scholarly journals Investigating the Meat Pathway as a Source of Human Nontyphoidal Salmonella Bloodstream Infections and Diarrhea in East Africa

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
John A Crump ◽  
Kate M Thomas ◽  
Jackie Benschop ◽  
Matthew A Knox ◽  
David A Wilkinson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Salmonella Typhimurium ◽  
East Africa ◽  
Salmonella Enteritidis ◽  
Virulence Genes ◽  
Diarrheal Disease ◽  
Bloodstream Infections ◽  
Human Infection ◽  
Poultry Meat ◽  
Produce Water

Abstract Background Salmonella Enteritidis and Salmonella Typhimurium are major causes of bloodstream infection and diarrheal disease in East Africa. Sources of human infection, including the role of the meat pathway, are poorly understood. Methods We collected cattle, goat, and poultry meat pathway samples from December 2015 through August 2017 in Tanzania and isolated Salmonella using standard methods. Meat pathway isolates were compared with nontyphoidal serovars of Salmonella enterica (NTS) isolated from persons with bloodstream infections and diarrheal disease from 2007 through 2017 from Kenya by core genome multi-locus sequence typing (cgMLST). Isolates were characterized for antimicrobial resistance, virulence genes, and diversity. Results We isolated NTS from 164 meat pathway samples. Of 172 human NTS isolates, 90 (52.3%) from stool and 82 (47.7%) from blood, 53 (30.8%) were Salmonella Enteritidis sequence type (ST) 11 and 62 (36.0%) were Salmonella Typhimurium ST313. We identified cgMLST clusters within Salmonella Enteritidis ST11, Salmonella Heidelberg ST15, Salmonella Typhimurium ST19, and Salmonella II 42:r:- ST1208 that included both human and meat pathway isolates. Salmonella Typhimurium ST313 was isolated exclusively from human samples. Human and poultry isolates bore more antimicrobial resistance and virulence genes and were less diverse than isolates from other sources. Conclusions Our findings suggest that the meat pathway may be an important source of human infection with some clades of Salmonella Enteritidis ST11 in East Africa, but not of human infection by Salmonella Typhimurium ST313. Research is needed to systematically examine the contributions of other types of meat, animal products, produce, water, and the environment to nontyphoidal Salmonella disease in East Africa.

scholarly journals Prevalence, virulence factor and antimicrobial resistance analysis of Salmonella Enteritidis from poultry and egg samples in Iran

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hassan Bahramianfard ◽  
Abdollah Derakhshandeh ◽  
Zahra Naziri ◽  
Reza Khaltabadi Farahani
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Nalidixic Acid ◽  
Salmonella Enteritidis ◽  
Virulence Genes ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Poultry Meat ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Virulence Plasmid ◽  
Disk Diffusion Method ◽  
Zoonotic Risk

Abstract Background Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis (S. Enteritidis) is one of the most common serovars, associated with human salmonellosis. The food-borne outbreak of this bacterium is mainly related to the consumption of contaminated poultry meat and poultry products, including eggs. Therefore, rapid and accurate detection, besides investigation of virulence characteristics and antimicrobial resistance profiles of S. Enteritidis in poultry and poultry egg samples is essential. A total of 3125 samples (2250 poultry and 875 poultry egg samples), sent to the administrative centers of veterinary microbiology laboratories in six provinces of Iran, were examined for Salmonella contamination, according to the ISO 6579 guideline. Next, duplex PCR was conducted on 250 presumptive Salmonella isolates to detect invA gene for identification of the genus Salmonella and sdf gene for identification of S. Enteritidis. Subsequently, the S. Enteritidis isolates were examined for detection of important virulence genes (pagC, cdtB, msgA, spaN, tolC, lpfC, and spvC) and determination of antibiotic resistance patterns against nalidixic acid, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, cephalothin, ceftazidime, colistin sulfate, and kanamycin by the disk diffusion method. Results Overall, 8.7 and 2.3% of poultry samples and 6.3 and 1.3% of eggs were contaminated with Salmonella species and S. Enteritidis, respectively. The invA and msgA genes (100%) and cdtB gene (6.3%) had the highest and the lowest prevalence rates in S. Enteritidis isolates. The spvC gene, which is mainly located on the Salmonella virulence plasmid, was detected in 50.8% of S. Enteritidis isolates. The S. Enteritidis isolates showed the highest and the lowest resistance to nalidixic acid (87.3%) and ceftazidime (11.1%), respectively. Unfortunately, 27.0% of S. Enteritidis isolates were multidrug-resistant (MDR). Conclusion The rate of contamination with Salmonella in the poultry and egg samples, besides the presence of antimicrobial resistant and MDR Salmonella isolates harboring the virulence genes in these samples, could significantly affect food safety and subsequently, human health. Therefore, continuous monitoring of animal-source foods, enhancement of poultry farm control measures, and limiting the use of antibiotics for prophylactic purposes in food producing animals, are essential for reducing the zoonotic risk of this foodborne pathogen for consumers and also choosing effective antibiotics for the treatment of salmonellosis.

scholarly journals Genotypic characterization of antibiotic-resistant Salmonella Enteritidis isolates in Dakar, Senegal

2007 ◽  
Vol 1 (03) ◽  
pp. 284-288 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amy Gassama Sow ◽  
Abdoul Aziz Wane ◽  
Mamadou Hadi Diallo ◽  
Cheikh Saad-Bouh Boye ◽  
Awa Aïdara-Kane
Keyword(s):  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Salmonella Enterica ◽  
Salmonella Enteritidis ◽  
Data Bank ◽  
Human Infection ◽  
Molecular Techniques ◽  
Conjugative Plasmid ◽  
Bacterial Strains ◽  
Salmonella Enterica Serovar Enteritidis

Background: It is well established that Salmonella enterica is a major cause of food-borne disease worldwide. In Africa, according to the Who Global Salm-Surv country data bank from 2000 to 2002 Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis was the most common serotype involved in human salmonellosis. In Dakar this serotype of Salmonella has been reported as a frequent and an increasing cause of human infection. Methodology: The genetic determinants of the antimicrobial resistance of 25 selected multiresistant strains of Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis referred to the National Reference Center for Enterobacteria (NRCE) in Dakar were investigated using molecular techniques. Results: All strains carried blaTEM 1 genes. Five harboured three types of class 1 integrons with gene cassettes dfrA15, dfrA1-aadA1 and dfrA7. Multiresistance was due to a 23 Kb conjugative plasmid. DNA fingerprinting by macrorestriction of genomic DNA revealed a single related group suggesting that strains might be clonal. Conclusions: The spread of resistance genes through plasmid transfer plays an important role in the dissemination of antibiotic resistance in enteric pathogens such as Salmonella Enteritidis; the risk of transmissibility of antibiotic resistance between different bacterial strains highlights the urgent need to develop strategies to limit the spread of antimicrobial resistance among bacterial enteropathogens.

Characterization and Antimicrobial Resistance of Salmonella Typhimurium Isolates from Clinically Diseased Pigs in Korea

2016 ◽  
Vol 79 (11) ◽  
pp. 1884-1890 ◽  
Author(s):  
SANG-IK OH ◽  
JONG WAN KIM ◽  
MYEONGJU CHAE ◽  
JI-A JUNG ◽  
BYUNGJAE SO ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Salmonella Typhimurium ◽  
Resistance Genes ◽  
Gel Electrophoresis ◽  
Salmonella Enteritidis ◽  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Pulsed Field Gel Electrophoresis ◽  
Pulsed Field ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance Genes

ABSTRACT This study investigated the prevalence of Salmonella enterica serovar and antimicrobial resistance in Salmonella Typhimurium isolates from clinically diseased pigs collected from 2008 to 2014 in Korea. Isolates were also characterized according to the presence of antimicrobial resistance genes and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis patterns. Among 94 Salmonella isolates, 81 (86.2%) were identified as being of the Salmonella Typhimurium serotype, followed by Salmonella Derby (6 of 94, 6.4%), Salmonella 4,[5],12:i:− (4 of 94, 4.3%), Salmonella Enteritidis (2 of 94, 2.1%), and Salmonella Brandenburg (1 of 94, 1.1%). The majority of Salmonella Typhimurium isolates were resistant to tetracycline (92.6%), followed by streptomycin (88.9%) and ampicillin (80.2%). Overall, 96.3% of Salmonella Typhimurium isolates showed multidrug-resistant phenotypes and commonly harbored the resistance genes blaTEM (64.9%), flo (32.8%), aadA (55.3%), strA (58.5%), strB (58.5%), sulII (53.2%), and tetA (61.7%). The pulsed-field gel electrophoresis analysis of 45 Salmonella Typhimurium isolates from individual farms revealed 27 distinct patterns that formed one major and two minor clusters in the dendrogram analysis, suggesting that most of the isolates (91.1%) from diseased pigs were genetically related. These findings can assist veterinarians in the selection of appropriate antimicrobial agents to combat Salmonella Typhimurium infections in pigs. Furthermore, they highlight the importance of continuous surveillance of antimicrobial resistance and genetic status in Salmonella Typhimurium for the detection of emerging resistance trends.

scholarly journals Antimicrobial resistance, virulence genes and molecular subtypes of S. Enteritidis isolated from children in Shanghai

2018 ◽  
Vol 12 (07) ◽  
pp. 573-580 ◽  
Author(s):  
Li Xu ◽  
Xiujuan Zhou ◽  
Xuebin Xu ◽  
Karl R Matthews ◽  
Yue Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Salmonella Enteritidis ◽  
Virulence Genes ◽  
Virulence Gene ◽  
Dilution Method ◽  
Agar Dilution Method ◽  
Gene Profiles ◽  
High Prevalence ◽  
Agar Dilution ◽  
Polymerase Chain

Introduction: Antimicrobial resistance of Salmonella poses a key threat to public health worldwide. Salmonella Enteritidis (S. Enteritidis) (119 isolates) from children under 10 years old with diarrhea in Shanghai from 2010-2012 were characterized for antimicrobial susceptibility, virulence gene profiles and pulsed field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) patterns. Methodology: The minimum inhibitory concentration for the 119 S. Enteritidis isolates was determined using an agar dilution method. The presence of virulence genes was detected by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). All the isolates with antimicrobial resistance were subjected to PFGE analysis. Results: Among these isolates, 71.4% (85) were resistant to sulfafurazole, 59.7% (71) were resistant to ampicillin, 47.1% (56) were resistant to streptomycin, 7.6% (9) were resistant to ceftiofur and 3.4% (4) were resistant to ceftriaxone. Multidrug resistance (MDR) was found in 63.9% (76) of the isolates; 23 resistance profiles were identified. All isolates harbored the ssaQ and sopE virulence genes in the 16 virulence profiles (VPs); VP1 accounted for 70.59% of the 119 isolates. There were 57 PFGE patterns among the 92 isolates tested, mainly grouped into five clusters (A to E). All of the 76 MDR isolates carried multiple virulence genes. Conclusions: Our study provides useful microbiological data for the successful treatment of S. Enteritidis infections in Shanghai. Although broad spectrum antimicrobials may be useful in the treatment of invasive S. Enteritidis infections, clinicians need to be aware of common microbiological traits, because of the high prevalence of MDR.

scholarly journals Antimicrobial Resistance of Salmonella enteritidis and Salmonella typhimurium Isolated from Laying Hens, Table Eggs, and Humans with Respect to Antimicrobial Activity of Biosynthesized Silver Nanoparticles

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (12) ◽  
pp. 3554
Author(s):  
Rasha M. M. Abou Elez ◽  
Ibrahim Elsohaby ◽  
Nashwa El-Gazzar ◽  
Hala M. N. Tolba ◽  
Eman N. Abdelfatah ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Activity ◽  
Silver Nanoparticles ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Salmonella Typhimurium ◽  
Resistance Genes ◽  
Salmonella Enteritidis ◽  
Laying Hens ◽  
Resistance Index ◽  
Salmonella Spp ◽  
Biosynthesized Agnps

Salmonella enterica is one of the most common causes of foodborne illness worldwide. Contaminated poultry products, especially meat and eggs are the main sources of human salmonellosis. Thus, the aim of the present study was to determine prevalence, antimicrobial resistance profiles, virulence, and resistance genes of Salmonella Enteritidis (S. enteritidis) and Salmonella Typhimurium (S. Typhimurium) isolated from laying hens, table eggs, and humans, in Sharkia Governorate, Egypt. The antimicrobial activity of Biosynthesized Silver Nanoparticles (AgNPs) was also evaluated. Salmonella spp. were found in 19.3% of tested samples with laying hens having the highest isolation rate (33.1%). S. Enteritidis) (5.8%), and S. Typhimurium (2.8%) were the dominant serotypes. All isolates were ampicillin resistant (100%); however, none of the isolates were meropenem resistant. Multidrug-resistant (MDR) was detected in 83.8% of the isolates with a multiple antibiotic resistance index of 0.21 to 0.57. Most isolates (81.1%) had at least three virulence genes (sopB, stn, and hilA) and none of the isolates harbored the pefA gene; four resistance genes (blaTEM, tetA, nfsA, and nfsB) were detected in 56.8% of the examined isolates. The AgNPs biosynthesized by Aspergillus niveus exhibit an absorption peak at 420 nm with an average size of 27 nm. AgNPs had a minimum inhibitory concentration of 5 µg/mL against S. enteritidis and S. typhimurium isolates and a minimum bactericidal concentration of 6 and 8 µg/mL against S. enteritidis and S. typhimurium isolates, respectively. The bacterial growth and gene expression of S. enteritidis and S. typhimurium isolates treated with AgNPs were gradually decreased as storage time was increased. In conclusion, this study indicates that S. enteritidis and S. typhimurium isolated from laying hens, table eggs, and humans exhibits resistance to multiple antimicrobial classes. The biosynthesized AgNPs showed potential antimicrobial activity against MDR S. enteritidis and S. typhimurium isolates. However, studies to assess the antimicrobial effectiveness of the biosynthesized AgNPs in laying hen farms are warranted.

scholarly journals Antimicrobial Resistance, FlaA Sequencing, and Phylogenetic Analysis of Campylobacter Isolates from Broiler Chicken Flocks in Greece

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (5) ◽  
pp. 68
Author(s):  
George Natsos ◽  
Niki K. Mouttotou ◽  
Emmanouil Magiorkinis ◽  
Anastasios Ioannidis ◽  
Maria Magana ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Molecular Epidemiology ◽  
High Resistance ◽  
Phylogenetic Trees ◽  
Human Infection ◽  
Poultry Meat ◽  
Thermophilic Campylobacter ◽  
Resistance Patterns ◽  
Human Campylobacteriosis ◽  
Campylobacter Spp

Human campylobacteriosis caused by thermophilic Campylobacter species is the most commonly reported foodborne zoonosis. Consumption of contaminated poultry meat is regarded as the main source of human infection. This study was undertaken to determine the antimicrobial susceptibility and the molecular epidemiology of 205 Campylobacter isolates derived from Greek flocks slaughtered in three different slaughterhouses over a 14-month period. A total of 98.5% of the isolates were resistant to at least one antimicrobial agent. In terms of multidrug resistance, 11.7% of isolates were resistant to three or more groups of antimicrobials. Extremely high resistance to fluoroquinolones (89%), very high resistance to tetracycline (69%), and low resistance to macrolides (7%) were detected. FlaA sequencing was performed for the subtyping of 64 C. jejuni and 58 C. coli isolates. No prevalence of a specific flaA type was observed, indicating the genetic diversity of the isolates, while some flaA types were found to share similar antimicrobial resistance patterns. Phylogenetic trees were constructed using the neighbor-joining method. Seven clusters of the C. jejuni phylogenetic tree and three clusters of the C. coli tree were considered significant with bootstrap values >75%. Some isolates clustered together were originated from the same or adjacent farms, indicating transmission via personnel or shared equipment. These results are important and help further the understanding of the molecular epidemiology and antimicrobial resistance of Campylobacter spp. derived from poultry in Greece.

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