Transport in Tanzania

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katie Valliere Streit
Keyword(s):  
Western Indian Ocean ◽  
Transportation Systems ◽  
Transportation Infrastructure ◽  
Motor Vehicles ◽  
Wealth Accumulation ◽  
Colonial Era ◽  
Trade Networks ◽  
Colonial Economy ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Moral Superiority

Tanzanian men and women have embraced, adapted, and innovated various transportation technologies over the centuries as part of their survival and wealth accumulation strategies. During the precolonial era, dhows and porterage caravans helped to draw mainland Tanzania and Zanzibar into ever-widening trade networks with Central-East Africa, the western Indian Ocean, and the capitalist world economy during the 19th century. The onset of colonialism brought attempts by German and British administrations to replace these “traditional” forms of mobility with “modern” railways, steamships, and motor vehicles. Europeans expected to use these tools to conquer and subordinate African populations according to the demands of the colonial economy. Europeans also perceived these technologies as material manifestations of their alleged intellectual and moral superiority. Colonial administrations, however, continually lacked the necessary resources to construct and maintain new transportation infrastructure amid challenging climates and terrain. Dhows and porters successfully competed with railways, motor vehicles, and steamships throughout the colonial era and remained integral components of the colonial economy. As new transportation systems gradually became integrated into Tanzania’s physical and socioeconomic landscape, ordinary Tanzanians utilized the technologies of mobility to pursue their self-interests. Throughout the process of building transportation infrastructure and using automobiles, dhows, railways, and airplanes, ordinary Tanzanians created identities that challenged discriminatory racial and gender social orders constructed by colonial governments and the Tanzanian nation-state.

Historical Context of Agricultural Commercialisation in Ghana: Changes in Land and Labour Relations

2016 ◽  
Vol 53 (1) ◽  
pp. 49-63 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joseph Awetori Yaro ◽  
Joseph Kofi Teye ◽  
Gertrude Dzifa Torvikey
Keyword(s):  
Social Relations ◽  
Land Tenure ◽  
Production Systems ◽  
Historical Context ◽  
Colonial Period ◽  
Agrarian Change ◽  
Wealth Accumulation ◽  
Colonial Era ◽  
Labour Relations ◽  
Global Capital

This paper provides a broad review of agrarian change in Ghana by highlighting the major developments in the agrarian political economy and their implications for agricultural commercialisation and its modifying influence on land tenure systems, livelihoods, production systems, social relations, and labour relations. While current land tenure arrangements and labour relations in Africa are often explained in terms of globalisation, we argue that the historical context of agricultural commercialisation in Ghana shows continuities and discontinuities in agrarian relations from the colonial period to the present. We also argue that changes over the years have blended with globalisation to produce the distinct forms of labour relations that we see today. The commercialisation of agriculture in Ghana has evolved progressively from the colonial era aided by policies of coercion, persuasion and incentives to its current globalised form. The expansion in the range of commodities over time necessarily increased the demand for more land and labour. The article contributes to the literature by providing great insights into changes in land and labour relations due to increasing commercialisation, and how these enhanced wealth accumulation for the richer segments of society and global capital to the detriment of the poor throughout Ghana’s agrarian history.

The Land-Bank System in the American Colonies

1953 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 145-159 ◽  
Author(s):  
Theodore Thayer
Keyword(s):  
Large Degree ◽  
Economic Life ◽  
Colonial Era ◽  
American Colonies ◽  
History Of ◽  
Colonial Economy ◽  
The Times ◽  
Bank System ◽  
Land Bank ◽  
Reserve System

One need not be very conversant with modern money, credit, and banking to find in them a kinship with the land banks of the Colonial era. In a manner suggestive of our Federal Reserve System, the Colonial land banks exerted a wide influence over the economic life of the times. Indeed, the functions of the land-bank system embraced every phase of the Colonial economy. Its history to a large degree comprises the history of currency, money values, inflation, credit, public finance, and economic development in eighteenth-century America.

CONSTRUCTING ARGUMENTS AND INSTITUTIONS OF ISLAMIC BELONGING: M. O. ABBASI, COLONIAL TANZANIA, AND THE WESTERN INDIAN OCEAN WORLD, 1925–61

2014 ◽  
Vol 55 (2) ◽  
pp. 211-228 ◽  
Author(s):  
James R. Brennan
Keyword(s):  
Indian Ocean ◽  
Western Indian Ocean ◽  
Organizational Structures ◽  
Vital Role ◽  
Colonial Era ◽  
The Public ◽  
Public Role ◽  
Organizational Work ◽  
Intellectual Networks ◽  
Indian Ocean World

AbstractThis article explores the intellectual life and organizational work of an Indian Muslim activist and journalist, M. O. Abbasi, a largely forgotten figure who nonetheless stood at the center of colonial-era debates over the public role of Islam in mainland Tanzania. His greatest impact was made through the Anjuman Islamiyya, the territory's leading pan-Islamic organization that he co-founded and modeled on Indian modernist institutions. The successes and failures of Abbasi and the Anjuman Islamiyya demonstrate the vital role played by Western Indian Ocean intellectual networks, the adaptability of transoceanic, pan-Islamic organizational structures, and, ultimately, the limits imposed on pan-Islamic activism by racial politics in colonial Tanzania.

English Private Trade on the West Coast of India, c. 1680–c. 1740

Itinerario ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 38 (2) ◽  
pp. 51-73 ◽  
Author(s):  
Timothy Davies
Keyword(s):  
Indian Ocean ◽  
West Coast ◽  
Western Indian Ocean ◽  
East India Company ◽  
The West ◽  
Trade Networks ◽  
West Coast Of India ◽  
The Indian Ocean ◽  
English East India Company ◽  
Indian Ocean World

This article explores the private trade networks of English East India Company merchants on the west coast of India during the first half of the eighteenth century. Existing studies of English private trade in the Indian Ocean have almost exclusively focused on India's eastern seaboard, the Coromandel Coast and the Bay of Bengal regions. This article argues that looking at private trade from the perspective of the western Indian Ocean provides a different picture of this important branch of European trade. It uses EIC records and merchants' private papers to argue against recent metropolitan-centred approaches to English private trade, instead emphasising the importance of more localised political and economic contexts, within the Indian Ocean world, for shaping the conduct and success of this commerce.

scholarly journals Driver’s Drowsiness Detection Based on Behavioural Changes using ResNet

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 5708-5712
Keyword(s):  
Deep Learning ◽  
Intelligent Transportation Systems ◽  
Intelligent Transportation ◽  
Transportation Systems ◽  
Motor Vehicles ◽  
Steering Wheel ◽  
Road Accidents ◽  
Drowsiness Detection ◽  
Behavioural Changes ◽  
The Road

Recently there has been growing interest in intelligent transportation system because the road accidents become biggest problems of mankind and the casualties of accident also increases rapidly every year. The casualties are very often witnessed in heavy and light motor vehicles. Moreover, the accidents occur mainly due to carelessness and drowsy feeling of the driver. Intelligent transportation systems use deep learning mechanism to detect drowsiness of the driver and alert the same to driver. It results in reduction of accidents. The driver’s behaviour during drowsiness is detected by three types of approaches. One approach deploys the sensors in steering wheel and accelerator of the vehicle and analyzes the signal sent by the sensors to detect the drowsiness. Second approach focuses on measuring the heart rate, pulse rate and brain signals etc to predict the drowsiness. Third approach uses the facial expression of the driver such as blinking rate of eye, eye closure and yawning etc. The cause for most of the road accidents is driver’s drowsiness. Therefore, in this paper, the behavioural changes of driver is accounted to detect the drowsiness of the driver. Eye movement and yawning are two behavioural changes of driver is considered in this paper. There are many CNN based deep learning architectures such AlexNet, VGGNet, ResNet. In this paper, we propose the drowsiness detection using ResNet because this method works on the principle of passing the output to the next la. The performance of proposed mechanism detects the drowsiness of the driver better than AlexNet and VGGNet.

scholarly journals Reimagining China’s Transportation Funding Investments in Africa in the Context of COVID-19

2021 ◽  
pp. 036119812110312
Author(s):  
Clovia Hamilton ◽  
Sira Maliphol
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Literature Review ◽  
The United States ◽  
Development Planning ◽  
Transportation Systems ◽  
Transportation Infrastructure ◽  
African Countries ◽  
Transportation Funding ◽  
Comprehensive Development ◽  
Functional Areas

Africa has not invested enough in its healthcare system, and China has been investing in and financing much of Africa’s transportation system. Many African countries’ fragile health and transportation systems have been further weakened by the COVID-19 pandemic. This literature review confirms the interdependence of the key functional areas of comprehensive development planning and the importance of building and maintaining a sound transportation infrastructure. With respect to partnerships with China, African nations need to strengthen government functional areas more comprehensively, considering all of the areas of development planning including trade as well as transportation and aid issues. It is all the more apparent given the COVID-19 pandemic that these trade deals need to include simultaneous heavy investments in healthcare, education, housing, public utilities (water and electricity), and economic development through improved supply chain management and the use of advanced digital technology. In addition to the deal structures for China’s investments in Africa’s transportation infrastructure, there are also opportunities to reimagine the African nations’ internal transportation spending. For example, there are models in the United States for using transportation funds to invest in health clinics in transit stations. The COVID-19 pandemic has brought this issue to bear, and it is a problem that can be rectified with “comprehensive” development planning that takes into account all of the key functional areas of planning: healthcare, environmental protection, safety, education, housing, economic development, and transportation. Five recommendations follow the literature review and discussion.

scholarly journals “We Go on Our Own Boats!”: Korean Migrants and the Politics of Transportation Infrastructure in the Japanese Empire

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-22
Author(s):  
Derek Kramer
Keyword(s):  
Labor Markets ◽  
Transportation Infrastructure ◽  
Spatial Integration ◽  
Japanese Empire ◽  
Colonial Era ◽  
New Class ◽  
Regional Markets ◽  
Union Activists ◽  
And Control ◽  
Do So

Abstract This paper examines transportation infrastructure in the Japanese empire and its role in positioning Korean migrants in the labor markets of the metropole. To do so, it focuses on the Pusan–Shimonoseki ferry which, between 1905 and 1945, transferred over 30 million people between Japan and Korea. During this time, the ships that comprised this ferry line helped articulate new borders between the metropole and its annexed colony. In this capacity, the vessels helped constitute and control the flow of a new class of colonial migrants as they entered the labor markets of Japan. Historically, transportation networks have been looked on as modes of conveyance or as symbols of political amalgamation. Colonial era descriptions of the Pusan-Shimonoseki ferry commonly maintained this view. However, rather than stress the spatial integration brought by the line, this paper highlights its function as a source of delineation. The ferries connecting Japan to its closest colony not only served as a conduit for Korean workers, but also introduced forms of constraint and contingency that shaped their ability to sell their labor in Japan. Transportation thus became an issue of political contestation and resistance. Korean workers and union activists employed an array of tactics to undermine the borders imposed through the regulation of transportation. Doing so was part of an attempt to assert greater control over the migrant's position in regional markets and mitigate the unevenness of the colonial system.

scholarly journals SEJARAH SOSIAL EKONOMI MAJALENGKA PADA MASA PEMERINTAHAN HINDIA BELANDA (1819-1942)

2011 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 190
Author(s):  
Miftahul Falah
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Industrial Sector ◽  
Transportation Infrastructure ◽  
Sugar Production ◽  
Colonial Era ◽  
Sugar Factory ◽  
The People ◽  
History Of ◽  
Dynamic Growth ◽  
In The Beginning

AbstrakTulisan ini menggambarkan sejarah sosial-ekonomi Kabupaten Majalengkapada masa Pemerintahan Hindia Belanda yang mencakup aspek demografis, pertanian,perkebunan, perdagangan, industri, dan prasarana transportasi. Untuk merekonstruksiitu digunakan metode sejarah yang terdiri dari empat tahap, yaitu heuristik, kritik,interpretasi, dan historiografi. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pertumbuhanpenduduk Kabupaten Majalengka mengalami penurunan yakni dari 2,29% per tahunpada akhir abad ke-19 menjadi 1,68% pada awal abad ke-20. Meskipun demikian,kehidupan sosial ekonomi masyarakatnya tumbuh cukup dinamis. Pertanianmerupakan sektor perekonomian terpenting di Kabupaten Majalengka. Pesawahanhampir dikenal di setiap wilayah di Kabupaten Majalengka. Sektor perkebunanjuga tumbuh cukup dinamis sehingga Kabupaten Majalengka menjadi penghasilkopi terbesar di Karesidenan Cirebon. Sektor industri pun cukup berkembang yangditandai dengan adanya upaya peningkatan produksi gula dengan membangun pabrikgula di Kadipaten serta perluasan areal penanaman tebu di wilayah Jatiwangi.AbstractThis paper describes a socio-economical history of Kabupaten (regency)Majalengka in Dutch colonial era, covering issues on demography, agriculture,plantation, commerce, industry and transportation infrastructure. In reconstructingsuch kinds of issues the author applied methods that are used in history: heuristic,critique, interpretation, and historiography. The result shows that in the end of 19thcentury there was a decrease in population in Kabupaten Majalengka from 2.29% to1.68% in the beginning of 20th century. Socio-economically, however, the people faceda dynamic growth. The most important economical sector then was agriculture. Onthe other hand, plantations also grew dynamically, making Kabupaten Majalengkathe biggest coffee producer in Karesidenan Cirebon. Not to mention industrial sector, marked by the efforts to increase sugar production by building a sugar factory inKadipaten as well as expanding sugarcane plantation di Jatiwangi.

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