scholarly journals Bacteriological Safety Assessment of Three Street vended Foods in Owerri , Imo State (P04-141-19)

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (Supplement_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ezeh Francisca
Keyword(s):  
Drug Resistance ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
Family Income ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Multi Drug Resistance ◽  
Human Consumption ◽  
Acinetobacter Baumanii ◽  
Imo State ◽  
Food Borne

Abstract Objectives Street vended foods are common in Nigeria, serving the purposes of supplementing family income and meeting food demand of low income urban dwellers. However these foods can become a vehicle for transmitting food borne pathogens due to poor processing and handling. This study is aimed at accessing the safety with respect to pathogenic bacteria of three foods abacha salad, roasted pork and ukwa (Treculia Africana) commonly vended. in owerri, Imo state.Nigeria Methods Twelve samples (four each of Abacha roasted pork and ukwa) were purchased from different vendors in owerri metropolis Imo state pathogenic bacteria were isolated from the food samples by the poor plate method on nutrient, macconkey Eosin metylene blue and salmonella shilgella agar plates and characterized using a combination of cultural/biochemical and 16 sr RNA squencing techniques the antibiotic suceptibility test was performed for each isolate by the disk diffusion method. The plasmid profiles of isolates resistant to four or more antibiotic were determined followed by plasmid suspitibility test to indicate whether resistance is chromosomal or carried on a mobile element. Results Thirty one isolates comprising seven species (Acinetobacter baumanII, bacllus sp enterobacter sp.E sherichi, coli k lebisella sp kurthia gIbosonoi sp and salmonella sp were obtained. from the food sample "ukwa showed the highest microbial load isolates 98.8 showed the highest resistant against nalidixic and ampicillin multi drug resistance was observed in 11(35.5) of antibiotics except ampicillin and nalidixic acid. Conclusions The presence of pathogenes and multi drug resistance isolates in these street foods renders them unsafe for human consumption, food vends and consumers need greater awareness on basic hygienic and good sanitary practices for food handling and appropriate use of antibiotics to for stall severe food borne diseases by antibiotic resistance stains. Funding Sources Federal University Of Technology, Owerri.Imo state Owerri.

scholarly journals Detection of Pan drug resistance OXA-48 producing Providencia in an ICU patient for the first time in Nepal

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ranjit Sah ◽  
Shusila Khadka ◽  
Gentle Sunder Shrestha ◽  
Subhash Acharya ◽  
Diptesh Aryal ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drug Resistance ◽  
Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
Vital Signs ◽  
Carbapenem Resistance ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Resistance Pattern ◽  
Common Mechanism ◽  
Disk Diffusion Method ◽  
Drug Resistance Pattern

Abstracts Background Resistance to antimicrobial agents of pathogenic bacteria has become a major problem in routine medical practices. Carbapenem resistance has long been increasing. The production of carbapenem- hydrolysing β-lactamases (carbapenamases), which include NDM, KPC, OXA-48, IMP-1 and VIM is the most common mechanism. Case presentation A 56 years old male presented with fever and mental changes with progressively decreasing sensorium for the last 3 days. He was admitted to Intensive care unit (ICU) with a diagnosis of meningoencephalitis. On day seven, he developed ventilator associated pneumonia due Klebsiella pnemoniae and Acinetobacter baumannii. He was on meropenem, but the isolates were susceptible to colistin, tigecyclin and amikacin solely. Hence, amikacin was started with addition of intravenous and nebulized colistin. Subsequently, vital signs improved with resolution of fever. However, on day 18, he developed fever once again with a drop in blood pressure. Inotropic support was maintained, and echinocandins and tigecycline were added to the regimen. Repeat blood and urine culture grew Providencia species, which were resistant to most of the drugs on phenotypic Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method and are intrinsically resistant to colistin and tigecycline. Phenotypic detection of ESBL (combined disk method), MBL, KPCs, AmpC and co-producer were tested according to updated CLSI guideline and all were negative. But the Modified Hodges test was found to be positive. Consequenty, OXA-48 drug resistance pattern was brought into action by blank disc method according to A Tsakris et al., which revealed indentation of growth toward both EDTA and EDTA/PBA disk indicating production of OXA-48 carbapenamase. To confirm the resistance pattern we processed the isolated colonies for Xpert Carba-R (Cepheid) assay, which detected blaOXA-48 gene and confirmed the OXA-48 drug resistance pattern. Hence, the infecting organism was not susceptible to any of the antibiotics. The patient was kept under isolation and on 31th day of admission, he died of septic shock. Conclusions Carbapenamase production along with intrinsic colistin resistance in infecting bacterial pathogens can cause fatal outcomes in the resource limited countries like Nepal where new antibiotic combinations ceftazidime+ Avibactam, or aztreonam +avibactam are not available. Drug resistance patterns including OXA 48 producer should be characterized in all cases by standard phenotypic methods or by Xpert Carba-R assay and larger studies are required to know the exact burden of OXA 48 producer in Nepal.

scholarly journals Drug Resistance Mechanism among Acinetobacter Species

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Jayashree ◽  
K.G. Rajeshwari ◽  
Mita D. Wadekar
Keyword(s):  
Drug Resistance ◽  
Resistance Mechanism ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Hospital Environment ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Multi Drug Resistance ◽  
Intrinsic Resistance ◽  
Acinetobacter Species ◽  
Beta Lactamases ◽  
Resistant Strains

Acinetobacter species cause infections that are difficult to control due to multi-drug resistance and are noted for their intrinsic resistance to antibiotics and for their ability to acquire genes encoding resistance for the production of beta-lactamases and Aminoglycoside-modifying enzymes. MBLs are molecular class B and functional group 3 beta-lactamases which have the capability of hydrolyzing all β-lactams except the Monobactam, Aztreonam. Of several MBLs, only IMP, VIM and SIM types have been detected in these species. To analyze the antibiotic resistance patterns among Acinetobacter isolates and to detect Carbapenemase and MBL among MDR Acinetobacter isolates. The descriptive study of all phenotypically identified strains and multidrug-resistant strains of Acinetobacter species was conducted. A total of 303 isolates were isolated from various samples. They were processed and identified by standard Microbiological procedures. The antibiotics susceptibility testing was performed by Kirby- Bauer disc diffusion method using CLSI guidelines. Carbapenemase production was detected by employing 3 phenotypic test methods (MHT, CDM and DDST). Of 6355 samples processed, 303 were found to be Acinetobacter species, among those 50 were multidrug-resistant strains. The highest isolation of MDR Acinetobacter was from endotracheal tube tip (42%) and pus sample (32%). The majority of MDR Acinetobacter infection was found in male patients 36 (72%) compared to female patients 14 (28%). The majority of the strains were isolated from patients >/ 60 years of age group (%). A number of these isolates were more from ICU wards (30%) followed by Surgery wards (24%). Higher resistance for the Piperacillin/tazobactam ((82%), followed by Ceftazidime (80%), Imipenem (76%) etc. and the most susceptible drug was found to be the Tigecycline (82%) followed by Colistin (80%). Carbapenemase production was detected by MHT and 24 (48%) isolates were MHT positive. MBL production was detected by CDM and 34 (68%) isolates were CDM positive and by DDST 30 (60%) isolates were positive. Acinetobacter species are increasingly important nosocomial pathogens and are capable of rapid adaptation to the hospital environment. The variety of potential source of contamination or infection with these species in the hospital environment makes control of outbreaks caused by these difficult.

scholarly journals Current situation of meat-related waste genera ted by free state abattoirs, South Africa

2019 ◽  
pp. 495-500
Author(s):  
Hester Roberts
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Waste Management ◽  
Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Meat Inspection ◽  
Free State ◽  
Human Consumption ◽  
Potential Health ◽  
Food Borne ◽  
Spoilage Bacteria

Legislation exists which prescribes specific waste disposal methods, especially for condemned products, but financial constraints prohibits its implementation. Current legislation requires independent meat inspection but it is not yet applied at all abattoirs and will take a considerable period of time before it is in place. Meat inspection does not serve any pwpose if condemned products returns to the food chain. Waste management practices at the different grades of abattoirs (Grades A to E) will be assessed and interviews with management will be used to predict the associated health risks to the community and the meat industry. Results obtained, will be used to construct a model to recommend the most suitable waste management system for each grade of abattoir in the Free State Province. This model would be appropriate for other provinces in South Africa. Spoilage bacteria and pathogenic bacteria are found on the surfaces of meat products. Pathogenic bacteria can cause illness when these products are consumed (Aberle, et.al., 2001). Food borne illnesses are a world-wide phenomena that also play a role in South Africa. Duse (2002) quoted the Department of Health statistics indicating that in the period of January to June 1998 there were 110 cases of food poisoning and 3 deaths and in 1999 127 cases reported and 0 deaths occurred. A large variety of bacterial genera have been recovered from red-meat, poultry and their products for example, Actinobacter, Aeromonas, Pseudomonas, Aalmonella, Zersinia, and Streptococcus. An increase in amounts ofwaste are generated all over the world. Abattoirs are one of the industries that contribute to the problem of possible food-borne diseases and potential health hazards associated with food, especially meat (Bradshaw, et.al. 1992). Waste generated by abattoirs include condemned organs and carcasses, blood, hides, paunch content and carcass trimmings. Condemned products and carcasses, unsuitable for human consumption, are eaten by ,,cavengers" or persons living off refuse sites, and could cause a significant health problem which could lead to disease and death.Current economic conditions force under- privileged communities to seek any possible source of food and some of the sites frequented are landfill sites, dumping grounds and disposal sites used by abattoirs (Personal communication, Derbyshire, 2003),

scholarly journals ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY FOR MULTI DRUG RESISTANCE (MDR) BACTERIA BYSEA CUCUMBER Stichopus vastus EXTRACT FROM KARIMUNJAWA ISLANDS – INDONESIA

2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 695-707 ◽  
Author(s):  
Delianis Pringgenies ◽  
Ali Ridlo ◽  
Nerva Sembiring
Keyword(s):  
Drug Resistance ◽  
Antibacterial Activity ◽  
Sea Cucumber ◽  
Inhibition Zone ◽  
Extraction Process ◽  
Sensitivity Test ◽  
Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Multi Drug Resistance ◽  
Bacterial Sensitivity

The study aims to explore the antibacterial activity of Stichopus vastus against pathogenic MDR bacteria. Analysis of samples of sea cucumbers included extraction, fractionation, and analysis of bacterial sensitivity test Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS), the extraction process is carried out by solid-liquid extraction method. Fractionation was done with Open-Column Chromatography (OCC). Sensitivity test of bacteria was done using an agar diffusion method according to the Kirby-Bauer (Ref). The study revealed that from 5 species MDR bacteria, which are Coagulant negative stapylococi (CNS), E. coli, Enterobacter 5, Klebsiella sp. dan Pseudomonas sp. There are two MDR bacteria had the most sensitive responses by the extract of sea cucumber, which were Enterobacter-5 and Klebsiella sp. The two bacteria were tested against five bioactive fractions obtained from OCC. Fraction criteria-2 had the highest antibacterial activity against Enterobacter-5 and Klebsiella sp, with serial concentration of 20 µg ∙ disc–1, 40 µg. disc–1 and 80 µg. disc–1.  Largest inhibition zone were obtained from 80 µg. disc–1 againts the two bacteria were (14.73 ± 0.48) mm and (11.22 ± 0.85) mm respectively.  GC-MS Analysis revealed that fraction criteria-2 had (or consisted of) cyclohexhane, ethanol, butanoic and pentanoic acids. Keywords: antibacterial activity, multi drug resistance (MDR), sea cucumber, Stichopus vastus

scholarly journals Antibiotic and Disinfectant Susceptibility Patterns of Bacteria Isolated from Farmed Fish in Kirinyaga County, Kenya

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Daniel W. Wanja ◽  
Paul G. Mbuthia ◽  
Robert M. Waruiru ◽  
Lilly C. Bebora ◽  
Helena A. Ngowi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hydrogen Peroxide ◽  
Drug Resistance ◽  
Sodium Hypochlorite ◽  
Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
Multiple Drug Resistance ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
African Catfish ◽  
Ammonium Compound ◽  
Susceptibility Patterns

Fish bacterial pathogens cause diseases which result in a considerable economic impact on the aquaculture industry, necessitating the use of antimicrobials for their control. However, intensive and indiscriminate use of antimicrobials has led to increased occurrence of drug resistance in pathogenic bacteria, as well as normal flora. The aim of the current study was to determine the susceptibility patterns of bacteria isolated from fish, with respect to some commonly used antibiotics and disinfectants. Bacteria were isolated between December 2017 and April 2018 from farmed Nile tilapia, African catfish, goldfish, and koi carp in Kirinyaga County, Kenya. Antibiotic and disinfectant susceptibility patterns of 48 isolates belonging to the genera Aeromonas, Proteus, Klebsiella, Citrobacter, Salmonella, Streptococcus, Pseudomonas, Escherichia, Serratia, and Micrococcus were established using the Kirby–Bauer disc diffusion method and agar well diffusion technique, respectively. The antibiotics evaluated included ampicillin, tetracycline, co-trimoxazole, streptomycin, kanamycin, gentamicin, co-trimoxazole, and chloramphenicol, while the disinfectants tested were quaternary ammonium compound, formalin, hydrogen peroxide, sodium hypochlorite, and iodine. All the bacteria except Micrococcus, Escherichia, and Salmonella species showed multiple drug resistance patterns. Streptococcus showed resistance to six antibiotics, while Proteus, Pseudomonas, and Serratia were resistant to five antibiotics. The multiple antibiotic resistance index ranged from 0.1 to 0.8, with Streptococcus spp. having the highest score value. All the organisms were sensitive to gentamicin, while co-trimoxazole and ampicillin showed the highest resistance at 73% (n = 34) and 62% (n = 31), respectively. Most of the disinfectants showed antibacterial activity with varying magnitudes. The isolates were 100% sensitive to hydrogen peroxide and formalin, but were resistant to sodium hypochlorite at recommended user-dilution. The study has shown that some of the bacterial isolates were resistant to common antibiotics and disinfectants; thus, it is recommended to include an antibiogram whenever making any therapeutic decision. The resistant bacteria may transmit resistance genes to other fish bacteria and also to human bacteria, thus making it difficult to treat the resultant disease(s); thus, there is a possibility that these resistant bacteria may be transmitted to humans who consume or handle the carrier fish. It is, therefore, advisable that fish are cooked properly before consumption, so as to kill bacteria that may be present.

Carbapenem resistance among common Enterobacteriaceae Clinical Isolates in part of North-East India

2021 ◽  
Vol 19 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohan Sharma ◽  
Pankaj Chetia ◽  
Minakshi Puzari ◽  
Nakul Neog ◽  
Upasana Phukan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drug Resistance ◽  
Treatment Options ◽  
Carbapenem Resistance ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Clinical Isolates ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Multi Drug Resistance ◽  
Biochemical Tests ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
North East

Background: Enterobacteriaceae, the normal dwellers in the human intestine, are commonly associated with a variety of community acquired and nosocomial infections. Emerging trend of antibiotic resistance among these strains is a notable issue globally; more serious threat is the resistance against the available last resort antibiotics- the carbapenems. Objective: The objective of our study was intended to determine the burden of resistance towards common antibiotic classes, so as to address the gap of drug resistance prevalence data, among the Enterobacteriaceae isolates obtained from the health settings in this region. Methodology: A cross-sectional study was done with inclusion of clinical isolates collected from varied sources, from health settings in upper Assam. The isolates were identified based on standard methods of morphology study and biochemical tests. The identified isolates were then subjected to antibiotic susceptibility testing by following Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method and the result interpreted as per the CLSI guidelines. The resistance of the reported carbapenem resistant isolates was confirmed by minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) determination using commercial E-strip kit. Results: Among the enterobacterial isolates Klebsiella spp. accounted the majority, followed by Escherichia coli, Citrobacter spp., Shigella spp. and others. Multi-drug resistance (MDR) was noted among 67.6% isolates; however, carbapenem resistance was confirmed in 18.9% of the total Enterobacteriaceae isolates. Conclusion: Higher prevalence of resistance towards carbapenems, among the Enterbacteriaceae isolates of upper Assam seems to be upcoming threat to the region, limiting the treatment options in future.

scholarly journals Occurrences and AntibiogramPattern of Listeria monocytogenes in Vegetables Sold withinSokotoMetropolis, Nigeria

2021 ◽  
pp. 83-90
Author(s):  
KafilatTemitope Mumuney ◽  
Abdulrahman Abdullateef ◽  
Auwalu Bala
Keyword(s):  
Drug Resistance ◽  
Listeria Monocytogenes ◽  
Biochemical Characterization ◽  
Bacterial Pathogens ◽  
Sensitivity Test ◽  
Multi Drug Resistance ◽  
Selective Media ◽  
Food Borne ◽  
Spring Onion ◽  
Multiple Antibiotics

Listeriosisranks third in mortality among food-borne bacterial pathogens. The evaluation of antibiogram of Listeria monocytogenes in 5 different areas within Sokoto metropolis was performed in the study. A total of 50 (fifty) samples from cabbage, spring onion, tomatoes, lettuce, and salad samples were obtained from different locations within the metropolis. The isolation was performed using Listeria selective media base incorporated with Listeria selective Supplement. Identification and confirmation of Listeria and other bacteria were performed using biochemical characterization. Antibacterial sensitivity test was performed using 8 (eight) different antibiotics namely Norfloxacin, Ceftazaime, Cefuroxine, Erythromycin, Ofloxacin, Augmentin, Cloxillicin and Gentamycin. Result of the studies demonstrated that Listeria monocytogeneswas present in all the vegetables sold within the selected areas of Sokoto metropolis. Listeria monocytogenes was resistant to 6 of the 8 antibiotics used, these are Norflaxcin, Augmentin, Cefuroxine, Ceftazaime, Gentamycin and Cloxicillin. In conclusion, Listeria monocytogenes is present in vegetable sold within the selected areas of study. Listeria monocytogenes were resistant to multiple antibiotics commonly administered during listeriosis management. The implication of multi-drug resistance is that Listeriosis will be problematic to treat. The implications of these findings are herein discussed.

scholarly journals Multi-drug resistance and biofilm production among diarrheagenic Escherichia coli pathotypes isolated from stools of children with acute diarrheal disease

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 958-964
Author(s):  
E. E. David ◽  
M. A. Yameen ◽  
I. Igwenyi ◽  
A. C. Okafor ◽  
U. N. Obeten ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drug Resistance ◽  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Diarrheal Disease ◽  
Etiological Agent ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Multi Drug Resistance ◽  
Disk Diffusion Method ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Biofilm Production ◽  
Thiazolyl Blue Tetrazolium Bromide

Background. Diarrheagenic E. coli (DEC) is an etiological agent of childhood diarrhea. Resistance against commonly used drugs in the empirical treatment of enteric infections has increased among DEC. Relationship between antibiotic resistance and biofilm formation in microorganisms have been widely reported. This study was aimed to determine the antibiotic resistance and biofilm production pattern among DEC pathotypes isolated from stools of children aged 0–5 years with acute diarrheal disease in Abakaliki, Nigeria. Materials and methods. Diarrheal stool samples were obtained from 60 children and E. coli were isolated and identified using standard guidelines provided for laboratory diagnosis of enteric pathogens. Molecular identification was done by amplification of E. coli universal stress protein A (uspA) using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method. Detection of virulent genes of DEC pathotypes was performed in a group of multiplex PCR using their specific primers. Kirby–Bauer disk diffusion method was used to determine the antibiotic susceptibility patterns of the isolates while biofilms production was detected by thiazolyl blue tetrazolium bromide dye in a 96-well plate. Results. DEC was isolated in 40 stools among which EIEC [40% (n = 16)] was commonly detected followed by ETEC [30% (n = 12)], EAEC [20% (n = 8)] and typical EPEC [10% (n = 4)]. Half of EAEC showed the highest multidrug resistance against ampicillin, cefoxitin, ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin, and tetracycline with the strongest biofilm production followed by all the EPEC which were resistant to ampicillin, ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin, and tetracycline with moderate biofilm production. All the LT-ETEC exhibited the least resistance to ampicillin and tetracycline with the weakest biofilm production. Conclusion. High frequency of the EIEC pathotype suggests its role as the primary etiological agent of diarrhea in children. Correlation between high drug resistance and biofilm production among the pathotype may indicate that biofilms may provide compatible uptake of resistance genes.

Evaluating the Saliva of Burn ICU Patients for Resistant Infections Harbor Metallo-β-Lactamase Genes

2020 ◽  
Vol 41 (3) ◽  
pp. 647-651 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amir Emami ◽  
Neda Pirbonyeh ◽  
Abdolkhalegh Keshavarzi ◽  
Abdollah Bazargani ◽  
Somayeh Hassanpour ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drug Resistance ◽  
Drug Susceptibility ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Multi Drug Resistance ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Gram Negative ◽  
Fermenting Bacteria ◽  
Infection Source

Abstract Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Acinetobacter baumannii are the bacteria which increasingly account for nosocomial infections. Due to high virulence, the rate of Multi-Drug Resistance (MDR) and limited availability of new agents, these infections create significant clinical burdens, making it important to identify the possible sources of their occurrence. The aim of this study was to assess non-lactose fermenting bacteria and their metallo-β-lactamase (MBLs) genes expression in the Burn Intensive Care Unit (BICU) patients’ saliva samples. This cross-sectional study was conducted from 2017 to 2018 on 124 saliva samples of BICU patients. Identified isolates were evaluated for drug susceptibility by disc diffusion method. MBLs production isolates were detected by Modified Hodge test and Imipenem-EDTA Combined disk. MBLs related genes were evaluated by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). A total of 86 Gram negative non-lactose fermenting bacteria (38; A. baumannii) and (48; P. aeruginosa), were detected. All of the A. baumannii isolates were resistant to Carbapenems, while more than 90% of them were sensitive to Colistin. However, the highest sensitivity in P. aeruginosa isolates was related to Carbapenems and Colistin. More than 95% of A. baumannii and 32% of P. aeruginosa were detected MDR. MBLs production was confirmed in 9 (33.33%) P. aeruginosa and 18 (66.67%) A. baumannii isolates. The blaVIM was the most prevalent gene, while this gene was detected in all of MBLs positive strains. This study confirmed the prevalence of carbapenemase producer Gram-negative bacilli in the saliva of BICU patients. The results of the present study provide a new data set about saliva infection source that could lead to the proper antibiotic regimen and better control of drug resistance.

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