in Western Europe, urban sprawl has sometimes been confronted with ex-ante preventive policies. However, in North America, urban sprawl from the 1950s has been an essential element of the social ordering and, thus, of the American way of life. In both cases, urban sprawl has generated successive rounds of accumulation of built capital, which is currently managed in sustainable ways essentially through ex-post and palliative measures, that is, trying to “sustain what is unsustainable”. In other words, the idea is to make urban sprawl more sustainable but without altering its main morphological elements.

Populist Nationalism, Anti-Europeanism, Post-nationalism, and the East-West Distinction

2005 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 371-389 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul Blokker
Keyword(s):  
Western Europe ◽  
Structural Difference ◽  
Direct Result ◽  
Market Society ◽  
The Social ◽  
Social Belonging ◽  
Political Model ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Eastern And Western Europe

In the literature on emergent populism and nationalism in post-communist Eastern Europe, two main assumptions regarding the origins of the phenomenon can be distinguished. One line of argumentation holds that the unexpected resurgence of populism and nationalism after the collapse of the communist regimes is a direct result of the ‘valley of tears’ that characterizes the post-communist transformation from a communist, centrally planned system, to a democratic, market society. The ‘social costs’ of the transition and the still ‘incomplete’ nature of modernization make a large number of ‘modernization losers’ susceptible to mobilization by populist movements. The emergence of populist, nationalist movements should be understood as a radical form of protest against the degradation of the quality of life and widespread social dislocation and unemployment. A second explanation for the phenomenon is that populism and its naturalist, exclusivist portrayal of the nation is the result of the re-emergence of deeply, culturally ingrained perception of social belonging, and of the foundations of the polity, in which the social whole is considered prior to the individual, and in which local culture is valued differently from Western culture. In this explanation, the structural difference between Eastern and Western Europe is emphasized, a difference that can only be overcome by the former adopting the political model of the latter.

Das russische Verfassungsexperiment 1906–1918: Zum Verhältnis von Tradition und Modernität

2008 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 88-115
Author(s):  
Dietmar Neutatz
Keyword(s):  
Western Europe ◽  
Left Wing ◽  
The Public ◽  
Peter The Great ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Public Sphere ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
The One ◽  
Special Circumstances ◽  
The Relationship

The Russian Constitutional Experiment, 1906–1918: On the Relationship between Tradition and Modernity The revolution of 1905 turned the virtually unlimited autocracy of the Russian Empire into a constitutional monarchy. However, this experiment survived the fall of the Tsar in 1917 by only a few months and was obliged to give way to the Bolshevik dictatorship. This article investigates how far the failure of constitutionalism in Russia was due to the special circumstances surrounding the crisis of 1917, or whether it is better explained by the ill-conceived application of a notion imported from Western Europe that could not be grafted onto indigenous Russian traditions. The article discusses the competing concepts of Western-style parliamentarianism on the one hand and a ‹Russian› ideal of direct popular representation on the other (i.e. the ‹Zemskij Sobor› dating from the era before Peter the Great). It investigates the constraints within which the State Duma worked, and the social and political practice of Russian constitutionalism between 1906 and 1918, in order to analyse how deeply rooted constitutional concepts were in late Tsarist society. Special attention is paid to the following themes: the capacity of the Duma to address practical problems; the changing character of political culture; new forms of the public sphere and the growth of civil society; the relationship between parliament and the peasantry; the activities of both supporters of a parliamentary order and their right- and left-wing opponents; and finally the importance of ‹Russian›-style counter-proposals to ‹Western›-style constitutionalism during the crisis years of 1917/18.

Captains of the Revolution

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joe Carlen
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
Social Structure ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Industrial Revolution ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
The Social ◽  
The World ◽  
The Revolution

The Industrial Revolution that began in 18th-century Britain would, in fairly short order, transform Western Europe, North America, and other regions of the world irreversibly. This momentous change would compel government, church, and other institutions to make unprecedented and often reluctant adjustments to the social structure. These entities were reacting to a revolution but who actually instigated it? Savvy and inventive British entrepreneurs did—the “captains” of new industries. Many of these remarkable figures and their often unintended impact on the world around them are discussed in this chapter.

scholarly journals Inner-City Transformations after Socialism. Findings from Interviews with New Residents of Pre-War Tenement Houses in Gdańsk

2011 ◽  
Vol 15 (15) ◽  
pp. 117-129 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maja Grabkowska
Keyword(s):  
Inner City ◽  
Urban Development ◽  
Urban Sprawl ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Qualitative Data ◽  
Lifestyle Changes ◽  
Residential Preferences ◽  
Data Analyses ◽  
Recent Debate ◽  
New Residents

Inner-City Transformations after Socialism. Findings from Interviews with New Residents of Pre-War Tenement Houses in Gdańsk Issues of intense suburbanization and urban sprawl have been the most discussed threads in the recent debate on urban development in Poland. Meanwhile, in numerous cities of Western Europe signs of inner-city revival have been observed and investigated. Led by demographic and lifestyle changes alike, such reurbanization trends are found to be closely related to household transformations. Results of undertaken studies indicate that residential preferences of non-traditional households, such as singles, cohabitations, childless couples or flatsharers, gravitate to inner-city living. The aim of this paper is to reveal similar tendencies in a postsocialist city, using the example of Gdańsk. Presented results of statistical and qualitative data analyses point towards confirmation of incipient reurbanization, although with several distinctions following from the postsocialist context.

Galician Jewish Migration to Vienna

1999 ◽  
pp. 147-163
Author(s):  
Klaus Hödl
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Social Network ◽  
North America ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Local Culture ◽  
Economic Changes ◽  
Jewish Migration ◽  
The Social ◽  
Economic Transformations ◽  
The City

This chapter addresses two aspects of the socio-economic transformations which modernized Galicia in many respects — economic changes and nationalization of the social network — which permanently affected Jewish life in this Habsburg province. Both the economic and social aspects created such hardship for Jews that the effects were apparent internationally, in their massive emigration to western Europe and North America. Here, the chapter focuses on Vienna as one of the destinations of the Galician Jews, and on the special features of the city. It also discusses the ways in which the Galician Jews adjusted to the local culture and the methods the Viennese Jews used to help them acculturate. Although New York claimed the largest number of Galician Jewish emigrants between 1881 and 1910, the numbers choosing Vienna were not insignificant.

Educating the Second Generation

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard Alba ◽  
Nancy Foner
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
Baby Boomers ◽  
Social Mobility ◽  
Demographic Transition ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Second Generation ◽  
Quarter Century ◽  
Second Generation Immigrants ◽  
The Social ◽  
Adult Lives

This chapter focuses on the second-generation immigrants. Second generations emerging from low-status immigrations begin their adult lives with substantial disadvantages—which are manifest in the worlds of both education and work—compared to young adults who grew up in native-majority homes. They are of particular concern in light of the demographic transition that will occur during the next quarter century in Europe and North America, which will involve the massive exit of the baby boomers from the workforce. This transition will create a need for the social mobility of many children of immigrants if the departing baby boomers are to be replaced; at the same time, of course, it will generate potential opportunities to move up for the second generation, including individuals from families in humble circumstances. Thus, the integration of these youth is vital for their own futures and has enormous implications for the futures of the societies of North America and Western Europe.

Typology of Media Systems

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel C. Hallin
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
North America ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Social Systems ◽  
System Level ◽  
Role Of The State ◽  
The Social ◽  
Media Markets ◽  
Media Systems ◽  
Journalistic Professionalism

Typologies are a central tool of comparative analysis in the social sciences. Typologies identify common patterns in the relationships among elements of media systems and wider social systems, and serve to generate research questions about why particular patterns occur in particular systems, why particular cases may deviate from common patterns, and what the consequences of these patterns may be. They are important for specifying the context within which particular processes operate, and therefore for identifying possible system-level causes, specifying the scope of applicability of theories, and assessing the validity of measurements across systems. Typologies of media systems date to the publication of Four Theories of the Press, which proposed a typology of authoritarian, libertarian, social responsibility and Soviet Communist media systems. Hallin and Mancini’s typology of media systems in Western Europe and North America has influenced most recent work in comparative analysis of media systems. Hallin and Mancini proposed three models differentiated on the basis of four clusters of variables: the development of media markets; the degree and forms of political parallelism; journalistic professionalism; and the role of the state. Much recent research has been devoted to operationalizing these dimensions of comparison, and a number of revisions of Hallin and Mancini’s model and proposals for alternative approaches have been proposed. Researchers have also begun efforts to develop typologies including media systems outside of Western Europe and North America.

scholarly journals Duels in the European Novel: Honor, Reputation, and the Limits of a Bourgeois Form

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ben Merriman
Keyword(s):  
Social Practice ◽  
Public Perception ◽  
Formal System ◽  
Major Change ◽  
Cultural Transformation ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Market Society ◽  
The Public ◽  
Honor Culture ◽  
The Social

The emergence of market society in Europe prompted a major change in the social measurement of individual worth. The formal system of aristocratic honor culture was gradually supplanted by a bourgeois concept of reputation rooted in the public perception of individual merits. During this period, dueling was a practice of dispute resolution commonly used in honor groups, and also diffused to bourgeois groups in domains such as politics and journalism. This article explores this cultural transformation by examining duels in 20 European novels and comparing these duels with theoretical and historical work on duels as a social practice. The novels present a significantly distorted representation of dueling. This distortion demonstrates the limited ability of the novel, a bourgeois form, to describe group-oriented values such as honor. This is, in turn, sociologically significant: the novels point to major differences in the social psychologies underpinning honor and reputation, and also anticipate the obsolescence of honor culture well before this occurred historically.Citation: Merriman, Ben. 2015. “Duels in the European Novel: Honor, Reputation, and the Limits of a Bourgeois Form.” Cultural Sociology 9(2): 203-219.

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