scholarly journals Characterizing Caregiver Verbalizations to Infants During the Introduction of a Novel Food

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. 716-716
Author(s):  
Katherine Barrett ◽  
Abigail Flesher ◽  
Kameron Moding ◽  
Susan Johnson
Keyword(s):  
A Priori ◽  
Novel Food ◽  
Funding Sources ◽  
Infant Sex ◽  
Verbal Strategies ◽  
Verbal Prompts ◽  
Verbal Encouragement ◽  
Sex Positive ◽  
Feeding Interactions ◽  
Parent Child

Abstract Objectives To characterize parental verbal prompts to infants during feeding and the relation of parent verbalizations to infant acceptance of a novel food. Methods Feeding interactions of parent-child dyads (n = 106; 54% boys; mean age 13.3 ± 4.9 mo) were video-recorded and all parental verbal communications to infants and infant acceptance/rejection of the bites were coded. Verbal prompts, defined a priori, were categorized as positive (8 codes, e.g., verbal encouragement), neutral (4 codes, e.g., comments about color of food) and negative (6 codes, e.g., pressure) prompts. Trained coders classified each utterance and recorded the number and rate of bites accepted (mean K = .81 for all codes). Frequency of verbal prompts were examined by infant sex (M/F), age (6–11.9, 12–17.9, & 18–24 mo), and over the course of the feeding using Wilcoxon rank sums & Kruskal Wallis tests (p < .05). Spearman's rho tested associations between verbalization frequency and both the number of accepted and rejected bites and the rate of bite acceptance. Results Total parent verbalizations increased with infant age (p = .002). No differences were noted by infant sex. Positive verbalizations declined over the course of the feed (p = .02), whereas neutral (p = .20) and negative (p = .09) verbalizations exhibited no significant change. Total verbalizations were positively correlated with the number of rejected bites (p = .0009). In contrast, fewer negative verbalizations were correlated with more accepted bites (p = .02) and a lower rate of acceptance (p = .002). The absence of verbalizations was correlated with more accepted bites (p = .02) and a higher rate of acceptance (p = .004). Conclusions During the course of offering a novel food, caregivers generally spoke more often with older infants and when children rejected the food. Caregivers appear to be more likely to employ verbal strategies to coax the acceptance of a food when children are reluctant to eat, rather than proactively engaging children throughout the feeding interaction. Furthermore, the nature and tone of caregiver verbalizations during feeding interactions may change over the course of the feeding session with positive verbalizations waning and the use of negative and neutral prompts increasing if children show reluctance to consume the food. Funding Sources The Sugar Association.

IMPACT OF PARENTAL BINGE EATING DISORDER: EXPLORING CHILDREN'S EMOTIONAL/BEHAVIORAL PROBLEMS AND THE QUALITY OF PARENT-CHILD FEEDING INTERACTIONS

2018 ◽  
Vol 39 (5) ◽  
pp. 552-568 ◽  
Author(s):  
Silvia Cimino ◽  
Luca Cerniglia ◽  
Alessio Porreca ◽  
Giulia Ballarotto ◽  
Eleonora Marzilli ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Eating Disorder ◽  
Binge Eating ◽  
Binge Eating Disorder ◽  
Behavioral Problems ◽  
Child Feeding ◽  
Feeding Interactions ◽  
Parent Child

scholarly journals The Good Tastes Study: Relations Between Children's Eating Behaviors and Caregivers’ Intentions to Persist in Offering Difficult-to-like Foods (OR03-02-19)

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (Supplement_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Susan Johnson ◽  
Kameron Moding ◽  
Abigail Flesher ◽  
Kathryn Davis ◽  
Rebecca Boenig ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Eating Behaviors ◽  
Child Behaviors ◽  
Novel Food ◽  
Novel Foods ◽  
Funding Sources ◽  
Degree Of Acceptance ◽  
Highly Correlated ◽  
Child Eating Behaviors ◽  
Intention To Continue ◽  
Child Age

Abstract Objectives Young children need repeated exposure to learn to like new foods but can eat only foods caregivers offer. Thus, caregiver feeding decisions are central in determining whether children receive sufficient exposure to learn to like new foods. We undertook an exploratory study to: 1) examine child behaviors that influence caregiver perceptions of their child's liking for novel foods; and to 2) identify which child behaviors are associated with caregiver intentions to continue offering new foods. Methods Infants/toddlers (n = 106; 57 males; 6 – 24 mo) were observed tasting up to 8 offers of a novel food (pureed kale) by their caregivers (94% mothers). Trained researchers coded videos for successful tastes, positive (e.g., reaching for the spoon, playing with the food) and negative (e.g., expelling the food, avoiding the spoon, crying) child eating behaviors and children's degree of acceptance of the kale (0 = refusal to 3 = anticipation). Caregiver ratings of child liking for the food (1 = Dislikes extremely to 9 = likes extremely) and their likelihood of re-offering the food (1 = not at all likely to 5 = very likely) were collected. Kruskal-Wallis tests explored differences in successful bites, frequencies of child behaviors, and caregiver ratings across child age (6 – 8.30 [mo.days]; 9 – 14.30; 15 – 24). Spearman correlations explored associations among successful tastes, child behaviors and caregiver ratings. Results Successful tastes decreased with child age (P = .000) and toddlers (15 – 24) exhibited more avoidant behavior (P = .000), cried more (P < .05), played more (P = .005), and had a lower degree of acceptance (P = .000) than infants (6 – 8.30). Perceptions of child liking and the likelihood of re-offering the kale were highly correlated (r = .63, P = .000) and did not differ by child age. Ratings of child liking and the likelihood of re-offering were: 1) negatively associated with avoidant behaviors (P < .001), crying (P < .05) or expelling kale (P < .000); and 2) positively associated with successful tastes (P < .05) and the degree of acceptance (P = .000). Conclusions Caregiver intention to continue offering a novel food was related to whether their child ate the food, how avidly the food was eaten, and how negatively their child reacted to the food. Getting children to eat and avoiding stressful feedings may be the immediate priority over building food acceptance. Funding Sources The Sugar Association.

scholarly journals Total Energy and Macronutrient Intakes in Masters Athletes

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. 1296-1296
Author(s):  
Quentin Nichols ◽  
Rohit Ramadoss ◽  
Stella Volpe
Keyword(s):  
Total Energy ◽  
A Priori ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Significance Level ◽  
Funding Sources ◽  
Masters Athletes ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Study Participants ◽  
Post Hoc

Abstract Objectives Athletes subscribe to different energy and macronutrient intakes based on the needs of the sport. The aim of our study was to evaluate total energy and macronutrient intakes between different types of Masters athletes. Methods Female and male Masters athletes participated in this cross-sectional study. Dietary consumption data were measured using Block's 2005 Food Frequency Questionnaire. A one-way analysis of variance was used to compare total energy, protein, carbohydrate, and fat (in grams [g]) intakes among the athletes. When significant differences were found, a Fisher's LSD post hoc test was performed to identify specific group differences. The significance level was set a priori at P &lt; 0.05. Results A total of 330 athletes (182 women and 148 men) were included in the study. Participants were 36.55 ± 11.2 years of age. The athlete population consisted of general athletes (n = 81), runners (n = 116), triathletes (n = 53), rowers (n = 46), and CrossFit athletes (n = 34). Runners (1941.35 ± 697.25 kilocolaries [kcal]), triathletes (2031.65 ± 912.02 kcal), and rowers (2004.15 ± 978.42 kcal) all had significantly greater total energy intakes compared to CrossFit athletes (1538.80 ± 491.74 kcal) (P &lt; 0.05). Runners (226.21 ± 89.67 g) and triathletes (235.43 ± 134.29 g) had significantly greater carbohydrate intakes compared to CrossFit athletes (162.93 ± 66.99 g) (P &lt; 0.05). Rowers (83.31 ± 44.74 g) had a significantly greater protein intake compared to CrossFit athletes (64.77 ± 21.32 g) (P = 0.027). Rowers (87.35 ± 45.91 g) had a significantly greater fat intake compared to CrossFit athletes (68.86 ± 25.10 g) (P = 0.041). Conclusions Based on our data, runners, triathletes, and rowers all had greater total energy intake compared to CrossFit athletes. Rowers also consumed significantly more protein and fat than CrossFit athletes. Rowers may consume more protein and fat due to the combination of endurance and strength needed to meet the demands of the sport. Further research is needed to continue evaluating total energy and macronutrient intakes between different types of Masters athletes. Funding Sources This project was unfunded.

scholarly journals The Good Tastes Study: Associations Between Infants’ Physiological Regulation and Responses to Bitter Green Vegetables (P11-083-19)

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (Supplement_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kameron Moding ◽  
Kathryn Davis ◽  
Abigail Flesher ◽  
Mairin Augustine ◽  
Joseph Campain ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Regression Models ◽  
Preliminary Evidence ◽  
Toxic Substances ◽  
Sinus Arrhythmia ◽  
Physiological Regulation ◽  
Novel Food ◽  
Funding Sources ◽  
Environmental Threat ◽  
Fight Or Flight Response ◽  
The Individual

Abstract Objectives Infants are predisposed to reject bitter tastes in order to prevent the ingestion of toxic substances. Thus, some infants may respond to bitter flavors with a physiological response consistent with how they respond to environmental threat, with implications for their behavior. Respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA) is an index of parasympathetic regulation of the heart, which decreases in response to challenging or threatening stimuli (i.e., RSA withdrawal), allowing the individual to engage in a fight or flight response (Porges, 2007). Here, we examined whether RSA withdrawal (RSAW) was associated with infants’ behavioral reactions to bitter green vegetable purées. Methods Infants/toddlers (n = 106; 57 males) tasted a familiar food (rice cereal) and a novel food (kale purees) offered by their caregivers (94% mothers) during a laboratory visit. Trained coders watched video recordings to tally infants’ rejections (e.g., head turns, spoon swatting) and rate their degree of acceptance (4-point scale; 0 = refusal to 3 = anticipation). Three disposable electrodes were placed on the infants’ chest areas prior to feeding to measure heart rate (R-waves). Data were edited and used to calculate RSA values in 15-s epochs using CardioBatch Plus (Brain-Body Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill). RSAW scores were calculated by subtracting average RSA during the kale tasting from average RSA during the familiar food baseline task; higher scores indicated greater RSAW. Multiple regression models were used to examine associations between RSAW and infants’ reactions to the kale (rejections, acceptance) after controlling for child age (months) and the amount of time since they last ate (minutes). Results Regression models predicting novel food rejection (F(3,82) = 8.78, R2 = .49) and acceptance (F(3,83) = 9.81, R2 = .51) were significant. After controlling for covariates, greater RSAW was associated with more rejection behaviors (β = .21, P = .03) and less acceptance (β = -.24, P = .01). Conclusions Infants who demonstrated greater RSAW during the kale feeding also responded to the kale with a behavioral “fight” response—greater rejection of the food. This study provides preliminary evidence that when infants reject bitter green vegetables, their physiological responses reflect a reaction to environmental threat. Funding Sources The Sugar Association.

scholarly journals The Effects of the Form of Sugar (Solid vs. Beverage) on Body Weight and Neuronal Activity: A 28 Day Randomized Pilot Study (P08-001-19)

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (Supplement_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
John Apolzan ◽  
Owen Carmichael ◽  
S Nicole Fearnbach ◽  
Krystal Kirby ◽  
Sreekrishna Ramakrishnapillai ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Pilot Study ◽  
Energy Homeostasis ◽  
Brain Activity ◽  
A Priori ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Reward Processing ◽  
Group Differences ◽  
Fed State ◽  
Funding Sources

Abstract Objectives To test if sugar sweetened beverages (SSBs) and sugar sweetened solids (SSSs) have differential effects on body weight and food reward processing. Methods In a single blind RCT, twenty participants with a BMI between 20–40 kg/m2 were randomized to consume a 20 fl oz soda/d (SSB, 248 kcal) vs. the equivalent energy and nutrients in solid form (SSS; similar to a thick jello and/or gummy candy). At baseline and day 28, fasting body weight and fed state brain activation responses to low fat high sugar foods (LF < 30%, HS > 30%) and non-food objects were assessed. The fMRI scan began 30 min after initiation of consumption of the 248 kcal dose of their randomized treatment. Summary measures of differences in fMRI BOLD signals between LFHS vs non-food images were calculated in a set of a priori defined brain regions implicated in energy homeostasis, taste, reward, and motivation to eat. Results Ten participants in the SSB (6F 4 M; 80% White; 39 ±4 y, Mean ± SEM) and ten in the SSS (3F 7 M; 60% White; 36 ± 5) completed the study. Baseline BMI was 28.2 ± 1.7 kg/m2 and 26.3 ± 1.4 in the SSB and SSS groups, respectively. No difference in change in body weight for SSB vs. SSS (0.56 ± 0.43 kg; P  =  0.22) was seen. Changes in fMRI activation in homeostatic and taste regions were not different. Among reward and motivation related regions, fMRI activation within the caudate nucleus, cingulate gyrus, and medial orbitofrontal cortex were not different at baseline, but increased in SSS and decreased in SSB group (mean group differences in activation change: –0.30 ± 0.15, –0.36 ± 0.11, and –0.60 ± 0.25, P ˂ 0.05; respectively). fMRI activation in the insula was greater at baseline in SSS compared to SSB but the two groups converged to similar values at day 28 (mean group differences in activation change: 0.19 ± 0.08, P ˂ 0.05). Conclusions Consumption of SSB vs. SSS products produced distinct changes to brain activity within specific brain regions that control eating behavior despite no change in body weight between groups. Understanding the neural and physiological consequences of consuming added sugar in different forms will better inform current efforts to reduce its consumption and help regulate policy. This pilot study provides promising data for a longer duration, well-powered follow-up study. Funding Sources NIH U54GM104940, P30DK072476, Pennington Biomedical Research Foundation.

scholarly journals Promotion and Prevention Focused Feeding Strategies: Exploring the Effects on Healthy and Unhealthy Child Eating

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elisabeth L. Melbye ◽  
Håvard Hansen
Keyword(s):  
Healthy Eating ◽  
Feeding Practices ◽  
Feeding Strategies ◽  
Child Feeding ◽  
Parental Feeding Practices ◽  
Food Items ◽  
Parental Feeding ◽  
Child Eating ◽  
Feeding Interactions ◽  
Parent Child

There is a general lack of research addressing themotivationsbehind parental use of various feeding practices. Therefore, the present work aims to extend the current literature on parent-child feeding interactions by integrating the traditional developmental psychological perspective on feeding practices with elements of Regulatory Focus Theory (RFT) derived from the field of motivational psychology. In this paper, we seek to explain associations between parental feeding practices and child (un)healthy eating behaviors by categorizing parental feeding practices into promotion and prevention focused strategies, thus exploring parent-child feeding interactions within the framework of RFT. Our analyses partly supported the idea that (1) child healthy eating is positively associated with feeding practices characterized as promotion focused, and (2) child unhealthy eating is negatively associated with feeding practices characterized as prevention focused. However, a general observation following from our results suggests that parents’ major driving forces behind reducing children’s consumption of unhealthy food items and increasing their consumption of healthy food items are strategies that motivate rather than restrict. In particular, parents’ provision of a healthy home food environment seems to be essential for child eating.

scholarly journals Enteric Function as a Determinant of Nutritional and Clinical Recovery from Acute Illness Among Children in Kenya and Pakistan

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. 916-916
Author(s):  
Kirkby Tickell ◽  
Donna Denno ◽  
Ali Saleem ◽  
Zaubina Kazi ◽  
Barbra Richardson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Performance ◽  
A Priori ◽  
Infection Prevalence ◽  
Hiv Status ◽  
Post Discharge ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Funding Sources ◽  
Gates Foundation ◽  
Poor Outcomes ◽  
Discharge From Hospital

Abstract Objectives In low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), acutely ill undernourished children remain at high risk of mortality for months following discharge from hospital. Community-based studies suggest that enteric dysfunction (ED), including permeability and impaired absorption, is associated with poor outcomes. We used the lactulose rhamnose ratio (L: R) test, which provides a functional assessment of gut integrity, to determine if ED influences clinical and nutritional recovery in the post-discharge period. Methods Children aged 2–24 months without diarrhea were recruited from Civil Hospital Karachi, Pakistan and Migori County Referral Hospital, Kenya. L: R tests were administered after children were clinically stable (oral feeds, not dehydrated, no oxygen needs) and pre-discharge. Similarly aged children were pseudo-randomly selected from homes near those of children being discharged and were also tested. Prior to administration of sugars, urine was collected to detect background levels, followed by a two-hour collection. Samples were analyzed by high-performance chromatography mass spectroscopy. Crude L: R distributions were compared using the Mann-Whitney test. A priori determined confounders (age, mid-upper arm circumference [MUAC], HIV status, site) were adjusted for in linear regression of log-transformed L: R. Results 156 hospitalized and 91 community children were recruited. Median age was nine months in each group. Hospitalized children had lower median MUAC (12.4 vs 13.5 cm) and higher HIV infection prevalence (5% vs 1%). Both sugars were largely undetectable in pre-dose samples. Urinary median L: R among children being discharged (0.36 (interquartile range [IQR] 0.20–0.87)) was significantly higher compared to community peers (0.30 (IQR: 0.17–0.48, P = 0.038)). This difference remained significant in the adjusted model (p: 0.008). Conclusions Children at discharge from hospital in LMICs appear to have worse enteric function than community peers, and this difference does not appear to be attributable to young age or nutritional or HIV status. This analysis will be expanded to include L: R association with mortality, morbidity and growth outcomes prior to the conference. Funding Sources Thrasher Research Foundation 14,466, the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation OPP 1,131,320.

Children’s demands for parental action

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Catherine L. Tam
Keyword(s):  
Conversation Analysis ◽  
A Priori ◽  
Parental Authority ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
Child Interaction ◽  
Parent Child Interaction ◽  
Deontic Authority ◽  
Parental Responses ◽  
Parent Child

Theory and research on parent–child interaction generally make a priori assumptions of asymmetry in authority between parent and child. Rather than investigating how children exercise autonomy by resisting parental authority, I examine their methods for exercising deontic authority in interaction with their parents. Using conversation analysis and drawing on Stevanovic and Peräkylä’s distinction between deontic status and stance, I analyse video-recorded naturally occurring interactions in which children issue demands to their parents, thus claiming a high deontic stance. Parents may choose to comply and reinforce the claim or not. Domains of deontic authority are (re)negotiated when children pursue compliance; though children can test the boundaries of their authority, parental responses reinforce them, reifying their own authority.

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