Accuracy of Google Translate in translating the directions and counseling points for top-selling drugs from English to Arabic, Chinese, and Spanish

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bernadette R Cornelison ◽  
Sulaiman Al-Mohaish ◽  
Yizhou Sun ◽  
Christopher J Edwards
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Clinical Significance ◽  
Native Speakers ◽  
Native Language ◽  
The United States ◽  
Prescription Medications ◽  
Life Threatening ◽  
Clinically Significant

Abstract Purpose A study was conducted to evaluate the accuracy of Google Translate (Google LLC, Mountain View, CA) when used to translate directions for use and counseling points for the top 100 drugs used in the United States into Arabic, Chinese (simplified), and Spanish. Methods Directions for use and common counseling points for the top 100 drugs were identified by 2 clinicians. This information was translated from English to Arabic, Chinese (simplified), and Spanish using Google Translate. Two nonclinician, bilingual native speakers of each language back-translated the Google Translate translation into English and determined if the sentence made sense in their native language. Two clinicians reviewed the back-translations to determine the clinical significance of each inaccurate translation. Results For the top 100 drugs, 38 unique directions for use and 170 unique counseling points were identified for translation. For the 38 directions for use, 29 (76.3%) of the Arabic translations were accurate, 34 (89.5%) of the Chinese (simplified) translations were accurate, and 27 (71%) of the Spanish translations were accurate. For the 170 counseling points, 92 (54.1%) of the Arabic translations were accurate, 130 (76.5%) of the Chinese (simplified) translations were accurate, and 65 (38.2%) of the Spanish translations were accurate. Of the 247 inaccurate translations, 72 (29.1%) were classified as highly clinically significant or potentially life-threatening. Conclusion Certified translators should be used to translate directions for use and common counseling points for prescription medications into Arabic, Chinese (simplified), and Spanish. Clinicians should be aware of the risk of inaccurate translation when Google Translate is used.

Characteristics of Vietnamese Phonology

2002 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 264-273 ◽  
Author(s):  
Deborah Hwa-Froelich ◽  
Barbara W. Hodson ◽  
Harold T. Edwards
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Native Speakers ◽  
Native Language ◽  
The United States ◽  
Clinical Implications ◽  
Basic Information ◽  
Sound System ◽  
The Past ◽  
Number Of Individuals ◽  
Vietnamese Speakers

The number of individuals in the United States whose native language is Vietnamese has increased dramatically during the past decade. To work effectively with Vietnamese speakers, speech-language practitioners need to understand basic aspects of the Vietnamese language, especially the sound system, and how it differs from English. The purpose of this report is to provide basic information that can be used by practitioners to understand not only the differences between Vietnamese and English phonology, but also the influence of dialects. Characteristics of Vietnamese phonology and speech samples of three native speakers, representing the northern, central, and southern dialects, are used to illustrate information from the literature in this tutorial. Clinical Implications include considerations for assessment and intervention with Vietnamese individuals who may have a phonological disorder.

The limits of extended naturalistic exposure on the perceptual mastery of English /r/ and /l/ by adult Japanese learners of English

1995 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. 380-406 ◽  
Author(s):  
Naoyuki Takagi ◽  
Virginia Mann
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Native Speakers ◽  
The United States ◽  
Identification Accuracy ◽  
Spoken English ◽  
Japanese Learners Of English ◽  
Native Speakers Of English ◽  
Japanese Learners ◽  
One Year ◽  
Adult Exposure

AbstractTo evaluate the effect of extended adult exposure to authentic spoken English on the perceptual mastery of English /r/ and /l/, we tested 12 native speakers of English (A), 12 experienced Japanese (EJ) who had spent 12 or more years in the United States, and 12 less experienced Japanese (LJ) who had spent less than one year in the United States. The tests included the forced-choice identification of naturally produced /r/s and /1/s and the labeling of word-initial synthetic tokens that varied F2 and F3 to form an /r/-/l/-/w/ continuum. The F.Js’ mean performance in both tasks was closer to that of the As than the LJs, but nonetheless fell short. Extended exposure may improve /r/-/l/ identification accuracy; it does not ensure perfect perceptual mastery.

scholarly journals The acoustic characteristics of non-native American English vowels

Linguistica ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 57 (1) ◽  
pp. 59-72
Author(s):  
Biljana Čubrović
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Native American ◽  
Native Speakers ◽  
American English ◽  
The United States ◽  
Vowel Quality ◽  
Acoustic Characteristics ◽  
Language Background ◽  
English Vowels ◽  
Native Speech

This study aims at discussing the phonetic property of vowel quality in English, as exercised by both native speakers of General American English (AE) and non-native speakers of General American English of Serbian language background, all residents of the United States. Ten Serbian male speakers and four native male speakers of AE are recorded in separate experiments and their speech analyzed acoustically for any significant phonetic differences, looking into a set of monosyllabic English words representing nine vowels of AE. The general aim of the experiments is to evaluate the phonetic characteristics of AE vowels, with particular attention to F1 and F2 values, investigate which vowels differ most in the two groups of participants, and provide some explanations for these variations. A single most important observation that is the result of this vowel study is an evident merger of three pairs of vowels in the non-native speech: /i ɪ/, /u ʊ/, and /ɛ æ/.

Acute Coronary Syndromes

2014 ◽  
pp. 806-818
Author(s):  
Susan Cheng ◽  
Marc S. Sabatine
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Recurrent Events ◽  
Hospital Admissions ◽  
The United States ◽  
Threatening Condition ◽  
Life Threatening ◽  
Coronary Syndromes ◽  
Artery Disease ◽  
Ventricular Dysrhythmias ◽  
Key Aspects

In total, ACS presentations account for over 2 million annual hospital admissions in the United States. Almost 1.4 million people suffer an ACS each year, of which 55% are new events, 31% are recurrent events, and 14% are silent events. Of all diagnosed MIs, approximately 30% are STEMI and 70% are NSTE-ACS events. Despite recent declines in associated mortality, coronary artery disease causes one out of every five deaths in the United States. Notably, half of MI-related deaths occur within the first hour, primarily due to ventricular dysrhythmias. Therefore, the presentation of ACS challenges the clinician to rapidly integrate key aspects of the history, physical examination, and diagnostic tests in order to diagnose correctly and manage effectively this potentially life-threatening condition.

scholarly journals Plague and Pregnancy: Why Special Considerations Are Needed

2020 ◽  
Vol 70 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. S27-S29
Author(s):  
Dana Meaney-Delman ◽  
Nadia L Oussayef ◽  
Margaret A Honein ◽  
Christina A Nelson
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
United States ◽  
At Risk ◽  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Yersinia Pestis ◽  
The United States ◽  
Highly Pathogenic ◽  
Pathogenic Organism ◽  
Public Health Emergencies ◽  
Life Threatening

Abstract Pregnant women are an important at-risk population to consider during public health emergencies. These women, like nonpregnant adults, may be faced with the risk of acquiring life-threatening infections during outbreaks or bioterrorism (BT) events and, in some cases, can experience increased severity of infection and higher morbidity compared with nonpregnant adults. Yersinia pestis, the bacterium that causes plague, is a highly pathogenic organism. There are 4 million births annually in the United States, and thus the unique needs of pregnant women and their infants should be considered in pre-event planning for a plague outbreak or BT event.

Variation in Voice Onset Time for Korean Stops

2006 ◽  
Vol 13 ◽  
pp. 1-16 ◽  
Author(s):  
David J. Silva
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Native Speakers ◽  
Voice Onset Time ◽  
Onset Time ◽  
The United States ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Acoustic Data ◽  
Diachronic Change ◽  
Phonemic Level ◽  
The Voice

Abstract. Acoustic data elicited from 34 native speakers of Korean living in the United States pro-vide evidence for diachronic change in the voice onset time (VOT) of phrase-initial aspirated and lax stop phonemes. While older speakers produce aspirated and lax stops with clearly differentiated average VOT values, many younger speakers appear to have neutralized this difference, producing VOTs for aspirated stops that are substantially shorter than those of older speakers, and comparable to those for corresponding lax stops. The data further indicate that, within each age group, older speakers manifest sex-based differences in VOT while younger speakers do not. Despite this appar-ent shift in VOT values, the acoustic evidence suggests that all speakers in this study, regardless of age, continue to mark underlying differences between aspirated and lax stops in terms of stop closure and the fundamental frequency of the following vowel. It is concluded that the data point to a recent phonetic shift in the language, whereby VOT no longer serves as the primary cue to differentiate between lax and aspirated stops. There is not, however, evidence of any reorganization of the lan-guage as the phonemic level: the language's underlying lax ~ aspirated ~ tense contrasts endure.

scholarly journals Finished Whole-Genome Sequences of Two Clostridium botulinum Type A(B) Isolates

2017 ◽  
Vol 5 (21) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jessica L. Halpin ◽  
Karen Hill ◽  
Shannon L. Johnson ◽  
David Carlton Bruce ◽  
T. Brian Shirey ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Clostridium Botulinum ◽  
Type A ◽  
The United States ◽  
Whole Genome ◽  
Genome Sequences ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Botulinum Type ◽  
Clinically Significant

ABSTRACT Clostridium botulinum secretes a potent neurotoxin that causes devastating effects when ingested, including paralysis and death if not treated. In the United States, some clinically significant strains produce toxin type A while also harboring a silent B gene. These are the first two closed genome sequences published for this subset.

¿Mejor o peor español? Actitudes lingüísticas de universitarios hispanohablantes en Estados Unidos

2011 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Cecilia Montes-Alcalá
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Native Speakers ◽  
The United States ◽  
Speech Communities ◽  
College Educated ◽  
Linguistic Attitudes

AbstractThe present study aims to explore the linguistic attitudes towards the different regional varieties of Spanish in a group of college-educated native speakers of Spanish. A survey was conducted among participants from diverse Spanishspeaking countries who lived in the United States. The main goals of the study were, in the first place, to determine whether these individuals were able to spontaneously attribute more (or less) prestige to a specific Spanish variety over others. Second, I attempted to analyze the rationale - whether explicit or implicit - behind their choice of a certain variety as more (or less) prestigious. Finally, I examined the extent to which their linguistic attitudes were motivated (or not) by any sort of ethno-linguistic loyalty towards their own speech communities. The results of the study substantiate previous research carried out in this field, but also reveal unforeseen findings, especially in regards to the less prestigious varieties.

Driving under the influence of opioids: What prescribers should know

2018 ◽  
Vol 14 (6) ◽  
pp. 415-427 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joseph V. Pergolizzi, Jr, MD ◽  
Robert Taylor, Jr, PhD ◽  
John Bisney, MA ◽  
Jo Ann LeQuang, BA ◽  
Robert B. Raffa, PhD ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
The United States ◽  
Driving Under The Influence ◽  
Pain Patient ◽  
Prescription Medications ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
The Public ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
The Right

Opioids affect the central nervous system and are known to produce dizziness, sleepiness, mood changes, and other actions that in some people have a negative impact on psychomotor or mental performance. The negative effects can be exacerbated in persons who are taking other prescription medications or illegal substances. Opioid-abusing drivers clearly represent an unnecessary danger to the public; although the vast majority of patients taking prescription opioids for pain safely drive to work and other activities, a subset may be impaired, but not be aware of or recognize the problem. The majority of pain patients would likely be surprised to learn that the legal systems in most parts of the world, including most states in the United States, do not differentiate between a pain patient taking a prescribed opioid at the right dose and frequency, and an abuser taking an illegal drug. For example, in some parts of the United States, a driver may be initially stopped for a relatively minor offense and, if the officer notices that the driver is wearing a fentanyl patch, charged with driving under the influence of drugs (DUID). The present narrative review attempts to highlight the existing problem, the different legal thresholds for arrest and prosecution for DUID, and the challenge of trying to have zero-tolerance for driving under the influence of a drug used illegally, while at the same time not arresting legitimate patients who are taking pain medication as prescribed. There is a clear and present need for an integrated assessment and addressing of the current confounding situation.

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