scholarly journals Size-related effects and the influence of metabolic traits and morphology on swimming performance in fish

2020 ◽  
Vol 66 (5) ◽  
pp. 493-503 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francesc Rubio-Gracia ◽  
Emili García-Berthou ◽  
Helena Guasch ◽  
Lluís Zamora ◽  
Anna Vila-Gispert
Keyword(s):  
Energy Metabolism ◽  
Metabolic Rate ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Fish Species ◽  
Predictive Models ◽  
Swimming Performance ◽  
Lepomis Gibbosus ◽  
Cost Of Transport ◽  
Metabolic Traits ◽  
Total Length

Abstract Energy metabolism fuels swimming and other biological processes. We compared the swimming performance and energy metabolism within and across eight freshwater fish species. Using swim tunnel respirometers, we measured the standard metabolic rate (SMR) and maximum metabolic rate (MMR) and calculated the critical swimming speed (Ucrit). We accounted for body size, metabolic traits, and some morphometric ratios in an effort to understand the extent and underlying causes of variation. Body mass was largely the best predictor of swimming capacity and metabolic traits within species. Moreover, we found that predictive models using total length or SMR, in addition to body mass, significantly increased the explained variation of Ucrit and MMR in certain fish species. These predictive models also underlined that, once body mass has been accounted for, Ucrit can be independently affected by total length or MMR. This study exemplifies the utility of multiple regression models to assess within-species variability. At interspecific level, our results showed that variation in Ucrit can partly be explained by the variation in the interrelated traits of MMR, fineness, and muscle ratios. Among the species studied, bleak Alburnus alburnus performed best in terms of swimming performance and efficiency. By contrast, pumpkinseed Lepomis gibbosus showed very poor swimming performance, but attained lower mass-specific cost of transport (MCOT) than some rheophilic species, possibly reflecting a cost reduction strategy to compensate for hydrodynamic disadvantages. In conclusion, this study provides insight into the key factors influencing the swimming performance of fish at both intra- and interspecific levels.

scholarly journals The rising cost of warming waters: effects of temperature on the cost of swimming in fishes

2011 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 266-269 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew M. Hein ◽  
Katrina J. Keirsted
Keyword(s):  
Water Temperature ◽  
Fish Species ◽  
Global Climate ◽  
Swimming Performance ◽  
Metabolic Cost ◽  
Quantitative Model ◽  
The Body ◽  
Energetic Cost ◽  
Cost Of Transport ◽  
The Cost

Understanding the effects of water temperature on the swimming performance of fishes is central in understanding how fish species will respond to global climate change. Metabolic cost of transport (COT)—a measure of the energy required to swim a given distance—is a key performance parameter linked to many aspects of fish life history. We develop a quantitative model to predict the effect of water temperature on COT. The model facilitates comparisons among species that differ in body size by incorporating the body mass-dependence of COT. Data from 22 fish species support the temperature and mass dependencies of COT predicted by our model, and demonstrate that modest differences in water temperature can result in substantial differences in the energetic cost of swimming.

Metabolic physiology of the north-western marsupial mole, Notoryctes caurinus (Marsupialia : Notoryctidae)

2000 ◽  
Vol 48 (3) ◽  
pp. 241 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. C. Withers ◽  
G. G. Thompson ◽  
R. S. Seymour
Keyword(s):  
Metabolic Rate ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Mean Velocity ◽  
Cost Of Transport ◽  
Evaporative Water ◽  
Lower Velocity ◽  
The North ◽  
Metabolic Physiology ◽  
Golden Mole ◽  
North Western

We studied the thermal and metabolic physiology of a single specimen of the north-western marsupial mole, Notoryctes caurinus, an almost completely fossorial Australian marsupial, and compared it with the morphologically convergent Namib desert golden mole, Eremitalpa granti namibensis. This was the first study of any aspect of the physiology of this rare marsupial. Mean body mass of the marsupial mole was 34 g. Body temperature (Tb) was low and labile, ranging from 22.7 to 30.8˚C over a range of ambient temperature (Ta) from 15 to 30˚C. The highest Tb of 30.8˚C was significantly lower than expected for a marsupial of this body mass. Metabolic rate varied with Ta in an attenuated fashion for an endotherm, because of the labile Tb. Basal metabolic rate (BMR) was 0.63 mL O2 g–1 h–1, at a Ta of 30˚C. This was lower than expected for a 34-g marsupial, but was not different from expected for a marsupial when corrected to a Tb of 35˚C (0.94 mL O2 g–1 h–1). Evaporative water loss increased from 0.8 mg g–1 h–1 at 15˚C to 3.7 at 30˚C. Wet thermal conductance was 0.2 mL O2 g–1 h–1 ˚C–1 at 15˚C and 0.6 at 25˚C; these values were higher than expected for a marsupial. The net metabolic cost of transport (NCOT) for running (0.0022 mL O2 g–1 m–1 at a mean velocity of 484 m h–1) was similar to expected values for walking and running mammals. The NCOT for sand-swimming (0.124 mL O2 g–1 m–1 at a mean velocity of 7.6 m h–1) was substantially higher, and at a much lower velocity than for running, but was similar to NCOT for sand-swimming by the Namib golden mole. We conclude that the marsupial mole differs in some aspects of thermal and metabolic physiology from other marsupials, most likely reflecting its almost completely fossorial existence.

Temperature effects on swimming performance, energetics, and aerobic capacities of mature adult pink salmon (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha) compared with those of sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka)

2006 ◽  
Vol 84 (1) ◽  
pp. 88-97 ◽  
Author(s):  
Meaghan J MacNutt ◽  
Scott G Hinch ◽  
Chris G Lee ◽  
James R Phibbs ◽  
Andrew G Lotto ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Metabolic Rate ◽  
Sockeye Salmon ◽  
Swimming Performance ◽  
Oncorhynchus Nerka ◽  
Pink Salmon ◽  
Oncorhynchus Gorbuscha ◽  
Thermal Dependence ◽  
Cost Of Transport ◽  
Mature Adult ◽  
Pink Salmon Oncorhynchus Gorbuscha

We assessed the prolonged swimming performance (Ucrit), metabolic rate (M-dotO2-min and M-dotO2-max), and oxygen cost of transport (COT) for upper Fraser River pink salmon (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha (Walbaum, 1792); 53.5 ± 0.7 cm FL) and sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka (Walbaum, 1792); 59.3 ± 0.8 cm FL) across a range of naturally occurring river temperatures using large Brett-type swim tunnel respirometers. Pink salmon were capable of similar relative critical swimming speeds (Ucrit) as sockeye salmon (2.25 FL·s–1), but sockeye salmon swam to a higher absolute Ucrit (125.9 cm·s–1) than pink salmon (116.4 cm·s–1) because of their larger size. Nevertheless, three individual pink salmon (Ucrit-max = 173.6 cm·s–1) swam faster than any sockeye salmon (Ucrit-max = 157.0 cm·s–1), indicating that pink salmon are far better swimmers than has been previously assumed. Metabolic rate increased exponentially with swimming speed in both species and was highest for pink salmon, but swimming efficiency (i.e., COT) did not differ between species at their optimal swimming speeds. The upper and lower limits of metabolism did not differ between species and both M-dotO2-min and M-dotO2-max increased exponentially with temperature, but aerobic costs of transport were independent of temperature in both species. Strong thermal dependence of both swimming performance and COT were expected but not demonstrated in either species. Overall, a higher degree of inter-individual variability in pink salmon swim performance and capacity suggests that this species might not be as locally adapted to particular river migration conditions as are sockeye salmon.

scholarly journals Hydraulic flow resistance of epigean and hypogean fish of the family Trichomycteridae (Ostariophysi, Siluriformes)

2020 ◽  
Vol 35 ◽  
pp. 97-110
Author(s):  
Francisco Alexandre Costa Sampaio ◽  
Marina Silva Rufino ◽  
Paulo Santos Pompeu ◽  
Hersília de Andrade е Santos ◽  
Rodrigo Lopes Ferreira
Keyword(s):  
Fish Species ◽  
Critical Speed ◽  
Flow Resistance ◽  
Swimming Performance ◽  
Water Velocity ◽  
Hydraulic Flow ◽  
Seasonal Flooding ◽  
Total Length ◽  
The Family ◽  
High Flows

Critical swimming speeds of four trichomycterid fish species from epigean and hypogean environments were analyzed and compared: Trichomycterus itacarambiensis and Ituglanis passensis, both troglobitic from underground rivers; Trichomycterus brasiliensis, from epigean rivers; and Ituglanis sp., an undescribed troglophilic species from an underground stream. Swimming tests were conducted with a non-volitional apparatus in which fish swim against a progressive incremental water velocity until they longer resist the flow. Total length was significantly related to critical speed for only T. itacarambiensis. The critical speed obtained by each species, in decreasing order, with values in lengths per second (lengths/s), were: I. passensis (3.61), T. itacarambiensis (3.49), T. brasiliensis (3.11) and Ituglanis sp. (1.89). Swimming performance differed between the congeners T. itacarambiensis and T. brasiliensis, but did not differed between I. passensis and Ituglanis sp. The greater speed for the troglobitic species compared to that of the troglophilic and epigean species is probably related to seasonal flooding pulses that can be extremely severe in caves. Furthermore, during the tests, fish were observed using their mouth and/or barbels to fasten themselves to the substrate to avoid high flows.

Passerines versus nonpasserines: so far, no statistical differences in the scaling of avian energetics

2002 ◽  
Vol 205 (1) ◽  
pp. 101-107
Author(s):  
Enrico L. Rezende ◽  
David L. Swanson ◽  
F. Fernando Novoa ◽  
Francisco Bozinovic
Keyword(s):  
Metabolic Rate ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Evolutionary Constraints ◽  
Metabolic Rates ◽  
Metabolic Traits ◽  
Phylogenetic Methods ◽  
Maximal Metabolic Rate

SUMMARY We analyzed and compared the scaling of both basal and maximal thermogenic metabolic rates in passerine and nonpasserine birds using conventional and phylogenetic methods. In spite of the presumed adaptive importance of both metabolic traits, few studies concerning both their relationships and their ecological and evolutionary constraints have been conducted. We found no statistical differences in the scaling of maximal metabolic rate between passerines and nonpasserines; hence, we suggest the use of a single allometric regression for this trait in birds. In addition, basal and maximal metabolic rates were indeed correlated after removing the effects of body mass and phylogeny. The apparent generality of this correlation within both birds and mammals reinforces the need for general ecological and physiological explanations for the evolution of endothermy.

scholarly journals Metabolic traits in brown trout (Salmo trutta) vary in response to food restriction and intrinsic factors

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Louise C Archer ◽  
Stephen A Hutton ◽  
Luke Harman ◽  
W Russell Poole ◽  
Patrick Gargan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Metabolic Rate ◽  
Intraspecific Variation ◽  
Brown Trout ◽  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Food Restriction ◽  
Metabolic Rates ◽  
Intrinsic Factors ◽  
Metabolic Traits ◽  
Food Conditions

Abstract Metabolic rates vary hugely within and between populations, yet we know relatively little about factors causing intraspecific variation. Since metabolic rate determines the energetic cost of life, uncovering these sources of variation is important to understand and forecast responses to environmental change. Moreover, few studies have examined factors causing intraspecific variation in metabolic flexibility. We explore how extrinsic environmental conditions and intrinsic factors contribute to variation in metabolic traits in brown trout, an iconic and polymorphic species that is threatened across much of its native range. We measured metabolic traits in offspring from two wild populations that naturally show life-history variation in migratory tactics (one anadromous, i.e. sea-migratory, one non-anadromous) that we reared under either optimal food or experimental conditions of long-term food restriction (lasting between 7 and 17 months). Both populations showed decreased standard metabolic rates (SMR—baseline energy requirements) under low food conditions. The anadromous population had higher maximum metabolic rate (MMR) than the non-anadromous population, and marginally higher SMR. The MMR difference was greater than SMR and consequently aerobic scope (AS) was higher in the anadromous population. MMR and AS were both higher in males than females. The anadromous population also had higher AS under low food compared to optimal food conditions, consistent with population-specific effects of food restriction on AS. Our results suggest different components of metabolic rate can vary in their response to environmental conditions, and according to intrinsic (population-background/sex) effects. Populations might further differ in their flexibility of metabolic traits, potentially due to intrinsic factors related to life history (e.g. migratory tactics). More comparisons of populations/individuals with divergent life histories will help to reveal this. Overall, our study suggests that incorporating an understanding of metabolic trait variation and flexibility and linking this to life history and demography will improve our ability to conserve populations experiencing global change.

scholarly journals Limited Access to Food and Physiological Trade‐Offs in a Long‐Distance Migrant Shorebird. I. Energy Metabolism, Behavior, and Body‐Mass Regulation

2009 ◽  
Vol 82 (5) ◽  
pp. 549-560 ◽  
Author(s):  
François Vézina ◽  
Magali Petit ◽  
Deborah M. Buehler ◽  
Anne Dekinga ◽  
Theunis Piersma
Keyword(s):  
Energy Metabolism ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Limited Access ◽  
Body Mass Regulation ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
Access To Food

scholarly journals Body mass-specific Na+-K+-ATPase activity in the medullary thick ascending limb: implications for species-dependent urine concentrating mechanisms

2018 ◽  
Vol 314 (4) ◽  
pp. R563-R573 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mun Aw ◽  
Tamara M. Armstrong ◽  
C. Michele Nawata ◽  
Sarah N. Bodine ◽  
Jeeeun J. Oh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Protein Expression ◽  
Atpase Activity ◽  
Metabolic Rate ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Osmotic Gradient ◽  
Thick Ascending Limb ◽  
Rat Strains ◽  
Kangaroo Rat ◽  
Gene And Protein Expression

In general, the mammalian whole body mass-specific metabolic rate correlates positively with maximal urine concentration (Umax) irrespective of whether or not the species have adapted to arid or mesic habitat. Accordingly, we hypothesized that the thick ascending limb (TAL) of a rodent with markedly higher whole body mass-specific metabolism than rat exhibits a substantially higher TAL metabolic rate as estimated by Na+-K+-ATPase activity and Na+-K+-ATPase α1-gene and protein expression. The kangaroo rat inner stripe of the outer medulla exhibits significantly higher mean Na+-K+-ATPase activity (~70%) compared with two rat strains (Sprague-Dawley and Munich-Wistar), extending prior studies showing rat activity exceeds rabbit. Furthermore, higher expression of Na+-K+-ATPase α1-protein (~4- to 6-fold) and mRNA (~13-fold) and higher TAL mitochondrial volume density (~20%) occur in the kangaroo rat compared with both rat strains. Rat TAL Na+-K+-ATPase α1-protein expression is relatively unaffected by body hydration status or, shown previously, by dietary Na+, arguing against confounding effects from two unavoidably dissimilar diets: grain-based diet without water (kangaroo rat) or grain-based diet with water (rat). We conclude that higher TAL Na+-K+-ATPase activity contributes to relationships between whole body mass-specific metabolic rate and high Umax. More vigorous TAL Na+-K+-ATPase activity in kangaroo rat than rat may contribute to its steeper Na+ and urea axial concentration gradients, adding support to a revised model of the urine concentrating mechanism, which hypothesizes a leading role for vigorous active transport of NaCl, rather than countercurrent multiplication, in generating the outer medullary axial osmotic gradient.

Metabolic Rate and Energy Expenditure of the Spiny Dogfish, Squalus acanthias

1978 ◽  
Vol 35 (6) ◽  
pp. 816-821 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. R. Brett ◽  
J. M. Blackburn
Keyword(s):  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Metabolic Rate ◽  
Key Words ◽  
Swimming Performance ◽  
Squalus Acanthias ◽  
Spiny Dogfish ◽  
Metabolic Rates ◽  
Performance Curve ◽  
Power Performance ◽  
General Energy

The metabolic rate of spiny dogfish, Squalus acanthias, was determined in both a tunnel respirometer and a large, covered, circular tank (mass respirometer). Swimming performance was very poor in the respirometer, so that a power–performance curve could not be established. Instead, resting metabolic rates were determined, with higher rates induced by causing heavy thrashing (active metabolism). Routine metabolic rates were measured for the spontaneous activity characterizing behavior in the circular tank. For fish of 2 kg mean weight, the metabolic rates at 10 °C were 32.4 ± 2.6 SE (resting), 49.2 ± 5.0 SE (routine), and 88.4 ± 4.6 SE (active) mg O2∙kg−1∙h−1. Assuming that the routine rate represents a general energy expenditure in nature, this is equivalent to metabolizing about 3.8 kcal∙kg−1∙d−1 (15.9 × 103 J∙kg−1∙d−1). Key words: dogfish, metabolic rates, energetics, respiration

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