scholarly journals Reward-Driven Arousal Impacts Preparation to Perform a Task via Amygdala–Caudate Mechanisms

2018 ◽  
Vol 29 (7) ◽  
pp. 3010-3022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Noriya Watanabe ◽  
Jamil P Bhanji ◽  
Hideki Ohira ◽  
Mauricio R Delgado
Keyword(s):  
Functional Connectivity ◽  
Reward Magnitude ◽  
Physiological Arousal ◽  
Pupil Dilation ◽  
Musical Performance ◽  
Actual Performance ◽  
Neural Representations ◽  
Left Caudate ◽  
The Right ◽  
The Brain

Abstract Preparing for a challenging task can increase physiological arousal, in particular when potential incentives are large (e.g., a solo musical performance in front of an audience). Here, we examine how potential reward and its influence on arousal, measured by pupil dynamics, are represented in the brain while preparing for a challenging task. We further ask how neural representations during preparation relate to actual performance. Trials resulting in performance failure were characterized by increased pupil dilation as a function of increasing reward magnitude during preparation. Such failure trials were also associated with activation of the right amygdala representing pupil dilation, and the left caudate representing reward magnitude. Notably, increases in functional connectivity between amygdala and caudate preceded performance failure. These findings highlight increased connectivity between neural regions representing reward and arousal in circumstances where reward-driven arousal impairs performance.

scholarly journals Dual n-back training improves functional connectivity of the right inferior frontal gyrus at rest

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Tiina Salminen ◽  
Caroline Garcia Forlim ◽  
Torsten Schubert ◽  
Simone Kühn
Keyword(s):  
Functional Connectivity ◽  
Inferior Frontal Gyrus ◽  
Training Group ◽  
Training Intervention ◽  
Superior Parietal Cortex ◽  
Default State ◽  
Improved Performance ◽  
The Right ◽  
Task Parameters ◽  
The Brain

AbstractSeveral studies have shown that the benefits of working memory (WM) training can be attributed to functional and structural neural changes in the underlying neural substrate. In the current study, we investigated whether the functional connectivity of the brain at rest in the default mode network (DMN) changes with WM training. We varied the complexity of the training intervention so, that half of the participants attended dual n-back training whereas the other half attended single n-back training. This way we could assess the effects of different training task parameters on possible connectivity changes. After 16 training sessions, the dual n-back training group showed improved performance accompanied by increased functional connectivity of the ventral DMN in the right inferior frontal gyrus, which correlated with improvements in WM. We also observed decreased functional connectivity in the left superior parietal cortex in this group. The single n-back training group did not show significant training-related changes. These results show that a demanding short-term WM training intervention can alter the default state of the brain.

scholarly journals Multi-Hops Functional Connectivity Improves Individual Prediction of Fusiform Face Activation via a Graph Neural Network

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dongya Wu ◽  
Xin Li ◽  
Jun Feng
Keyword(s):  
Neural Network ◽  
Functional Connectivity ◽  
Brain Connectivity ◽  
Face Area ◽  
The Face ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Right ◽  
And Function ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The Brain

Brain connectivity plays an important role in determining the brain region’s function. Previous researchers proposed that the brain region’s function is characterized by that region’s input and output connectivity profiles. Following this proposal, numerous studies have investigated the relationship between connectivity and function. However, this proposal only utilizes direct connectivity profiles and thus is deficient in explaining individual differences in the brain region’s function. To overcome this problem, we proposed that a brain region’s function is characterized by that region’s multi-hops connectivity profile. To test this proposal, we used multi-hops functional connectivity to predict the individual face activation of the right fusiform face area (rFFA) via a multi-layer graph neural network and showed that the prediction performance is essentially improved. Results also indicated that the two-layer graph neural network is the best in characterizing rFFA’s face activation and revealed a hierarchical network for the face processing of rFFA.

scholarly journals Corticostriatal functional connectivity of bothersome tinnitus in single-sided deafness

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jennifer Henderson-Sabes ◽  
Yingying Shang ◽  
Philip L. Perez ◽  
Jolie L. Chang ◽  
Seth E. Pross ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Functional Connectivity ◽  
Occipital Cortex ◽  
Profound Hearing Loss ◽  
Gating Model ◽  
Left Caudate ◽  
Monitor Treatment Response ◽  
Single Sided Deafness ◽  
The Right ◽  
Study Participants ◽  
Lateral Occipital Cortex

AbstractSubjective tinnitus is an auditory phantom perceptual disorder without an objective biomarker. Bothersome tinnitus in single-sided deafness (SSD) is particularly challenging to treat because the deaf ear can no longer be stimulated by acoustic means. We contrasted an SSD cohort with bothersome tinnitus (TIN; N = 15) against an SSD cohort with no or non-bothersome tinnitus (NO TIN; N = 15) using resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). All study participants had normal hearing in one ear and severe or profound hearing loss in the other. We evaluated corticostriatal functional connectivity differences by placing seeds in the caudate nucleus and Heschl’s Gyrus (HG) of both hemispheres. The TIN cohort showed increased functional connectivity between the left caudate and left HG, and left and right HG and the left caudate. Within the TIN cohort, functional connectivity between the right caudate and cuneus was correlated with the Tinnitus Functional Index (TFI) relaxation subscale. And, functional connectivity between the right caudate and superior lateral occipital cortex, and the right caudate and anterior supramarginal gyrus were correlated with the TFI control subscale. These findings support a striatal gating model of tinnitus and suggest tinnitus biomarkers to monitor treatment response and to target specific brain areas for innovative neuromodulation therapies.

scholarly journals Elamipretide (SS-31) Improves Functional Connectivity in Hippocampus and Other Related Regions Following Prolonged Neuroinflammation Induced by Lipopolysaccharide in Aged Rats

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yang Liu ◽  
Huiqun Fu ◽  
Yan Wu ◽  
Binbin Nie ◽  
Fangyan Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Functional Connectivity ◽  
Inflammatory Cytokines ◽  
Spatial Working Memory ◽  
Vehicle Group ◽  
Association Cortex ◽  
Astrocyte Activation ◽  
The Right ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Brain

Neuroinflammation has been recognized as a major cause for neurocognitive diseases. Although the hippocampus has been considered an important region for cognitive dysfunction, the influence of hippocampal neuroinflammation on brain functional connectivity (FC) has been rarely studied. In this study, lipopolysaccharide (LPS) was used to induce systemic inflammation and neuroinflammation in the aged rat brain, while elamipretide (SS-31) was used for treatment. Systemic and hippocampal inflammation were determined using ELISA, while astrocyte responses during hippocampal neuroinflammation were determined by interleukin 1 beta (IL-1β)/tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) double staining immunofluorescence. Oxidative stress was determined by reactive oxidative species (ROS), electron transport chain (ETC) complex, and superoxide dismutase (SOD). Short- (<7 days) and long-term (>30 days) learning and spatial working memory were tested by the Morris water maze (MWM). Resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rs-fMRI) was used to analyze the brain FC by placing seed voxels on the left and right hippocampus. Compared with the vehicle group, rats with the LPS exposure showed an impaired MWM performance, higher oxidative stress, higher levels of inflammatory cytokines, and astrocyte activation in the hippocampus. The neuroimaging examination showed decreased FC on the right orbital cortex, right olfactory bulb, and left hippocampus on day 3, 7, and 31, respectively, after treatment. In contrast, rats with SS-31 treatment showed lower levels of inflammatory cytokines, less astrocyte activation in the hippocampus, and improved MWM performance. Neuroimaging examination showed increased FC on the left-parietal association cortex (L-PAC), left sensory cortex, and left motor cortex on day 7 with the right flocculonodular lobe on day 31 as compared with those without SS-31 treatment. Our study demonstrated that inhibiting neuroinflammation in the hippocampus not only reduces inflammatory responses in the hippocampus but also improves the brain FC in regions related to the hippocampus. Furthermore, early anti-inflammatory treatment with SS-31 has a long-lasting effect on reducing the impact of LPS-induced neuroinflammation.

Abstract 2713: Functional Recovery Associated with Connectivity Changes in Contralesional Hemisphere after Severe Transient Stroke.

Stroke ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 43 (suppl_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
WOO HYUN SHIM ◽  
Bruce Rosen ◽  
Jaeseung Jeong ◽  
Young Kim
Keyword(s):  
Functional Connectivity ◽  
Functional Recovery ◽  
Brain Connectivity ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Sprague Dawley ◽  
Sensorimotor Deficit ◽  
Stroke Models ◽  
Time Courses ◽  
The Right ◽  
The Brain

Stroke impairs connections in the brain system, commonly resulting in significant sensorimotor deficits. Some degree of functional recovery typically occurs even after a severe stroke, yet changes in the brain connectivity that underlie such recovery are poorly understood. In this study, using rat stroke models, we monitored functional connectivity when the sensorimotor deficit recovered after a severe ischemic stroke (defined DWI by more than 15% of the entire brain volume). We used seven Sprague-Dawley rats (∼350g), which showed nearly full recovery of both motor and sensory functions approximately 180 days after 90 min occlusion of the right middle cerebral artery. Six healthy age controlled rats were used for the control group. BOLD MRI time courses during rest (10min, TR=1s, 9 slices) were collected. Both the seed-voxel analysis and the ROI-based analysis were performed, in which seed voxels were selected in the left S1FL, and multiple ROIs were placed over the somatosensory regions. Stroke rats showed the markedly decreased functional connectivity in the ipsilesional side (right) for both voxelwise and ROI-based methods. Interestingly, in contralesional (non-stroke) side (left), the voxelwise connectivity spatially expanded into the entire cortical area. The cross-correlation coefficient values between ROI’s slightly increased in the contralesional hemisphere compared to the control rats. In conclusion, we demonstrated that the restoration of sensorimotor function is associated more with the increase and spatial expansion of functional connectivity within the contralesional than the ipsilesional hemisphere.

GENDER DIFFERENCES IN THE VOLUME OF BRAIN STRUCTURES IN THE ASPECT OF PHYSIOLOGICAL AGING

2021 ◽  
pp. 352-359
Author(s):  
Н.И. Ананьева ◽  
Л.В. Лукина ◽  
Е.В. Андреев ◽  
Т.А. Саломатина ◽  
Н.Ю. Сафонова ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Healthy Volunteers ◽  
Caudate Nucleus ◽  
Brain Structures ◽  
Structural Mri ◽  
Voxel Based Morphometry ◽  
Physiological Aging ◽  
Left Caudate ◽  
The Right ◽  
The Brain

Целью работы являлось уточнение гендерных и возрастных различий в строении мозговых структур у здоровых добровольцев в связи с задачей разграничения визуальных паттернов физиологического старения и патологических процессов головного мозга. Методы исследования включали проведение структурной МРТ головного мозга у 131 условно-здорового добровольца 20-70 лет (из них 72 женщины и 59 мужчин). С помощью метода магнитно-резонансной воксель-базированной морфометрии проводили измерение объёма головного мозга в целом, а также его отделов с последующим сравнением полученных данных в возрастных подгруппах и между полами. Полученные в ходе исследования данные свидетельствуют о том, что наибольшее уменьшение размеров после 60 лет претерпевают правый и левый таламусы, левое хвостатое ядро, правая скорлупа, левый бледный шар, оба гиппокампа. Наибольшие изменения в гиппокампах претерпевает объём СА3 полей Бродмана. Установлено, что процесс физиологического старения головного мозга с изменением объёма его различных отделов имеет ряд гендерных особенностей, которые необходимо учитывать на диагностическом этапе медицинской помощи. The aim of the work was to clarify the gender, age and variable differences in the structure of brain structures in healthy volunteers in connection with the task of distinguishing between physiological aging and pathological processes of the brain. The study methods included performing structural MRI of the brain in 131 conditionally healthy volunteers aged 20 to 70 years (72 of them were women and 59 men). Using the method of MR voxel-based morphometry, the total volume of the brain as a whole, as well as its segmented parts, was measured, followed by a comparison of the data obtained in age subgroups and between the sexes. The data obtained in the course of the study indicate that the right and left thalamuses, the left caudate nucleus, the right shell, the left pale ball, and both hippocampus undergo the greatest reduction in size after 60 years. The greatest changes in the hippocampus are the volumes of CA 3 Brodman fields. It is established that the process of physiological aging of the brain.

scholarly journals Multi-hops functional connectivity improves individual prediction of fusiform face activation via a graph neural network

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dongya Wu ◽  
Xin Li ◽  
Jun Feng
Keyword(s):  
Neural Network ◽  
Functional Connectivity ◽  
Brain Connectivity ◽  
Face Area ◽  
The Face ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Right ◽  
And Function ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The Brain

AbstractBrain connectivity plays an important role in determining the brain region’s function. Previous researchers proposed that the brain region’s function is characterized by that region’s input and output connectivity profiles. Following this proposal, numerous studies have investigated the relationship between connectivity and function. However, based on a preliminary analysis, this proposal is deficient in explaining individual differences in the brain region’s function. To overcome this problem, we proposed that a brain region’s function is characterized by that region’s multi-hops connectivity profile. To test this proposal, we used multi-hops functional connectivity to predict the individual face response of the right fusiform face area (rFFA) via a multi-layers graph neural network and showed that the prediction performance is essentially improved. Results also indicated that the 2-layers graph neural network is the best in characterizing rFFA’s face response and revealed a hierarchical network for the face processing of rFFA.

scholarly journals Brain Relatively Inert Network: Taking Adult Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder as an Example

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hua Zhang ◽  
Weiming Zeng ◽  
Jin Deng ◽  
Yuhu Shi ◽  
Le Zhao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder ◽  
Functional Connectivity ◽  
Attention Deficit ◽  
Information Integration ◽  
Adult Adhd ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Hyperactivity Disorder ◽  
Left Brain ◽  
The Right ◽  
The Brain

Resting-state functional MRI (rs-fMRI) has been increasingly applied in the research of brain cognitive science and psychiatric diseases. However, previous studies only focused on specific activation areas of the brain, and there are few studies on the inactivation areas. This may overlook much information that explains the brain’s cognitive function. In this paper, we propose a relatively inert network (RIN) and try to explore its important role in understanding the cognitive mechanism of the brain and the study of mental diseases, using adult attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) as an example. Here, we utilize methods based on group independent component analysis (GICA) and t-test to identify RIN and calculate its corresponding time series. Through experiments, alterations in the RIN and the corresponding activation network (AN) in adult ADHD patients are observed. And compared with those in the left brain, the activation changes in the right brain are greater. Further, when the RIN functional connectivity is introduced as a feature to classify adult ADHD patients from healthy controls (HCs), the classification accuracy rate is 12% higher than that of the original functional connectivity feature. This was also verified by testing on an independent public dataset. These findings confirm that the RIN of the brain contains much information that will probably be neglected. Moreover, this research provides an effective new means of exploring the information integration between brain regions and the diagnosis of mental illness.

The brain structure and neurosecretory cells of noctuid moth Anadevidia peponis: Noctuidae

1990 ◽  
Vol 48 (3) ◽  
pp. 436-437
Author(s):  
M. Sato ◽  
Y. Ogawa ◽  
M. Sasaki ◽  
T. Matsuo
Keyword(s):  
Biological Clock ◽  
Virgin Female ◽  
Basic Structure ◽  
Fixed Time ◽  
Neurosecretory Cells ◽  
Nerve Cells ◽  
Noctuid Moth ◽  
The Right ◽  
20 Nm ◽  
The Brain

A virgin female of the noctuid moth, a kind of noctuidae that eats cucumis, etc. performs calling at a fixed time of each day, depending on the length of a day. The photoreceptors that induce this calling are located around the neurosecretory cells (NSC) in the central portion of the protocerebrum. Besides, it is considered that the female’s biological clock is located also in the cerebral lobe. In order to elucidate the calling and the function of the biological clock, it is necessary to clarify the basic structure of the brain. The observation results of 12 or 30 day-old noctuid moths showed that their brains are basically composed of an outer and an inner portion-neural lamella (about 2.5 μm) of collagen fibril and perineurium cells. Furthermore, nerve cells surround the cerebral lobes, in which NSCs, mushroom bodies, and central nerve cells, etc. are observed. The NSCs are large-sized (20 to 30 μm dia.) cells, which are located in the pons intercerebralis of the head section and at the rear of the mushroom body (two each on the right and left). Furthermore, the cells were classified into two types: one having many free ribosoms 15 to 20 nm in dia. and the other having granules 150 to 350 nm in dia. (Fig. 1).

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document