scholarly journals Family Associations in Communally Roosting Black Vultures

The Auk ◽  
1986 ◽  
Vol 103 (1) ◽  
pp. 32-41 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patricia Parker Rabenold
Keyword(s):  
Close Contact ◽  
Family Members ◽  
Breeding Dispersal ◽  
Nest Sites ◽  
Related Individuals ◽  
Family Associations

Abstract Observations of marked individuals in a partially marked population of Black Vultures (Coragyps atratus) show that immediate family members maintain close contact throughout the year. Associations between mates and between parents and offspring are primarily responsible for this. Mutual allopreening, feedings, and intercessions in fights occur almost exclusively within families. Adults known to breed within the study area (neighbors) associate more strongly than nonneighbors, although not as strongly as mates. Certain families associate preferentially with certain other families. Strength of interfamily associations is not related to distance between nest sites within the study area. I argue, therefore, that birds actively seek particular individuals as associates. Further knowledge of breeding dispersal of young of known parentage will provide clues to relatedness of highly associated neighbors. Strong associations among related individuals can help explain the use of avian communal roosts as information centers.

scholarly journals Intrafamilial Transmission and Family-Specific Spectra of Cutaneous Betapapillomaviruses

2008 ◽  
Vol 83 (2) ◽  
pp. 811-816 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. J. Weissenborn ◽  
M. N. C. De Koning ◽  
U. Wieland ◽  
W. G. V. Quint ◽  
H. J. Pfister
Keyword(s):  
Skin Cancer ◽  
General Population ◽  
Persistent Infection ◽  
Close Contact ◽  
Family Members ◽  
Hpv Dna ◽  
Parents And Children ◽  
Type Spectrum ◽  
Hpv Types ◽  
The Impact

ABSTRACT Cutaneous human betapapillomaviruses (beta-HPVs) are widespread in the general population and have been associated with skin cancer. To evaluate the impact of continuous person-to-person contact within families on an individual's beta-HPV type spectrum, we collected serial skin swab samples from parents and children from 10 families. All participants were found to be beta-HPV DNA positive, with 1 to 13 types at study entry (median, 4.0 types). Initial and cumulative (2 to 16 types) HPV type multiplicities varied widely between different families but only a little between family members. The high intrafamilial correlation of HPV multiplicity is already obvious for babies aged 10 days to 10 months. Family members typically displayed similar spectra of HPV types. More than 75% of the HPV types in babies were also detected in their parents. This indicates that HPV transmission mainly results from close contact between family members. Type-specific persistence for at least 9 months was more prevalent in parents (92%) than in children (66%). Of the types detected throughout the study, 24% turned out to persist in the parents and only 11% in the children. Interestingly, about one-half of the HPV types found to persist in one of the parents occurred less frequently or even only sporadically in the spouse. Similarly, only one-third of the persisting parental types also persisted in their children. This indicates that even regular exposure to cutaneous HPV does not necessarily lead to the establishment of a persistent infection, which may point to type-specific susceptibilities of different individuals.

Modelling survival and breeding dispersal to unobservable nest sites

2016 ◽  
Vol 43 (5) ◽  
pp. 411 ◽  
Author(s):  
Giacomo Tavecchia ◽  
Ana Sanz-Aguilar ◽  
Belinda Cannell
Keyword(s):  
Breeding Site ◽  
Demographic Parameters ◽  
Breeding Dispersal ◽  
Artificial Nests ◽  
Breeding Sites ◽  
Nest Sites ◽  
Local Survival ◽  
Permanent Migration ◽  
Capture Recapture ◽  
Event Capture

Context Demographic parameters in wildlife populations are typically estimated by monitoring a limited number of individuals in observable sites and assuming that these are representative of the whole population. If individuals permanently disperse to unobservable breeding sites, recruitment and immature survival are expected to be negatively biased and breeding-site fidelity cannot be investigated. Aims To develop a method to obtain unbiased estimated of survival, recruitment and breeding dispersal when individuals can move to, or recruit in, unobservable sites. Methods We used the flexibility of multi-event capture–recapture models to estimate dispersal and recruitment to unobservable sites, merging observations made at two sites within the same breeding locations. We illustrated the model with data on little penguin (Eudyptula minor) breeding in artificial as well as in natural nests. Natural nests are unknown or inaccessible and birds in these sites remain unobservable. Encounters at beaches surrounding the colony suggested that marked animals can permanently move to unobservable nests. We built the multi-event model considering two possible states of the individuals (alive breeding in a nest box and alive in a natural nest) and three types of observations (encountered at a nest only, encountered at the beach only and encountered at both places). This model ensured that the breeding dispersal to unobservable places became estimable. Key results Results indicate that the estimated survival was 8% higher than when recaptures at artificial nests were analysed alone. Also, fidelity to artificial nests was 12% lower than to natural nests. This might reflect the greater availability of natural sites or, alternatively, a heterogeneity between these two types of nest. Conclusions We obtained an estimate of local survival of little penguins breeding at Penguin Island that incorporates the permanent migration to unobservable sites and found an asymmetric dispersion towards natural nests. Implication Our conclusions suggest a need for more careful treatment of data derived from artificial sites alone, as demographic parameters might be underestimated if animals prefer natural breeding sites or if they are in greater proportion compared with artificial ones. The analytical approach presented can be applied to many biological systems, when animals might move into inaccessible or unobservable breeding sites.

scholarly journals Effects of Isolation Among Older Adults Due to Coronavirus Restrictions

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. 483-484
Author(s):  
Cynthia Thomas
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Close Contact ◽  
Family Members ◽  
Daily Activities ◽  
New Disease ◽  
Structured Interviews ◽  
Daily Lives ◽  
Social Distancing ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Us

Abstract Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 35 residents in a Maryland condominium, four to six months after the presence of the epidemic in the US was recognized in mid-March. The objective was to determine to what extent the restrictions resulting from the presence of a new disease was affecting older adults in their daily lives, and in their plans for the future. All respondents were over the age of 60 and half were more than 80 years old. Two-thirds lived by themselves; most others lived with a husband or wife. Respondents for the most part were following guidelines to wear masks, practice social distancing and avoid close contact with persons outside their homes, including other family members. Over half had already made dramatic changes in their daily activities. Some found an opportunity to develop new skills, had connected with people from the past, or had become more introspective. Others, while exhibiting some of the same characteristics, were more focused on the restrictions they faced, and were more aware than ever of the limited amount of time left in their lives. Differences between respondents in the emphasis of their perspectives are explored, by age, gender, and other characteristics.

scholarly journals Investigation of a family cluster outbreak of COVID-19 indicates the necessity of CT screening for asymptomatic family members in close contact with confirmed patients

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (7) ◽  
pp. 3673-3681
Author(s):  
Zhifeng Liu ◽  
Qiwen Wu ◽  
Zhikang Zou ◽  
Yeping Yao ◽  
Jinhui Cai ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Close Contact ◽  
Family Members ◽  
Ct Screening ◽  
Family Cluster

Person-to-Person Transmission of Avian Influenza A (H7N9) Among Family Members in Eastern China, 2016

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-6
Author(s):  
Chao Shi ◽  
Ping Shi ◽  
Xu Yang ◽  
Jing Bao ◽  
Yanhua Qian ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Avian Influenza ◽  
Influenza A ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Close Contact ◽  
Eastern China ◽  
Family Members ◽  
Index Patient ◽  
H7n9 Virus ◽  
Viral Shedding ◽  
Live Poultry

ABSTRACT Objective: Human infections with avian influenza A (H7N9) virus are associated with exposure to poultry and live poultry markets, but the evidence of person-to-person transmission remains limited. This study reports a suspected person-to-person transmission of H7N9 virus, and explores what factors influenced this transmission. Methods: We interviewed 2 patients with H7N9 infection and their family members as well as health-care workers. Samples from the patients and environments were tested by real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. Results: The index patient became ill 5 to 6 days after his last exposure to the poultry bought in the market of Weimiao town. The second patient, the sister of the index patient, who had sustained intensive and unprotected close contact with the index patient, had no exposure to poultry. This study documents that the H7N9 virus was transmitted directly from the index patient to his sister. Conclusions: Our findings suggest that person-to-person transmission may be associated with sustained close contact with the patient during his onset of early stage, when the H7N9 viral shedding increases sharply.

scholarly journals A Single Case Outbreak of Nipah Encephalitis From India in May–June 2019

2020 ◽  
Vol 41 (S1) ◽  
pp. s104-s104
Author(s):  
Anup Warrier ◽  
Arun Wilson
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Symptoms ◽  
Throat Swab ◽  
Close Contact ◽  
Single Case ◽  
Nipah Virus ◽  
Family Members ◽  
Contact Tracing ◽  
Surveillance Period ◽  
Standard Precautions ◽  
Close Family

Background: Nipah encephalitis outbreaks mostly involve multiple patients. We report a case of Nipah virus encephalitis (NVE), which had no documented secondary cases in spite of many having prolonged and close contact with the patient. Methods: A 21-year-old male was admitted with NVE on May 30, 2019. Before the confirmatory report, there was close contact with multiple healthcare workers (HCWs), defined as exposure for >1 hour to the patient or his immediate environment and/or exposure to body fluids. We conducted extensive contact tracing of all HCWs who had come into close contact with the proven NVE case from the time of admission to the time of discharge. This contact tracing included those who had nursed him before the diagnosis with usual standard precautions and those who had nursed him after the diagnosis with full PPE. These HCWs were reviewed daily for fever and respiratory symptoms. All those who developed these symptoms within the 3 weeks of exposure where tested for NEV with a throat swab using RT-PCR. This testing was conducted twice over 3 days to confirm negative results. For the close family contacts that were asymptomatic, both throat swab and serum for Nipah IgM were tested. Results: In total, 169 HCW contacts were identified at our hospital. Of these, 94 were at high risk according the predetermined criteria and others were low-risk contacts. Moreover, 7 HCWs developed fever and respiratory symptoms within the defined surveillance period; 5 had symptoms before the diagnosis (using only standard precautions) and 2 were in contact with full PPE after the diagnosis. All of these symptomatic contacts were tested for NEV (throat swab and serology), and all were negative. The family members of the patient (his mother and aunt) who had cared for him throughout his illness period of 12 days before the diagnosis were also tested and were seronegative for NEV. Conclusions: This NEV case had very low transmission capability; even close family members who cared for him for 12 days without any precautions and had exposure to urine (which was positive for NEV) did not contract the disease. The absence of overt respiratory involvement and young age of the affected patient could have contributed to low transmissibility both prior to hospitalization and during the hospitalization.Funding: NoneDisclosures: None

scholarly journals Different outcome of COVID-19 in members of a family

2020 ◽  
Vol 14 (05) ◽  
pp. 447-449
Author(s):  
Jin Sun ◽  
Yan Jiang ◽  
Wei Lin ◽  
Wei-Hua Hu ◽  
Yong Wang
Keyword(s):  
Disease Progression ◽  
Close Contact ◽  
Family Members ◽  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
Family Cluster ◽  
The Family

We report a family cluster of cases of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), in which three members of the family were exposed to SARS-CoV-2 at the same time, but the disease manifested differently among the three family members. We describe the clinical manifestations, disease progression, and treatment of wife and husband. We also analyze the daughter who was in close contact with patients with COVID-19 but was not infected.

Age and Sex Influence Natal and Breeding Dispersal of Purple Martins

Western Birds ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 52 (4) ◽  
pp. 296-310
Author(s):  
Carolyn A. Cook ◽  
Glen T. Hvenegaard ◽  
Geoffrey L. Holroyd ◽  
Hardy Pletz ◽  
Myrna Pearman
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Changes ◽  
Average Distance ◽  
Breeding Site ◽  
Breeding Dispersal ◽  
Dispersal Patterns ◽  
Nest Sites ◽  
Migration Dynamics ◽  
Second Year ◽  
Dispersal Distances ◽  
Age And Sex

Dispersal patterns deepen our understanding of population dynamics. Dispersal by all age and sex classes enhances a species’ ability to respond to environmental changes, such as in habitat availability, artificial nest sites, and climate. The migration dynamics of the eastern subspecies of the Purple Martin (Progne subis subis) are well known, but we know less about its patterns of annual dispersal. We compared the frequency, distance, and direction of dispersal by each age/sex cohort of martins in central Alberta, at the northwestern limit of their breeding range. We used two datasets: (1) adult martins banded in central Alberta as nestlings and encountered during the summers of 2017 and 2018, and (2) records of encounters of banded martins in Canada from 1935 to 2016 from the Canadian Wildlife Service’s Bird Banding Office. In Alberta, 36% of birds dispersed from natal sites (by an average distance of 24 km), most commonly to the northeast. Across Canada, 29% of birds dispersed (by an average distance of 183 km), most commonly to the east and northeast. In Alberta, martins at least two years old dispersed less frequently than yearlings since some older martins returned to their natal site after first breeding elsewhere. Dispersal distances of after-second-year martins, which represent natal plus breeding dispersal, were greater than those of second-year birds, which represent natal dispersal alone. Thus some martins continue to disperse after their second year and do not maintain complete fidelity to a breeding site, which is different from our current understanding.

Attitude and Practices of Health Care Professionals and Their Family Members toward Health Care Professionals Dealing with Covid-19 Patients in New Delhi, India

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (30) ◽  
pp. 2249-2254
Author(s):  
Shruti Chopra ◽  
Sabreen Gujral ◽  
Shweta Sood ◽  
Naresh Sharma ◽  
Akshara Singh
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Family Member ◽  
Health Care Professionals ◽  
Positive Attitude ◽  
Close Contact ◽  
Family Members ◽  
World Health ◽  
Initial Reaction ◽  
Preventive Practices ◽  
First Case

BACKGROUND Coronavirus was noticed in the mid-1930’s and the first case of infection in humans was reported as a cold in 1960. In December 2019, clusters of pneumonia cases caused havoc in China. In order to eliminate the infection in the current pandemic, World Health Organisation (WHO) has furnished several recommendations, online courses, and training sessions to increase knowledge, prevention, and control among the health care workers (HCWs). It is crucial to guarantee the safety of not only the health care professionals but also the people who are in close contact with them. We wanted to assess the attitude and safety practices of family members of health care professionals dealing with Covid-19 patients and if the increasing number of cases in India have altered their reaction. METHODS A cross-sectional survey-based study was conducted from July - August 2020 on HCWs dealing with Covid-19 patients and any close contact personnel such as family members of HCWs in order to avoid the spread of Covid-19 among individuals aged 14 - 60 years. RESULTS A total of 368 respondents participated in the study. Majority of the respondents had a positive attitude. In terms of relation, children had a negative attitude towards having their family member deal with Covid-19 patients (46.2 %; N = 46) whereas, 51.5 % (N = 35) spouses had a more positive outlook and 49.2 % (N = 181) respondents reported that the increasing cases in India had altered their initial reaction. CONCLUSIONS Majority of the participants from our study reported a positive attitude towards a family member working in close contact with a Covid-19 patient. More than 50 % of the participants had undertaken various precautions to restrict the spread of the disease. KEY WORDS Health Personnel, Infectious Disease Transmission, Pandemic, Preventive Practices, Relatives

scholarly journals Reproductive Success and Survival in Relation to Experience During the First Two Years in Canada Geese

The Condor ◽  
2000 ◽  
Vol 102 (4) ◽  
pp. 941-945 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dennis G. Raveling ◽  
James S. Sedinger ◽  
Devin S. Johnson
Keyword(s):  
Reproductive Success ◽  
Parental Care ◽  
Social Organization ◽  
Sexual Maturity ◽  
Family Members ◽  
Branta Canadensis ◽  
Canada Geese ◽  
Family Associations ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract We studied the relationship between family associations of immature Canada Geese (Branta canadensis) and their reproductive success as 2-year-olds and survival to three years. A higher proportion of immature Canada Geese associated with family members survived to breeding age and were more successful in reproducing in their first potential year of sexual maturity (age 2) than were geese that were not in family associations. These results illustrate the benefits of prolonged parental care outweighing costs to parents and the probable influence of family association on future successful breeding. Many reproductive failures of vertebrates with complex social organization may be related to experience during maturation.

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