A-23 Positive Associations between Cognition and Openness in HIV+ Individuals with Detectable Viral Loads

2021 ◽  
Vol 36 (6) ◽  
pp. 1064-1064
Author(s):  
Karli M Martin ◽  
Victor A Del Bene ◽  
Kristen Triebel ◽  
Pariya Wheeler ◽  
David Vance
Keyword(s):  
Viral Load ◽  
Medication Adherence ◽  
Cognitive Functioning ◽  
Verbal Ability ◽  
Transmission Risk ◽  
Neuropsychological Battery ◽  
Delayed Recall ◽  
Viral Loads ◽  
Immediate Recall ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract Objective High rates of medication non-adherence with the advent of combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) in the HIV+ population persist at approximately 50%. Consequences of non-adherence include higher mortality and transmission risk. As the population of older adults with HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder (HAND) increases, the relationship between cognition, personality, and medication adherence requires further study. We explore whether the five main personality traits were related to cognition and serostatus outcomes. Method 186 HIV+ individuals completed a neuropsychological battery and the Big Five Inventory to measure personality. Viral load was dichotomized as undetectable (< 19; n = 128) and detectable (≥20; n = 58). Pearson correlations were used to evaluate the relationship between cognition and openness in undetectable and detectable groups. Results Global cognition was positively associated with openness in both undetectable, r(126) = 0.24, p = 0.006, and detectable viral load groups, r(56) = 0.46, p < 0.001, with a moderate association observed in those with detectable viral loads. A moderate, positive relationship was found in the detectable group between openness and verbal ability (r(56) = 0.420, p = 0.001), immediate recall (r(56) = 0.404, p = 0.002), delayed recall (r(56) = 0.418, p = 0.001) and working memory (r(56) = 0.444, p < 0.001). In the undetectable group, openness was correlated with verbal ability, (r(126) = 0.296, p = 0.001), and processing speed (r(126) = 0.275, p = 0.002). Conclusion In HIV+ individuals with detectable viral loads, increased openness is moderately associated with higher cognitive functioning. These associations were weaker in the undetectable group. HIV+ people who are open to new experiences have better cognitive functioning, which may be a viable intervention target to increase medication adherence.

Effects of Angle of Model-Demonstration on Learning of Motor Skill

1995 ◽  
Vol 80 (2) ◽  
pp. 651-658 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tadao Ishikura ◽  
Kimihiro Inomata
Keyword(s):  
Visual Information ◽  
Recall Test ◽  
Objective Condition ◽  
Delayed Recall ◽  
Immediate Recall ◽  
Subjective Condition ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Right ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Looking Glass

The purpose was to examine the effects of three different demonstrations by a model on acquisition and retention of a sequential gross movement task. The second purpose was to examine the relationship between reversal processing of visual information about skills and coding of skill information. Thirty undergraduates (15 men and 15 women) were assigned into one of three conditions, Objective condition which demonstrated the task with the model facing the subject, Looking-glass condition in which the skill was demonstrated with the model facing the subject who viewed the performance opposite the right and left directions in executing the task, and the Subjective condition in which the subject observed the model from the rear. Number of immediate recall tests required to accomplish the sequential movements completely and the sum of the performance points for reproduced movements at each delayed recall test (1 day, 7 days, and 5 mo. after the immediate recall test) were employed. Analysis indicated the Subjective condition produced a significantly greater modeling effect in immediate recall of the movements than the Looking-glass condition. Retention of the acquired skills was almost equal under the three conditions.

Word Familiarity and Retention

1974 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 15-25 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kate Loewenthal ◽  
Graham Gibbs
Keyword(s):  
Vocabulary Acquisition ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Semantic Features ◽  
Delayed Recall ◽  
Acquisition Process ◽  
Immediate Recall ◽  
Unknown Words ◽  
Word Familiarity ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Good Retention

These experiments examine the relationship between subjects' familiarity judgements of words of similar (low) frequency and their recall or recognition of these words. The expected relationship between familiarity and recall was well confirmed, as was the less expected relationship between familiarity and recognition. An analysis of the vocabulary acquisition process led to more specific predictions about performance on delayed, as compared with immediate, retention tests. The most crucial of these predictions was that words which are familiar, but whose meanings are not known, are remembered by tagging sets of phonological (as opposed to semantic) features, leading to good immediate recall but poor delayed recall, and a greater likelihood of acoustic confusions following a delay. Some support was obtained for these predictions. However, subjects showed unexpectedly good retention of unknown words and it was felt that tagging alone does not account for all the findings.

scholarly journals Characterising HIV transmission risk among US patients with HIV in care: a cross-sectional study of sexual risk behaviour among individuals with viral load above 1500 copies/mL

2017 ◽  
Vol 94 (3) ◽  
pp. 206-211 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael J Stirratt ◽  
Gary Marks ◽  
Christine O’Daniels ◽  
Edward R Cachay ◽  
Meg Sullivan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Viral Load ◽  
Sexual Risk ◽  
Hiv Transmission ◽  
Risk Behaviour ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Transmission Risk ◽  
Sexual Risk Behaviour ◽  
Sexually Active ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Viral Loads

ObjectivesViral load and sexual risk behaviour contribute to HIV transmission risk. High HIV viral loads present greater transmission risk than transient viral ‘blips’ above an undetectable level. This paper therefore characterises sexual risk behaviour among patients with HIV in care with viral loads>1500 copies/mL and associated demographic characteristics.MethodsThis cross-sectional study was conducted at six HIV outpatient clinics in USA. The study sample comprises 1315 patients with HIV with a recent viral load >1500 copies/mL. This study sample was drawn from a larger sample of individuals with a recent viral load >1000 copies/mL who completed a computer-assisted self-interview (CASI) regarding sexual risk practices in the last 2 months. The study sample was 32% heterosexual men, 38% men who have sex with men (MSM) and 30% women.ResultsNinety per cent of the sample had their viral load assay within 60 days of the CASI. Thirty-seven per cent reported being sexually active (vaginal or anal intercourse) in the last 2 months. Most of the sexually active participants reported always using condoms (56.9%) or limiting condomless sex to seroconcordant partners (serosorting; 29.2% overall and 42.9% among MSM). Among sexually active participants who reported condomless anal or vaginal sex with an at-risk partner (14%), most had viral loads>10 000 copies/mL (62%).ConclusionsA relatively small number of patients with HIV in care with viral loads above 1500 copies/mL reported concurrent sexual transmission risk behaviours. Most of the individuals in this small group had markedly elevated viral loads, increasing the probability of transmission. Directing interventions to patients in care with high viral loads and concurrent risk behaviour could strengthen HIV prevention and reduce HIV infections.Trial registration numberNCT02044484, completed.

scholarly journals SARS-CoV-2 Viral Load, IFNλ Polymorphisms and the Course of COVID-19: An Observational Study

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (10) ◽  
pp. 3315
Author(s):  
Emanuele Amodio ◽  
Rosaria Maria Pipitone ◽  
Stefania Grimaudo ◽  
Palmira Immordino ◽  
Carmelo Massimo Maida ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Viral Load ◽  
Observational Study ◽  
Lower Risk ◽  
Nucleotide Polymorphisms ◽  
Threshold Values ◽  
Single Nucleotide ◽  
Cycle Threshold ◽  
Viral Loads ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Multiorgan Disease

The course of SARS-CoV-2 infection ranges from asymptomatic to a multiorgan disease. In this observational study, we investigated SARS-CoV-2 infected subjects with defined outcomes, evaluating the relationship between viral load and single nucleotide polymorphisms of genes codifying for IFNλs (interferon). The study enrolled 381 patients with laboratory-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection. For each patient, a standardized form was filled including sociodemographic variables and clinical outcomes. The host’s gene polymorphisms (IFNL3 rs1297860 C/T and INFL4 rs368234815 TT/ΔG) and RtReal-Time PCR cycle threshold (PCR Ct) value on SARS-CoV-2 were assessed on nasal, pharyngeal or nasopharyngeal swabs. Higher viral loads were found in patients aged > 74 years and homozygous mutant polymorphisms DG in IFNL4 (adj-OR = 1.16, 95% CI = 1.01–1.34 and adj-OR = 1.24, 95% CI = 1.09–1.40, respectively). After adjusting for age and sex, a statistically significantly lower risk of hospitalization was observed in subjects with higher RtReal-Time PCR cycle threshold values (adj-OR = 0.95, 95% CI = 0.91, 0.99; p = 0.028). Our data support the correlation between SARS-CoV-2 load and disease severity, and suggest that IFNλ polymorphisms could affect the ability of the host to modulate viral infection without a clear impact on the outcome of COVID-19.

scholarly journals 1772. Factors that Influence Viral Load in Patients Infected with Influenza Over Multiple Seasons

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. S653-S653
Author(s):  
Katy Shaw-Saliba ◽  
Yu-Hsiang Hsieh ◽  
Richard E Rothman
Keyword(s):  
Viral Load ◽  
Disease Severity ◽  
Severe Disease ◽  
Older Age ◽  
Symptom Duration ◽  
Paired Data ◽  
Duration Of Symptoms ◽  
H3n2 Subtype ◽  
Viral Loads ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract Background The factors that influence influenza viral load are poorly understood, but may have important implications for viral transmission and disease severity. We explored the relationship between patient and virus factors on influenza viral load across 4 consecutive influenza seasons. Methods Adult influenza-positive patients presenting to emergency departments in Baltimore, MD and Taipei, Taiwan between 2014 and 2018 were consented and enrolled. Nasopharyngeal (NP) samples and detailed paired data on symptom duration, demographics, and vaccination were collected. Viral load was inferred using the cycle threshold (Ct) values from quantitative real-time RT–PCR assays for 299 samples and influenza subtype was determined. Bivariate and multivariate analyses were conducted. Results Viral load was impacted by both patient and virus characteristics. Older age and shorter duration of symptoms was associated with a higher viral load (age: Ct difference -0.04, P = 0.022. symptoms: each increasing day, Ct difference +1.02, P < 0.001). Seasonal variability was observed, with the highest viral load associated with the 2014–2015 predominant H3N2 subtype (Ct 21.69, P < 0.001), where there was also a vaccine mismatch. Across seasons, H1N1 was associated with a lower viral load than H3N2 (Ct value + 2.66, P < 0.001). There was not association between gender and immunosuppression on viral load. Conclusion Our study demonstrates that both host and virus factors that can affect Ct values and inferred viral loads. As anticipated, higher viral load, were found to be associated with older age and shorter duration of symptoms; interestingly infection with the H3N2 subtype, traditionally associated with more severe disease was also associated with higher viral loads. Future-focused studies are required to better characterize these relationships, and directly evaluate relevance to both transmission and disease severity. Disclosures All authors: No reported disclosures.

scholarly journals 2509

2017 ◽  
Vol 1 (S1) ◽  
pp. 10-11
Author(s):  
Joseph A. Conrad ◽  
Kelly Richardson ◽  
Anna Bitting ◽  
Spyros Kalams ◽  
David Wright
Keyword(s):  
Viral Load ◽  
Gold Standard ◽  
Test Line ◽  
Linear Range ◽  
Molecular Techniques ◽  
Early Infant Diagnosis ◽  
Viral Loads ◽  
Hiv Rna ◽  
Early Infant ◽  
The Relationship

OBJECTIVES/SPECIFIC AIMS: High-sensitivity diagnostics for early infant diagnosis (EID) of HIV at the point of care (POC) are not widely available. Lateral flow immunoassays (LFA) can detect HIV-p24, but are not sensitive enough in practice. With improvements, LFA are a compelling platform for POC in EID. We used functionalized magnetic beads and immunocomplex dissociation to improve sensitivity of HIV-p24 LFA. Here, we evaluate the utility for LFA to quantitatively report HIV-p24 concentration and estimate HIV viral load. Using purified p24 protein and virion constructs, we determined the limits of detection for HIV-p24 using LFA rapid tests. Using measurements from HIV-p24 ELISA, laboratory-developed RT-qPCR, droplet digital PCR, and gold standard clinical viral load, we further characterized the relationship between HIV-p24 concentration, HIV genomic RNA, and LFA test line signal. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: We measured HIV-p24 concentration by ELISA (R&D Systems) and LFA (Alere Determine HIV-1/2 Ab/Ag Combo). An LFA reader instrument was used to image test lines and measure test line signal on the LFA. HIV viral loads were measured using RT-qPCR and droplet digital RT-PCR protocols adapted in our lab. We obtained gold standard viral load measurements using the Roche Cobas TaqMan system at Vanderbilt University Medical Center. Data analysis was performed using Prism 7 and Stata 14. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: LFA test line signal increases in a predictable, dose-dependent manner and correlates with concentration of purified HIV-p24 with a linear range between 50 and 1000 pg/mL (Spearman r=1; p=0.0004). We compared p24 concentration (ELISA). We evaluated the utility of LFA to quantify HIV-p24 from virions suspended in human plasma, which increased the limit of detection for HIV-p24 to 100 pg/mL and shifted the linear range 100–10,000 pg/mL (Spearman r=0.77; p<0.001). To evaluate the relationship between HIV-p24 concentration and concentration of HIV RNA, we employed 3 molecular techniques. The LFA is capable of detecting HIV-p24 concentrations that correspond to a range of viral loads between 653,000 and 1655 copies of viral RNA/mL. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE OF IMPACT: Our preliminary results are very promising, indicating that commercially available LFA can quantitatively measure HIV-p24 concentration to low levels. When coupled with our analysis of the relationship between HIV-p24 concentration and HIV RNA concentration, LFA may be a potential platform allowing us to estimate HIV viral burden at clinically relevant levels. Our next steps will be to evaluate this relationship in primary, clinical specimens in collaboration with the Tennessee Center for AIDS Research. We will incorporate technologies to improve the sensitivity of these LFA and evaluate their performance in field settings in Zambia. Our findings are broadly applicable for use in HIV care and treatment programs and early infant diagnosis programs around the world.

scholarly journals Saliva Quantification of SARS-CoV-2 in Real-Time PCR From Asymptomatic or Mild COVID-19 Adults

2022 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Florence Carrouel ◽  
Emilie Gadea ◽  
Aurélie Esparcieux ◽  
Jérome Dimet ◽  
Marie Elodie Langlois ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Viral Load ◽  
Real Time ◽  
Real Time Pcr ◽  
Clinical Symptoms ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Nasal Discharge ◽  
Viral Loads ◽  
Co Morbidity ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Relationship

The fast spread of COVID-19 is related to the highly infectious nature of SARS-CoV-2. The disease is suggested to be transmitted through saliva droplets and nasal discharge. The saliva quantification of SARS-CoV-2 in real-time PCR from asymptomatic or mild COVID-19 adults has not been fully documented. This study analyzed the relationship between salivary viral load on demographics and clinical characteristics including symptoms, co-morbidities in 160 adults diagnosed as COVID-19 positive patients recruited between September and December 2020 in four French centers. Median initial viral load was 4.12 log10 copies/mL (IQR 2.95–5.16; range 0–10.19 log10 copies/mL). 68.6% of adults had no viral load detected. A median load reduction of 23% was observed between 0–2 days and 3–5 days, and of 11% between 3–5 days and 6–9 days for the delay from onset of symptoms to saliva sampling. No significant median difference between no-symptoms vs. symptoms patients was observed. Charge was consistently similar for the majority of the clinical symptoms excepted for headache with a median load value of 3.78 log10 copies/mL [1.95–4.58] (P &lt; 0.003). SARS-CoV-2 RNA viral load was associated with headache and gastro-intestinal symptoms. The study found no statistically significant difference in viral loads between age groups, sex, or presence de co-morbidity. Our data suggest that oral cavity is an important site for SARS-CoV-2 infection and implicate saliva as a potential route of SARS-CoV-2 transmission.

Recall as a Function of Awareness of CS-UCS Contingency

1964 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 919-923 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sanford Golin
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Delayed Recall ◽  
Immediate Recall ◽  
The Relationship

Ss were presented with a list of words some of which were followed by shock, others not followed by shock. Ss were aware of the relationship between shock and some of the shocked words (SA words) but were unaware of this relationship for others of the shocked words (SU words). One-half of the Ss recalled the words immediately, the other half after a 30-min. delay. Delayed recall of SU words was inferior to that of SA words and delayed recall of SU words was inferior to that of immediate recall of SU words. The results indicated that shock resulted in a decrease in delayed recall when S was unaware of the CS-UCS contingency.

scholarly journals Cognitive Reserve, Executive Function, and Memory in Parkinson’s Disease

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (8) ◽  
pp. 992
Author(s):  
Andrea M. Loftus ◽  
Natalie Gasson ◽  
Nicole Lopez ◽  
Michelle Sellner ◽  
Carly Reid ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Parkinson’S Disease ◽  
Parkinson's Disease ◽  
Executive Function ◽  
Verbal Memory ◽  
Verbal Fluency ◽  
Cognitive Reserve ◽  
Cognitive Domain ◽  
Delayed Recall ◽  
Immediate Recall ◽  
The Relationship

Cognitive impairment is acknowledged as a feature of Parkinson’s disease (PD), and the most common cognitive declines are in executive function (EF) and memory. Cognitive reserve (CR) may offer some protection against cognitive dysfunction in PD. The present study used two proxies of CR (years of education, premorbid IQ) to examine the relationship between CR and (i) EF (ii) memory in a large PD sample (n = 334). Two aspects of EF were examined, including verbal fluency and planning skills. Two aspects of verbal memory were examined, including immediate recall and delayed recall. For EF, both CR proxies significantly predicted verbal fluency, but only years of education predicted planning skills. Years of education significantly predicted immediate recall, but premorbid IQ did not. Neither CR proxy predicted delayed recall. These findings suggest that CR, in particular years of education, may contribute to EF and memory function in those with PD. A key finding of this study is the varying contribution of CR proxies to different aspects of the same cognitive domain. The findings indicate that using only one proxy has the potential to be misleading and suggest that when testing the relationship between CR and cognition, studies should include tasks that measure different aspects of the cognitive domain(s) of interest.

scholarly journals Viral load dynamics in transmissible symptomatic patients with COVID-19

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hitoshi Kawasuji ◽  
Yusuke Takegoshi ◽  
Makito Kaneda ◽  
Akitoshi Ueno ◽  
Yuki Miyajima ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Viral Load ◽  
University Hospital ◽  
Linear Regression Models ◽  
Sample Collection ◽  
Median Viral Load ◽  
Secondary Transmission ◽  
Viral Loads ◽  
Asymptomatic Patients ◽  
Novel Coronavirus ◽  
The Relationship

AbstractTo investigate the relationship between viral load and secondary transmission in novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), we reviewed epidemiological and clinical data obtained from immunocompetent laboratory-confirmed patients with COVID-19 at Toyama University Hospital. In total, 28 patients were included in the analysis. Median viral load at the initial sample collection was significantly higher in adults than in children and in symptomatic than in asymptomatic patients. Among symptomatic patients, non-linear regression models showed that the estimated viral load at onset was higher in the index (patients who transmitted the disease to at least one other patient) than in the non-index patients (patients who were not the cause of secondary transmission; median [95% confidence interval]: 6.6 [5.2–8.2] vs. 3.1 [1.5–4.8] log copies/μL, respectively). High nasopharyngeal viral loads around onset may contribute to secondary transmission of COVID-19.Article Summary LineHigh nasopharyngeal viral load around the onset may contributes to secondary transmission of COVID-19.

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