4. How do we measure crime?

2018 ◽  
pp. 39-51
Author(s):  
Tim Newburn
Keyword(s):  
Law Enforcement ◽  
Victimization Surveys ◽  
Pros And Cons ◽  
Reported Crime ◽  
Sampling Procedures

‘How do we measure crime?’ considers the two main measures that are generally used for counting crime—information from law enforcement bodies and victimization surveys—looking at the pros and cons of different approaches and outlining a series of provisos or caveats. Law enforcement statistics do not include all crimes, they are not consistent, not all crime is reported, and not all reported crime is recorded. Despite crime surveys indicating that fewer than one in two crimes are reported to law enforcement, it is thought that they also under-report. Other issues with crime surveys concern their sampling procedures and targeting of individuals only and not businesses.

Calibration of a Triaxial, Consumer-grade Magnetometer via an Extended Two-step Methodology

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rogério P. Menezes Filho ◽  
Felipe O. Silva ◽  
Leonardo A. Vieira ◽  
Lucas P. S. Paiva ◽  
Gustavo S. Carvalho
Keyword(s):  
Law Enforcement ◽  
Hardware Implementation ◽  
Inertial Sensors ◽  
Film Industry ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
External Information ◽  
Navigation Systems ◽  
Smartphone Applications ◽  
Pros And Cons ◽  
Position And Orientation

Humans have always had the necessity of estimating their location in space for various reasons, e.g. hunting, traveling, sailing, battling, etc. Today, many other areas also demand that information, such as aviation, agriculture, multiple smartphone applications, law enforcement, and even film industry, to mention but a few. Estimating position and orientation is known as navigation, and the means to achieve it are called navigation systems. Each approach has its pros and cons, but sometimes it is possible to combine them into an improved architecture. For instance, inertial sensors (i.e. accelerometers and gyroscopes) can be integrated with magnetometers, producing an Attitude and Heading Reference System (AHRS); this process is referred to as sensor fusion. However, before sensors can be used to produce the navigation solution, calibration is often necessary, especially for low-cost devices. In this study,we perform the calibration of a triaxial consumer-grade magnetometer via an extended two-step methodology, correct small mistakes present in the original paper, and evaluate the technique in a restricted motion scenario. This technique can be implemented in-field, simply by rotating the sensors to multiple orientations; the only external information necessary is the local Earth's magnetic field density, easily estimated through reliable models. The error parameters, i.e. biases, scale factors, and misalignments, are indirectly estimated via a least squares algorithm. The calibration is first performed through software simulation, followed by hardware implementation to validate the results.

scholarly journals PELAKSANAAN HUKUMAN MATI DALAM PERSEPEKTIF HAK ASASI MANUSIA

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 76
Author(s):  
Heriyono Heriyono
Keyword(s):  
Law Enforcement ◽  
Death Penalty ◽  
Logical Consequence ◽  
Illegal Drugs ◽  
Indonesian Government ◽  
Historical Factors ◽  
History Of ◽  
Pros And Cons ◽  
Three Stages ◽  
The Government

In 2015 the Government of Indonesia carried out three stages of executions of 18 inmates, out of 18 convicted prisoners, only 4 inmates were Indonesian citizens, the rest were foreign nationals, this was what later made the execution of death executions by the Indonesian government in 2015 a global spotlight . For the Indonesian government, the execution of several people convicted of narcotics and illegal drugs is a logical consequence of the spirit of law enforcement in Indonesia. It is also evidence of the government's commitment in its fight against drugs. In Indonesia, violations and crimes against the misuse of narcotics and illegal drugs are high class crimes (extra ordinary crime) as well as terrorism. This article discusses how the history of the death penalty, then also about the existence of the implementation of the death penalty in the legal system in Indonesia, furthermore also about the debate and pros and cons of the implementation of the death penalty, and the last is about the implementation of the death penalty in the perspective of human rights relativeiseme. This arithmetic draws the conclusion that the development of the pendang way of carrying out the death penalty is strongly influenced by historical factors of the country concerned. In addition, natural factors (culture) and culture (culture) also influence the development of thought implementation and application of the death penalty.

scholarly journals Legal Education In Higher Educational Establishments Of The Ministry Of Internal Affairs Of Ukraine: Pro E Contra

2020 ◽  
pp. 139-149
Author(s):  
Yu.D. Nikitina ◽  
Yu.R. Balan ◽  
N.R. Lashchuk
Keyword(s):  
Law Enforcement ◽  
Legal Education ◽  
Public Authorities ◽  
Learning Conditions ◽  
Pros And Cons ◽  
Higher Educational ◽  
Forensic Scientists ◽  
National Police ◽  
Specific Learning ◽  
Legal Entities

The pros and cons arguments of the possibility of granting legal education to the students on the speciality “Law” in the higher educational establishments with specific learning conditions are considered in the article. There are the following options: 1) the possibility of training on the speciality “Law Enforcement” of investigators, interrogating officers, operatives employees, forensic scientists for the needs of the national police or other public authorities exclusively; 2) the possibility of training on the speciality “Law Enforcement” of investigators, interrogating officers, operatives employees, forensic scientists for the needs of the national police or other public authorities exclusively, but at the same time training of “broad” lawyers on the speciality “Law” at the expense of individuals and legal entities; 3) the possibility of training both on the specialities “Law Enforcement” and “Law” of investigators, interrogating officers, operatives employees, forensic scientists for the needs of the national police or other public authorities and “broad” lawyers on the speciality “Law” at the expense of individuals and legal entities. It is stated that legal education of lawyers in higher educational establishments with specific learning conditions is not only possible but also appropriate. Legislative restriction of the range of educational institutions that can train lawyers leads to a lack of competition as competition is the key to improving quality of education.

Community policing and the organizational structure of campus law enforcement agencies

2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sherah L. Basham
Keyword(s):  
Law Enforcement ◽  
Organizational Structure ◽  
Community Policing ◽  
Ordinary Least Squares ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Least Squares Regression ◽  
Law Enforcement Agencies ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Campus Law Enforcement ◽  
Reported Crime

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to examine the extent to which community policing within campus law enforcement agencies is influenced by the organizational structure, agency characteristics and campus characteristics.Design/methodology/approachThis study utilizes ordinary least squares regression modeling to examine community policing implementation. Data were drawn from a sample of 242 US colleges and universities included in the 2011–2012 Bureau of Justice Statistics (BJS) Survey of Campus Law Enforcement Agencies (SCLEA).FindingsFindings show that within-campus law enforcement agencies, greater levels of community policing are associated with more formalization, larger numbers of employees, a higher task scope and higher rates of on-campus property crime.Research limitations/implicationsUse of secondary data and reported crime rate limits the study. Future research should implement specialized surveys and qualitative methods to identify the specific needs and implementations of community policing.Originality/valueThis paper adds to the limited body of literature on the community policing in campus law enforcement through more recent data and the inclusion of campus community variables.

scholarly journals PEMBAHARUAN HUKUM DALAM PENYITAAN BARANG BUKTI HASIL KORUPSI

2014 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 144
Author(s):  
Abdul Rosyad
Keyword(s):  
Law Enforcement ◽  
Law Enforcement Officers ◽  
Legal Knowledge ◽  
Community Law ◽  
Pros And Cons ◽  
The Law ◽  
Strong Suspicion ◽  
Rule Out

Confiscation of the assets of suspected criminals raises the pros and cons in the community. Law enforcement officers must possess prudence in conducting the investigation and prosecution as well have a strong suspicion a belief that the suspect's assets acquired in violation of the law. In confiscate whatever to do with logic, with the linking of property confiscated by the time of acquisition as well as the amount of assets that are suspected to be part of the corruption. Then the defendant in the trial also must be able to prove reverse, that property seized is not the source of corruption. Because it does not rule out someone who does have a legitimate wealth, but because of the courage and ability possessed legal knowledge may cause he was unable to explain the source of wealth is perfect. So therefore, sometimes he was found guilty of corruption.

scholarly journals Kebijakan Kriminalisasi Kesusilaan Dalam Rancangan Undang-Undang Tentang Hukum Pidana Dari Perspektif Moral (Criminalization Of Decency In The Criminal Code Bill From Moral Perspectives)

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 181-198
Author(s):  
Lidya Suryani Widayati
Keyword(s):  
Law Enforcement ◽  
Moral Theory ◽  
Criminal Code ◽  
Pros And Cons

In the Criminal Code Bill, there are articles of criminal acts of decency either from the Criminal Code (KUHP) or from several other laws. In the Criminal Code Bill there is also criminalization of several acts that are considered to violate decency. The criminalization of some of these acts was considered violating morality, including incest, revision of adultery, revision of homosexual perpetrators, cohabitation, and sodomy. Both the revised and the new articles on decency have caused pros and cons in society. This paper aims to examine the criminalization of actions deemed to violate morality in the Criminal Code Bill from the perspective of moral theory. Based on the moral theory, the policy of criminalization of several acts that are considered to violate morality is in accordance with the criteria of criminalization, namely the act is immoral and harmful to individuals and society. In addition, criminalization of acts deemed violating morality is also because it is contrary to cultural and religious norms of most Indonesian people. However, in criminalization, the legislator must also take into account matters related to the problem of proof and law enforcement so as not to violate the rights of one's privacy. Besides, the legislator must also consider how the provisions in the Criminal Code Bill as a legal codification can prioritize the principle of unification so that it can be accepted and applied in the community.AbstrakSelain memuat kembali pasal-pasal tindak pidana kesusilaan baik yang bersumber dari Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum Pidana (KUHP) maupun dari beberapa Undang-Undang (UU) lainnya, Pembentuk Rancangan Undang-Undang tentang Hukum Pidana (RUU HP) juga menentukan kriminalisasi terhadap beberapa perbuatan yang dinilai melanggar kesusilaan. Dalam RUU HP, beberapa perbuatan dikriminalisasi karena dinilai melanggar kesusilaan, antara lain yaitu: inses, perluasan pelaku perzinaan, perluasan pelaku homoseksual, kumpul kebo, dan sodomi. Baik mengenai pasal-pasal kesusilaan yang direvisi maupun pasal-pasal kesusilaan yang baru telah menimbulkan pro dan kontra di masyarakat. Tulisan ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji kriminalisasi perbuatan asusila dalam RUU HP dari perspektif teori moral. Berdasarkan pada teori moral maka kebijakan kriminalisasi terhadap beberapa perbuatan yang dinilai melanggar kesusilaan dalam RUU HP memenuhi kriteria kriminalisasi, yaitu perbuatan tersebut amoral dan berbahaya bagi individu dan masyarakat. Selain itu, kriminalisasi perbuatan yang dinilai melanggar kesusilaan juga karena bertentangan dengan norma budaya dan agama sebagian besar masyarakat Indonesia. Namun demikian, dalam kriminalisasi, Pembentuk UU (DPR dan Pemerintah) juga harus memperhitungkan hal-hal terkait dengan masalah pembuktian dan penegakan hukumnya agar tidak melanggar hak privasi seseorang. Selain itu Pembentuk UU juga harus mempertimbangkan bagaimana ketentuan-ketentuan dalam RUU HP sebagai kodifikasi hukum dapat mengedepankan prinsip unifikasi sehingga dapat diterima dan diterapkan di masyarakat.

scholarly journals The Effectiveness of Regional Regulation of The Province of Bali Number 16 of 2009 Concerning Spatial Planning for The Province of Bali in The Development of Tourism Supporting Facilities at The Sanctuary Area in Badung Regency

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 54-58
Author(s):  
Ida Ayu Putu Widiati ◽  
Luh Putu Suryani ◽  
Indah Permatasari
Keyword(s):  
Law Enforcement ◽  
Rule Of Law ◽  
Spatial Planning ◽  
Tourism Industry ◽  
The Rule Of Law ◽  
The Supreme Court ◽  
Pros And Cons ◽  
Article 50 ◽  
Holy Place

One of the highly developed tourism industries in Bali is the tourism industry. Nevertheless, the problem that then arises is that there are developments encountered in the area of the holy place that should not be made as a place to support the tourism facilities. This is of course not in accordance with the provisions of Regional Regulation Number 16 of 2009 concerning Spatial Planning for the Province of Bali, particularly in Article 50 paragraph (2). This study examines the effectiveness of Bali Province Regional Regulation Number 16 of 2009 related to the construction of Tourism supporting facilities in the radius of the shrine area in Badung Regency. The whole data collected are processed and analyzed by organizing them systematically, and are then classified and connected between one data with another. In practice, there are still violations related to the rules of the radius of the sacred area around the Pura Sad Kahyangan, especially in the Pura Luhur Uluwatu. The existence of norms related to sacred areas comes through pros and cons in practice. Some judicial review requests have even been submitted to the Supreme Court. The role of law enforcement also needs necessarily to be optimized, especially in terms of enforcing the rule of law related to violations in the radius of the holy place in the Badung Regency.  

scholarly journals Alternative Procedures for Settling Tax Disputes

2021 ◽  
pp. 77-94
Author(s):  
Lana Arzumanova
Keyword(s):  
Law Enforcement ◽  
Public Sphere ◽  
Positive Result ◽  
The Public ◽  
Alternative Procedures ◽  
Pros And Cons ◽  
Russian Law ◽  
The Public Sphere

The article discusses an alternative way to settle a tax dispute through mediation. For the Russian law enforcement practice, this format of interaction is new, since the current law on mediation only since 2019 has established the possibility of its implementation in the public sphere of activity. At the end of 2020, the first precedent for considering a tax dispute through mediation appeared, which gave a positive result. The author discusses the pros and cons of using mediation in public legal relations and gives his vision of this process.

scholarly journals PEMBUBARAN ORMAS “RADIKAL” DALAM PERSEPEKTIF PERUNDANG-UNDANGAN (Kajian Khusus Perppu No. 02 Tahun 2017)

Nuansa ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Imam Mahdi
Keyword(s):  
Law Enforcement ◽  
Government Regulation ◽  
Community Organizations ◽  
The State ◽  
Public Organization ◽  
Legal Action ◽  
Legal Basis ◽  
Pros And Cons ◽  
The Republic ◽  
The Government

The Government Regulation on Law Enforcement (Perppu), has the same  legal force as the law, but is tem- porary because it must  obtain approval by the Parliament. Exit of Perppu No. 2 Year 2017 on Amendment to Law no. 17Year 2003 on Public  Organization. The legal basis  of the President to issue  the Perppu is stipulated in Article 22 of the1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia, essentially the Perppu is issued because of the urgency of the matter, meaning that  if not issued by the Perppu, the government can not take legal action for the interest of the State. In fact, this Perppu is used to dissolve community organizations, especially Hizbur Tahrir Indonesia (HTI) which is considered by the government to deviate from Pancasila ideology and endanger the integrity of NKRI. As a result, there are pros and cons against Perppu No. 2 Year 2017. .

scholarly journals Strengthening The Corruption Eradication Commission as an Institution at The Forefront of Law Enforcement on Corruption in Indonesia

2021 ◽  
Vol 04 (09) ◽  
Author(s):  
Damian Adhi Susastyo ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Law Enforcement ◽  
Public Trust ◽  
The Other ◽  
Constitutional Court ◽  
Law Enforcement Agencies ◽  
Low Level ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Pros And Cons ◽  
Over Time

The Corruption Eradication Commission (KPK) has broad duties and authorities in the prevention and prosecution of corruption with the functions of investigation, investigation and prosecution. In Law Number 30 of 2002 Article 6 states that the Corruption Eradication Commission has the following duties: a. Coordination with agencies authorized to do eradicate criminal acts of corruption; b. Supervision of agencies authorized to do eradicate criminal acts of corruption; c. Carry out investigations, investigations and prosecutions of criminal acts of corruption; d. Taking steps to prevent criminal acts of corruption; and e. Monitor to the implementation of government. However, over time since its to establish, regulatory reviews of the KPK have continued to be carried out, given the increasing number of judicial reviews in the Constitutional Court regarding the position and authority of the KPK. Apart from the pros and cons, as part of the most important agenda in reforming governance in Indonesia, the presence of the KPK was motivated by the low level of public trust in law enforcement agencies (the Attorney General's Office and the Police) at that time in eradicating corruption. On the other hand, especially during the 17 years of Law Number 30 of 2002, there have been many changes in conditions, so the revision of the KPK Law is deemed necessary to determine whether efforts to eradicate corruption are in accordance with the objectives of establishing the KPK. Whether the reason for evaluating and revising the authority of the KPK is seen as a form of strengthening or weakening the Corruption Eradication Commission (KPK), is the basis for this research being carried out.

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