Effect of Resistant Starch (RS) Wheat Supplementation on Satiety

Abstract Objectives The objective of this analysis is to determine whether intake of wheat products high in resistant starch (RS) increase satiety relative to conventional wheat products via blunting of the glycemic response and stimulation of hormones such as glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP), peptide YY (PYY), glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), leptin, or ghrelin. Methods Metabolic responses generated from a double-blind, placebo controlled, crossover clinical trial of RS and regular wheat were used to investigate whether RS supplementation affects subjective and objective measures of satiety relative to conventional wheat. Women and men consumed 3 or 4 rolls per day, respectively, made from RS (14–18 g total dietary fiber, TDF) or conventional wheat (4–5.5 g TDF) for 7 days during each arm of the trial. Linear mixed models of glycemic and satiety outcomes were used to determine the effect RS supplementation. Results A total of 30 healthy adults ages 40–65 completed the study. We observed a significant effect of RS wheat on glycemic response such that postprandial glucose and insulin incremental area under the curve (iAUC) during RS supplementation were lower than during regular wheat consumption (P = 0.004, P < 0.001, respectively). Biological indicators of satiety showed lower iAUC and peak GIP (piAUC < 0.001, ppeak < 0.001) as well as higher fasting and peak PYY (pfasting = 0.004, ppeak = 0.004). There were no significant effects of treatment observed for ghrelin, leptin, or GLP-1. Additionally, there were no significant effects of treatment on subjective measures of fullness or hunger during test days (P = 0.57 and P = 0.20, respectively). Conclusions The results of this analysis indicate that RS supplementation is effective at blunting the postprandial glycemic response but has marginal effects on objective and subjective measures of satiety. Further research is needed to determine the potential effects of providing RS in different doses, volumes (e.g., supplement versus whole food), food matrix (e.g., pasta versus rolls), or duration of exposure on satiety. Funding Sources Funding was provided by the University of California Innovation Institute for Food and Health with gifts from Arcadia Biosciences and Ardent Mills.

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Resistant Starch Type 2 from Wheat Reduces Postprandial Glycemic Response with Concurrent Alterations in Gut Microbiota Composition

Nutrients ◽

10.3390/nu13020645 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (2) ◽

pp. 645

Author(s):

Riley L. Hughes ◽

William H. Horn ◽

Peter Finnegan ◽

John W. Newman ◽

Maria L. Marco ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Gut Microbiota ◽

Resistant Starch ◽

Postprandial Glucose ◽

Glycemic Response ◽

Microbial Composition ◽

Double Blind ◽

Important Indicator ◽

Distal Intestine ◽

Standard Breakfast

The majority of research on the physiological effects of dietary resistant starch type 2 (RS2) has focused on sources derived from high-amylose maize. In this study, we conduct a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled, crossover trial investigating the effects of RS2 from wheat on glycemic response, an important indicator of metabolic health, and the gut microbiota. Overall, consumption of RS2-enriched wheat rolls for one week resulted in reduced postprandial glucose and insulin responses relative to conventional wheat when participants were provided with a standard breakfast meal containing the respective treatment rolls (RS2-enriched or conventional wheat). This was accompanied by an increase in the proportions of bacterial taxa Ruminococcus and Gemmiger in the fecal contents, reflecting the composition in the distal intestine. Additionally, fasting breath hydrogen and methane were increased during RS2-enriched wheat consumption. However, although changes in fecal short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) concentrations were not significant between control and RS-enriched wheat roll consumption, butyrate and total SCFAs were positively correlated with relative abundance of Faecalibacterium, Ruminoccocus, Roseburia, and Barnesiellaceae. These effects show that RS2-enriched wheat consumption results in a reduction in postprandial glycemia, altered gut microbial composition, and increased fermentation activity relative to wild-type wheat.

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Effect Modification by the Gut Microbiota on Metabolic Response to Resistant Starch (RS) Wheat Supplementation (FS11-03-19)

Current Developments in Nutrition ◽

10.1093/cdn/nzz037.fs11-03-19 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 3 (Supplement_1) ◽

Author(s):

Riley Hughes ◽

Maria Marco ◽

Mary Kable ◽

Nancy Keim

Keyword(s):

Gut Microbiota ◽

Resistant Starch ◽

Metabolic Response ◽

Individual Variability ◽

Rrna Gene ◽

Glycemic Response ◽

Breath Hydrogen ◽

Trial Duration ◽

Double Blind ◽

Total Dietary Fiber

Abstract Objectives The objective of the study is to determine whether features of individuals’ baseline gut microbiota modify the effect of a resistant starch (RS) intervention on post-prandial glycemic response and other metabolic markers that have been linked to gut microbial action (i.e., short-chain fatty acids (SCFA), bile acids, breath hydrogen/methane). Methods Metabolic responses and 16S rRNA gene data generated from a double-blind, placebo controlled, crossover clinical trial of RS and regular wheat will be used to investigate whether baseline features of the microbiota are correlated with inter-individual differences in the effect of RS supplementation in individuals. Women and men consumed 3 or 4 rolls per day, respectively, made from RS (14–18 g total dietary fiber, TDF) or conventional wheat (4–5.5 g TDF) for 7 days during each arm of the trial duration. Linear mixed models of glycemic response and features of the gut microbiota hypothesized to modify the effect of the intervention as well as covariates (e.g., gender, habitual fiber intake) will be used to determine microbiota features associated with improvement in glycemic response as a result of RS supplementation. Results A total of 30 healthy adults ages 40–65 will be studied and 25 have completed the study thus far. Of the metabolic variables analyzed to date, a significant amount of inter-individual variability in the magnitude and direction of postprandial glycemia and breath hydrogen responses to RS wheat supplementation. For example, the intra-class correlations (ICC) of post-prandial glucose and insulin area under the curve (AUC) were high, 42.07% and 52.86%, respectively. However, there was a significant overall effect of RS wheat on glycemic response such that postprandial insulin during RS supplementation was lower than during regular wheat consumption (P = 0.004). Conclusions The results of this study show a high degree of inter-individual variability in metabolic response to fiber (RS) supplementation, suggesting the presence of individual factors that modify the effect of the intervention. Future studies should incorporate this analysis into their statistical plan to validate these findings and contribute to the current literature on personalized nutrition and the gut microbiota. This will enable us to predict and potentially modify metabolic response to dietary components. Funding Sources Institute for Innovation and Health (IIFH) and Arcadia Biosciences. Supporting Tables, Images and/or Graphs

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Postprandial Glucose and Insulin Response to a Cookie with or Without Added RS4 Wheat Starch After 3 Days of Pre-Feeding: A Double Blind, Randomized, Controlled Clinical Trial (P08-081-19)

Current Developments in Nutrition ◽

10.1093/cdn/nzz044.p08-081-19 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 3 (Supplement_1) ◽

Author(s):

Alexandra Jenkins ◽

Clodualdo Maningat ◽

Paul Seib ◽

Janice Campbell ◽

Adish Ezatagha ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Blood Glucose ◽

Resistant Starch ◽

Healthy Subjects ◽

Postprandial Glucose ◽

Wheat Starch ◽

Feeding Period ◽

Double Blind ◽

Blood Samples ◽

Glucose Levels ◽

Gi Symptoms

Abstract Objectives Research on the effect of resistant starch on postprandial glucose levels has mainly focused on the attenuation achieved by substituting it for the available carbohydrate (avCarb), few studies have looked at the effect on glucose levels when the resistant starch is added to avCarb. The objective of this study was therefore to investigate the acute effect on postprandial glycemia and insulinemia of a cross-linked RS4 wheat starch (Fibersym® RW) in a test cookie compared to a control cookie matched for available carbohydrate after a 3-day habituation period. Methods This study used a double blind, randomized, cross-over design. Nineteen healthy subjects were screened of which 16 were eligible and randomized into the study. A total of 15 subjects completed the study (5M:10F; 32 ± 11y; 24.9 ± 2.5 kg/m2; BP 112/70 mmHg). After 3-day pre-feeding of Control (dietary fiber 1.6 g/d) or Fibersym sugar snap cookies (dietary fiber 29 g/d), the subjects, after an overnight fast, consumed either the respective Control or Fibersym cookie, both meals contained 40 g avCarb. Blood samples were collected over 2 h. Gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms were recorded during the pre-feeding period and during the postprandial visit. Subjective appetite scores were measured at the same time points when blood samples were collected. Results The 90-min blood glucose incremental area under the curve (IAUC) was statistically significantly lower after ingesting the Fibersym cookie (71.9 ± 8.5 mmolxmin/L) compared to the Control cookie (86.7 ± 9.3 mmolxmin/L) (P < 0.02). In addition, the peak glucose concentrations at 30 and 45 min after consumption of the Fibersym cookie was significantly lower than the Control cookie (P < 0.05). Insulin levels at 90-min (P < 0.016) and the 2-h (P < 0.02) insulin IAUC's were significantly lower after consumption of the Fibersym cookie compared to the Control cookie. There were no significant differences in GI symptoms over the 3-day pre-feeding period and during the 2 h postprandial visit between the two cookies and neither did the appetite scores differ significantly. Conclusions The cross-linked RS4 wheat starch, Fibersym, when formulated into a cookie, is well tolerated and attenuates blood glucose and insulin levels in healthy subjects compared to a Control cookie containing the same amount of available carbohydrate. Funding Sources MGP Ingredients, Inc.

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Consumption of Cross-Linked Resistant Starch (RS4XL) on Glucose and Insulin Responses in Humans

Journal of Nutrition and Metabolism ◽

10.1155/2010/651063 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 2010 ◽

pp. 1-6 ◽

Cited By ~ 35

Author(s):

Enas K. Al-Tamimi ◽

Paul A. Seib ◽

Brian S. Snyder ◽

Mark D. Haub

Keyword(s):

Dietary Fiber ◽

Resistant Starch ◽

Area Under The Curve ◽

Postprandial Glucose ◽

Wheat Starch ◽

Blood Samples ◽

Serial Blood ◽

Insulin Levels ◽

Insulin Responses ◽

First Time

Objective. The objective was to compare the postprandial glycemic and insulinemic responses to nutrition bars containing either cross-linked RS type 4 (RS4XL) or standard wheat starch in normoglycemic adults (n= 13; age = 27±5 years; BMI = 25±3 kg/m2).Methods. Volunteers completed three trials during which they consumed a glucose beverage (GLU), a puffed wheat control bar (PWB), and a bar containing cross-linked RS4 (RS4XL) matched for available carbohydrate content. Serial blood samples were collected over two hours and glucose and insulin concentrations were determined and the incremental area under the curve (iAUC) was calculated.Results. TheRS4XLpeak glucose and insulin concentrations were lower than the GLU and PWB (P<.05). The iAUC for glucose and insulin were lower following ingestion of RS4 compared with the GLU and PWB trials.Conclusions. These data illustrate, for the first time, that directly substituting standard starch withRS4XL, while matched for available carbohydrates, attenuated postprandial glucose and insulin levels in humans. It remains to be determined whether this response was due to the dietary fiber and/or resistant starch aspects of theRS4XLbar.

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Effects of Resistant Starch Interventions on Metabolic Biomarkers in Pre-Diabetes and Diabetes Adults

Frontiers in Nutrition ◽

10.3389/fnut.2021.793414 ◽

2022 ◽

Vol 8 ◽

Author(s):

Aswir Abd Rashed ◽

Fatin Saparuddin ◽

Devi-Nair Gunasegavan Rathi ◽

Nur Najihah Mohd Nasir ◽

Ezarul Faradianna Lokman

Keyword(s):

Resistant Starch ◽

Diabetes Management ◽

Area Under The Curve ◽

Postprandial Glucose ◽

Lifestyle Changes ◽

Physically Active ◽

Metabolic Conditions ◽

Potential Benefits ◽

Metabolic Biomarkers ◽

And Control

Simple lifestyle changes can prevent or delay the onset of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). In addition to maintaining a physically active way of life, the diet has become one of the bases in managing TD2M. Due to many studies linking the ability of resistant starch (RS) to a substantial role in enhancing the nutritional quality of food and disease prevention, the challenge of incorporating RS into the diet and increasing its intake remains. Therefore, we conducted this review to assess the potential benefits of RS on metabolic biomarkers in pre-diabetes and diabetes adults based on available intervention studies over the last decade. Based on the conducted review, we observed that RS intake correlates directly to minimize possible effects through different mechanisms for better control of pre-diabetic and diabetic conditions. In most studies, significant changes were evident in the postprandial glucose and insulin incremental area under the curve (iAUC). Comparative evaluation of RS consumption and control groups also showed differences with inflammatory markers such as TNF-α, IL-1β, MCP-1, and E-selectin. Only RS2 and RS3 were extensively investigated and widely reported among the five reported RS types. However, a proper comparison and conclusion are deemed inappropriate considering the variations observed with the study duration, sample size, subjects and their metabolic conditions, intervention doses, and the intervention base products. In conclusion, this result provides interesting insights into the potential use of RS as part of a sustainable diet in diabetes management and should be further explored in terms of the mechanism involved.

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Effectiveness of a Polyphenolic Extract (Lippia Citriodora and Hibiscus Sabdariffa) on Appetite Regulation in Overweight and Obese Grade I Population: A 8 weeks Randomized, Double-Blind, Cross-Over, Placebo-Controlled Trial

10.21203/rs.3.rs-47978/v1 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Ana Serna ◽

Javier Marhuenda ◽

Raúl Arcusa ◽

Silvia Pérez-Piñeiro ◽

Maravillas Sánchez-Macarro ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Peptide Yy ◽

Controlled Trial ◽

Area Under The Curve ◽

Clinical Intervention ◽

Calorie Intake ◽

Future Research ◽

Double Blind ◽

Lippia Citriodora ◽

Polyphenolic Extract ◽

Ad Libitum

Abstract Background: Polyphenols have shown capacity to improve appetite sensation, leading to enhanced control of body weight. However, despite being related with hunger-related hormones, metabolic and mechanism is not well known.Methods: The effectiveness of a nutraceutical composed of extract to Lippia citriodora and Hibiscus sabdarrifa (Lc-Hs) for controlling satiety and hunger was analyzed in a placebo controlled (Pla) clinical intervention. The study was divided in two 60 days periods separated by 30 days length washout period. At the end of each period, volunteers (n=33; both sexes) were proposed to eat an ad-libitum meal. Meanwhile, appetite sensation was determined by visual analog scales at different times. Moreover, blood extraction was performed to evaluate hunger-related hormones (insulin, leptin, ghrelin, adiponectin, GLP-1 and peptide YY) and glycemic and lipid profile. Results: A decrease in appetite sensation was observed in Lc-Hs group, showing higher satiety quotient (Pla = 3.36 ± 2.33 %/kcal; Lc-Hs = 5.53 ± 2.91 %/kcal; p<0.0001). Area under the curve was higher in Pla compared to Lc-Hs during the test, from baseline to minute 240 (240 (Pla 9136.65 ± 2261.46 % x min-1; Lc-Hs 8279.73 ± 2745.71 % x min-1; p<0.014). Leptin values varied from baseline (Pla 12.36 ± 1.98 ng/mL; Lc-Hs 13.13 ± 1.99 ng/mL) to the end of the study (Pla 12.60 ± 2.02 ng/mL; Lc-Hs 12.06 ± 2.05 ng/mL; p<0.047). GLP-1 values varied (p<0.001) in Lc-Hs group from baseline (4.34 ± 0.49 ng/mL) to the end of the study (3.23 ± 0.52 ng/mL).Conclusion: The supplementation with the Lc-Hs extract decreases appetite sensation in overweight and obese population, reducing calorie intake after an ad-libitum meal. Due to variation on hunger-related hormones and the relationship between satiety feeling, it would be interesting to develop future research focused on the variation of the hormones themselves.

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Acute effects of extruded pulse snacks on glycemic response, insulin, appetite, and food intake in healthy young adults in a double blind, randomized crossover trial

Applied Physiology Nutrition and Metabolism ◽

10.1139/apnm-2020-0572 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Alie Johnston ◽

Rebecca C. Mollard ◽

Dianna Dandeneau ◽

Dylan S. MacKay ◽

Nancy Ames ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Food Intake ◽

Repeated Measures ◽

Area Under The Curve ◽

Glycemic Response ◽

Double Blind ◽

Chickpea Flour ◽

Pinto Bean ◽

Pulse Type ◽

Extruded Products ◽

Corn Snacks

Research indicates that the post-prandial glycemic benefits of consuming whole pulses are retained when consumed in a mixed meal, pureed, and ground into flours. The glycemic benefits of pulse flours when incorporated into extruded products are unknown. In a randomized, repeated-measures crossover study, adults (n = 26) consumed extruded corn snacks made with the addition of 40% pulse flour from either: whole yellow pea, split yellow pea, green lentil, chickpea, or pinto bean. The control snack was 100% corn. Food intake was measured with an ad libitum meal consumed at 120 min. Blood glucose (BG), insulin and appetite were measured regularly before (pre-meal, 0-120 min) and after (post-meal, 140-200 min) the meal. Pinto bean and chickpea snacks led to lower (p<0.05) pre-meal BG incremental area under the curve (iAUC), compared with control, whole yellow pea and green lentil snacks. Pinto bean snack also led to lower (pre-meal BG (p<0.05) and insulin (p<0.05) iAUC compared with control, whole yellow pea, and split yellow pea snacks. There were no differences in food intake or appetite. These findings indicate that effects of replacing corn with pulse flours in extruded snacks on BG, and insulin are dependent on pulse type. ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT02402504. Registered on 30 March 2015. Novelty bullets: The incorporation of pinto bean and chickpea flour into extruded corn snacks improves postprandial glycemic response. Pulse containing snacks were equally as palatable as the corn snacks. The incorporation of pulses into corn snacks increased the protein and fibre content.

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PRIOR INGESTION OF A KETONE MONOESTER SUPPLEMENT REDUCES POSTPRANDIAL GLYCEMIC RESPONSES IN YOUNG HEALTHY WEIGHT INDIVIDUALS

Applied Physiology Nutrition and Metabolism ◽

10.1139/apnm-2020-0644 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Grant Greaves ◽

Richard Xiang ◽

Hossein Rafiei ◽

Adeeb Malas ◽

Jonathan P. Little

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acid ◽

Gastric Emptying ◽

Area Under The Curve ◽

Postprandial Glucose ◽

Tolerance Test ◽

Healthy Weight ◽

Mixed Meal ◽

Double Blind ◽

Acute Ingestion ◽

Beta Hydroxybutyrate

The main objective of this study was to determine whether acute ingestion of a ketone monoester (KME) supplement impacted mixed meal tolerance test (MMTT) glucose area under the curve (AUC). Nineteen healthy young volunteers (10 males/9 females, 24.7 ± 4.9 years, BMI = 22.7 ± 2.4) participated in a double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover study. Following overnight fasting (≥10 h), participants consumed 0.45mL/kg of a KME supplement or taste-matched placebo followed by a MMTT 15 minutes later. Blood samples were collected every 15-30 minutes over 2.5 hours. KME supplementation acutely raised beta-hydroxybutyrate (β-OHB) AUC (590%, P < 0.0001, d = 2.4) and resulted in decreases in blood glucose AUC (-9.4%, P = 0.03, d = 0.56) and non-esterified fatty acid (NEFA) AUC (-27.3%, P = 0.023, d = 0.68) compared to placebo. No differences were found for plasma insulin AUC (P = 0.70) or gastric emptying estimated by co-ingested acetaminophen AUC (P = 0.96) between ketone and placebo. Overall, results indicate that KME supplementation attenuates postprandial glycemic and NEFA responses when taken 15 min prior to a mixed meal in young healthy individuals. Future studies are warranted to investigate whether KME supplementation may benefit individuals with impaired glycemic control. Novelty Bullets • Acute ketone monoester supplementation 15 min prior to a mixed meal decreased postprandial glucose and non-esterified fatty acid (NEFA) levels without significantly impacting postprandial insulin or estimates of gastric emptying. • Glucose and NEFA lowering effects of ketone monoester supplementation are apparently not mediated by changes in insulin release or gastric emptying.

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A double-blind randomised controlled trial testing the effect of a barley product containing varying amounts and types of fibre on the postprandial glucose response of healthy volunteers

British Journal Of Nutrition ◽

10.1017/s0007114515000367 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 113 (9) ◽

pp. 1373-1383 ◽

Cited By ~ 17

Author(s):

Nancy Ames ◽

Heather Blewett ◽

Joanne Storsley ◽

Sijo J. Thandapilly ◽

Peter Zahradka ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Randomised Controlled Trial ◽

Peptide Yy ◽

Controlled Trial ◽

Insulin Response ◽

Postprandial Glucose ◽

Fibre Content ◽

Postprandial Blood Glucose ◽

Double Blind ◽

Insoluble Fibre ◽

Randomised Controlled

The aim of the present study was to determine if the consumption of barley tortillas varying in fibre and/or starch composition affected postprandial glucose, insulin, glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) or peptide YY concentrations. A double-blind, randomised, controlled trial was performed with twelve healthy adults. They each consumed one of five barley tortillas or a glucose drink on six individual visits separated by at least 1 week. Tortillas were made from 100 % barley flour blends using five different milling fractions to achieve the desired compositions. All treatments provided 50 g of available carbohydrate and were designed to make the following comparisons: (1) low-starch amylose (0 %) v. high-starch amylose (42 %) with similar β-glucan and insoluble fibre content; (2) low β-glucan (4·5 g) v. medium β-glucan (7·8 g) v. high β-glucan (11·6 g) with similar starch amylose and insoluble fibre content; and (3) low insoluble fibre (7·4 g) v. high insoluble fibre (19·6 g) with similar starch amylose and β-glucan content. Blood was collected at fasting and at multiple intervals until 180 min after the first bite/sip of the test product. Amylose and insoluble fibre content did not alter postprandial glucose and insulin, but high-β-glucan tortillas elicited a lower glucose and insulin response as compared to the low-β-glucan tortillas. The tortillas with high insoluble fibre had a higher AUC for GLP-1 as compared to the tortillas with low insoluble fibre, whereas amylose and β-glucan content had no effect. Results show that processing methods can be used to optimise barley foods to reduce postprandial blood glucose responses and factors that may influence satiety.

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L-arabinose and D-xylose: sweet pentoses that may reduce postprandial glucose and insulin responses

Food & Nutrition Research ◽

10.29219/fnr.v65.6254 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Korrie Pol ◽

Monica Mars

Keyword(s):

Plasma Glucose ◽

Area Under The Curve ◽

Fixed Time ◽

Postprandial Glucose ◽

Double Blind ◽

Glucose Levels ◽

Insulin Responses ◽

Intestinal Sucrase ◽

Intestinal Sucrase Activity

Background: Diets inducing high fluctuations in plasma glucose levels are linked to type 2 diabetes. L-arabinose and D-xylose have been hypothesized to inhibit intestinal sucrase activity, delay sucrose digestion, and reduce glycaemic and insulinaemic responses. However, few human studies have assessed this using realistic foods. Objective: We investigated the effects of the addition of L-arabinose and D-xylose on glucose homeostasis using a fruit-based drink and the effect of L-arabinose using a muffin. Design: Fifteen males participated in two double-blind, randomized cross-over experiments. In experiment A, three drinks were tested: (1) L-arabinose, (2) D-xylose and (3) control drink. In experiment B, two muffins were tested: (1) L-arabinose and (2) control muffin. All products consisted of ~50 g available carbohydrates, and L-arabinose or D-xylose was added as 10% of sucrose. Pre- and post-ingestive plasma glucose and insulin levels were measured at fixed time points up to 180 min after consumption. Results: Glucose and insulin peaks were lower after the L-arabinose and D-xylose drink than the control drink (P < 0.01). After consumption of the muffin, glucose responses were not significantly different; however, the insulin peak and incremental area under the curve (iAUC) tended to be lower for the L-arabinose muffin. Conclusion: L-arabinose and D-xylose are functional ingredients that can potentially lower the post-ingestive glycaemic and insulinaemic responses when added to realistic foods. However, the efficacy of applying L-arabinose appears to depend on the food matrix. Addition of these compounds needs further testing in other foods and in other populations, such as pre-diabetics.

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