scholarly journals Effects of stochastic food deprivation on energy budget, body mass and activity in Swiss mice

2009 ◽  
Vol 55 (4) ◽  
pp. 249-257 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhijun Zhao ◽  
Jing Cao ◽  
Ye Tian ◽  
Ruirui Wang ◽  
Guiying Wang
Keyword(s):  
Food Intake ◽  
Metabolic Rate ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Food Deprivation ◽  
Energy Budget ◽  
Resting Metabolic Rate ◽  
General Activity ◽  
Swiss Mice ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Shivering Thermogenesis

Abstract When small animals are faced with an unpredictable food supply, they can adapt by altering different components of their energy budget such as energy intake, metabolic rate, rate of non-shivering thermogenesis (NST) or behaviour. The present study examined the effect of stochastic food deprivation (FD) on body mass, food intake, resting metabolic rate (RMR), NST and behaviour in male Swiss mice. During a period of 4 weeks’ FD, animals were fed ad libitum for a randomly assigned 4 days each week, but were deprived of food for the other 3 days. The results showed that body mass significantly dropped on FD days compared to controls. Food intake of FD mice increased significantly on ad libitum days, ensuring cumulative food intake, final body mass, fat mass, RMR and NST did not differ significantly from controls. Moreover, gastrointestinal tract mass increased in FD mice, but digestibility decreased. In general, activity was higher on deprived days, and feeding behaviour was higher on ad libitum days suggesting that Swiss mice are able to compensate for stochastic FD primarily by increasing food intake on ad libitum days, and not by reducing energy expenditure related to RMR or NST.

scholarly journals Effects of food restriction on body mass, energy metabolism and thermogenesis in a tree shrew (Tupaia belangeri)

2020 ◽  
Vol 70 (2) ◽  
pp. 175-187
Author(s):  
Peng Hong-bi ◽  
Hou Dong-min ◽  
Zhang Di ◽  
Zhu Wan-long
Keyword(s):  
Food Intake ◽  
Metabolic Rate ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Food Restriction ◽  
Resting Metabolic Rate ◽  
Metabolic Switch ◽  
Tree Shrews ◽  
Food Shortages ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Shivering Thermogenesis

Abstract The metabolic switch hypothesis refers to an ability to adjust metabolic rate. It plays a key role in animals adapted to periods of food shortage, enabling them to “switch down” their resting metabolic rate and to survive and maintain their weight indefinitely on limited rations. The present study investigates the energy strategies of a small mammal in response to food shortages as a function of food restriction, metabolic rate and ambient temperature. We subjected tree shrews (Tupaia belangeri) to food restriction and measured body mass, survival rate, resting metabolic rate, non-shivering thermogenesis and cytochrome c oxidase activity of brown adipose tissue. Cold-exposed animals restricted to 80% of ad libitum food intake had significantly increased resting metabolic rate and non-shivering thermogenesis and decreased body mass and survival rates compared with those kept as control group on the same ood restriction level. Animals classified as having a high resting metabolic rate consumed 30.69% more food than those classified as having a low resting metabolic rate, but showed no differences in body mass or survival when restricted to 80% of ad libitum food intake. These results indicate that tree shrews, known for their relatively high metabolic rates, are sensitive to periods of food restriction, which supports the metabolic switch hypothesis. Our findings are also consistent with the prediction that small mammals with food hoarding behaviors, like tree shrews, may have a lower tolerance for food shortages than non-hoarding species.

Effects of food restriction on body mass, energy metabolism and thermogenesis in a tree shrew (Tupaia belangeri)

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xue-na Gong ◽  
Hao Zhang ◽  
Di Zhang ◽  
Wan-long Zhu
Keyword(s):  
Food Intake ◽  
Metabolic Rate ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Food Restriction ◽  
Tree Shrew ◽  
Tree Shrews ◽  
Tupaia Belangeri ◽  
Brown Adipose ◽  
Food Shortages ◽  
Ad Libitum

AbstractThis study investigates the energy strategies of a small mammal in response to food shortages as a function of food restriction (FR), metabolic rate and ambient temperature. We subjected tree shrews (Tupaia belangeri) to FR and measured body mass, survival rate, resting metabolic rate (RMR), nonshivering thermogenesis (NST) and cytochrome c oxidase (COX) activity of brown adipose tissue (BAT). Cold-exposed animals restricted to 80% of ad libitum food intake had significantly increased RMR and NST and decreased body mass and survival rates compared with those kept at room temperature on the same FR level. Animals classified has having a high RMR consumed 30.69% more food than those classified as having a low RMR, but showed no differences in body mass or survival when restricted to 80% of ad libitum food intake. These results indicate that tree shrews, known for their relatively high metabolic rates, are sensitive to periods of FR, which supports the metabolic switch hypothesis. Our findings are also consistent with the prediction that small mammals with food hoarding behaviors, like tree shrews, may have a lower tolerance for food shortages than non-hoarding species.

scholarly journals Resting metabolic rate and morphology in mice (Mus musculus) selected for high and low food intake

2001 ◽  
Vol 204 (4) ◽  
pp. 777-784 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Selman ◽  
S. Lumsden ◽  
L. Bunger ◽  
W.G. Hill ◽  
J.R. Speakman
Keyword(s):  
Regression Analysis ◽  
Food Intake ◽  
Metabolic Rate ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Resting Metabolic Rate ◽  
Strain Differences ◽  
Dry Mass ◽  
Intestine Length ◽  
Body Components ◽  
The Relationship

We investigated the relationship between resting metabolic rate (RMR) and various morphological parameters in non-breeding mice, selected for high and low food intake corrected for body mass. RMR was measured at 30 degrees C, and mice were subsequently killed and dissected into 19 body components. High-food-intake mice had significantly greater body masses and a significantly elevated RMR compared with the low-intake mice. Data pooled across strains indicated that body mass, sex and strain together explained over 56 % of the observed variation in RMR. The effects of strain and sex on RMR and tissue morphology were removed, and three separate statistical analyses to investigate the relationship between RMR and organ morphology were performed: (i) employing individual regression analysis with each tissue component as a separate predictor against RMR; (ii) individual regression analysis with residual organ mass against residual RMR (i.e. with strain, sex and body mass effects removed); and (iii) pooling of some organ masses into functional groupings to reduce the number of predictors. Liver mass was the most significant morphological trait linked to differences in RMR. Small intestine length was significantly greater in the high-intake line; however, no difference was observed between strains in the dry mass of this organ, and there was no evidence to associate variability in the mass of the alimentary tract with variability in RMR. The effects of strain on RMR independent of the effect on body mass were consistent with the anticipated effect from the strain differences in the size of the liver.

scholarly journals Exposure to artificial wind increases energy intake and reproductive performance of female Swiss mice (Mus musculus) in hot temperatures

2020 ◽  
Vol 223 (17) ◽  
pp. jeb231415
Author(s):  
Guang-Min Deng ◽  
Jing-Xin Yu ◽  
Jia-Qi Xu ◽  
Yu-Fan Bao ◽  
Qian Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Food Intake ◽  
Metabolic Rate ◽  
Small Mammals ◽  
Reproductive Performance ◽  
Resting Metabolic Rate ◽  
The Body ◽  
Energy Output ◽  
Energy Budgets ◽  
Ambient Temperatures ◽  
Swiss Mice

ABSTRACTHigh temperatures and heatwaves are rapidly emerging as an important threat to many aspects of physiology and behavior in females during lactation. The body's capacity to dissipate heat is reduced by high ambient temperatures, increasing the risk of hyperthermia. Exposure to wind, a pervasive environmental factor for most terrestrial animals, is known to increase heat loss, but its effects on the reproductive performance of small mammals remains unclear. In the present study, the effects of wind on the energy budgets, resting metabolic rate and milk energy output (MEO) were measured in lactating Swiss mice at 21 and 32.5°C. Females kept at 32.5°C had a significantly lower resting metabolic rate, food intake and MEO, and lighter offspring, than those kept at 21°C. However, exposure to wind increased the asymptotic food intake of females kept at 32.5°C by 22.5% (P<0.01), their MEO by 20.7% (P<0.05) and their litter mass by 17.6% (P<0.05). The body temperature of females kept at 32.5°C was significantly higher during lactation than that of females kept at 21°C, but this difference was reduced by exposure to wind. These findings suggest that exposure to wind considerably improves reproductive performance, increasing the fitness of small mammals while undergoing hot temperatures during heatwaves.

Effects of food restriction on energy metabolism in male Apodemus chevrieri from Hengduan mountain region of China

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wan-long Zhu ◽  
Li-xin Chen ◽  
Xue-na Gong ◽  
Hao Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Survival Rate ◽  
Food Intake ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Food Restriction ◽  
Room Temperature ◽  
Resting Metabolic Rate ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Energy Strategies ◽  
Different Levels

To investigate the relationship between the energy strategies in response to food restriction and the levels of metabolism in small mammals, body mass, resting metabolic rate (RMR), nonshivering thermogenesis (NST) and cytochrome c oxidase (COX) activity were measured in Apodemus chevrieri that were subjected to different levels of food restriction (FR). The results showed that cold-exposed group had significantly increased RMR and NST, but decreased body mass and survival rate after being restricted to 80% of ad libitum food intake compared with their counterparts maintained at room temperature. A. chevrieri with higher RMR consumed higher food intake than individuals with lower RMR, whereas no differences were observed in body mass and survival rate between two groups after being restricted to 80% of ad libitum food intake. The results suggest that A. chevrieri characterized by higher levels of metabolism are sensitive to periods of FR, providing a support for the “metabolism switch hypothesis”.

EFFECTS OF FEEDING AND FOOD DEPRIVATION ON OXYGEN CONSUMPTION, MUSCLE PROTEIN CONCENTRATION AND ACTIVITIES OF ENERGY METABOLISM ENZYMES IN MUSCLE AND BRAIN OF SHALLOW-LIVING (SCORPAENA GUTTATA) AND DEEP-LIVING (SEBASTOLOBUS ALASCANUS) SCORPAENID FISHES

1993 ◽  
Vol 181 (1) ◽  
pp. 213-232 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. H. Yang ◽  
G. N. Somero
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Metabolic Rate ◽  
Food Deprivation ◽  
Enzyme Activities ◽  
Protein Concentration ◽  
White Muscle ◽  
Muscle Protein ◽  
Metabolism Enzymes ◽  
Red Muscle ◽  
Ad Libitum

The effects of feeding and fasting were examined on the deep-living short-spine thornyhead (Sebastolobus alascanus) and the confamilial shallow-living spotted scorpionfish (Scorpaena guttata) to determine whether the low metabolic rate of the deeper-living species was in part a consequence of food deprivation in its habitat. Laboratory acclimation for periods of 90–115 days under either ad libitum feeding or complete fasting did not lead to similar rates of respiration in individuals of the two species held under identical conditions. Respiration of fish fed ad libitum was 52 % (S. guttata) or 68 % (S. alascanus) higher than for fasted fish of the same species. Furthermore, the metabolic rates of freshly collected specimens of S. alascanus resembled those of laboratory-fasted fish. In white skeletal muscle, both total protein concentration and the activities of four enzymes of ATP metabolism, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and pyruvate kinase (PK) of glycolysis, malate dehydrogenase (MDH) and citrate synthase (CS, a citric acid cycle indicator), were lower in S. alascanus than in S. guttata. Within a species, protein concentration and activities of the four enzymes in white muscle, but not in brain, were higher in fed than in starved fish, although these differences were greater in S. alascanus than in S. guttata. During fasting, LDH and PK activity in white muscle of S. alascanus decreased much more than MDH and CS activity; decreases in enzyme activities in red muscle were smaller than those in white muscle. Activities of enzymes in white skeletal muscle of field-collected S. alascanus generally resembled those of the fasted specimens. In contrast, red muscle of field- collected S. alascanus, compared with that of either fed or starved laboratory-held specimens, had a highly glycolytic poise (high LDH and PK activities relative to MDH and CS activities), which may suggest that muscle enzyme activities in the field-collected fish reflect adaptation to the low oxygen level in its adult habitat, the oxygen minimum layer. The strong correlations found between tissue biochemical properties and respiration rate allow us to develop a predictive index for metabolic rate from simple biochemical analyses, e.g. white muscle protein content or CS activity. We conclude that the low metabolic rate of S. alascanus is due to at least four depth-related factors: reduced abundance of food, low temperature, low ambient oxygen concentration and darkness, which may select for reduced locomotory activity.

Influence of the subfornical organ on meal-associated drinking in rats

2001 ◽  
Vol 280 (3) ◽  
pp. R669-R677 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elizabeth M. Starbuck ◽  
Douglas A. Fitts
Keyword(s):  
Food Intake ◽  
Hypertonic Saline ◽  
Food Deprivation ◽  
Water Deprivation ◽  
Plasma Osmolality ◽  
Subfornical Organ ◽  
Intragastric Administration ◽  
Drinking Patterns ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Ad Libitum Feeding

A lesion of the subfornical organ (SFO) may disrupt drinking after a meal of dry chow as it does drinking after intragastric administration of hypertonic saline. Food and water intakes of SFO-lesioned (SFOX) and sham-lesioned rats were measured during 90-min tests following various lengths of food deprivation. During the tests, all rats began eating before they began drinking. After 20–24 h of food deprivation, latency to begin drinking after eating had started was longer for SFOX than for sham-lesioned rats. Plasma osmolality was elevated by 2–3% in both lesion groups at 12 min, the latency for sham-lesioned rats to drink, but SFOX rats nevertheless continued eating and delayed drinking. Eating after shorter 4-h food deprivations and ad libitum feeding produced more variable drinking latencies and less consistent effects of SFO lesion. During 24 h of water deprivation, SFO lesion had no effect on the suppression of food intake and did not affect food or water intakes during the first 2 h of subsequent rehydration. These findings indicate that the SFO is involved in initiating water intake during eating and in determining drinking patterns and the amount of water ingested during a meal.

Corticotropin-releasing hormone-binding protein in brain and pituitary of food-deprived obese (fa/fa) Zucker rats

1999 ◽  
Vol 277 (6) ◽  
pp. R1749-R1759 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elena Timofeeva ◽  
Yves Deshaies ◽  
Frédéric Picard ◽  
Denis Richard
Keyword(s):  
Food Intake ◽  
Food Deprivation ◽  
Binding Protein ◽  
Mrna Level ◽  
Zucker Rats ◽  
Pituitary Cells ◽  
Dorsal Part ◽  
Corticotropin Releasing Hormone ◽  
Releasing Hormone ◽  
Ad Libitum

The present study was conducted to verify whether experimental conditions such as obesity and food deprivation, which promote food intake and reduce thermogenesis, could modify the expression of the corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH)-binding protein (BP) in the rat brain. In situ hybridization, histochemistry, and immunohistochemistry were used to assess the expression of CRH-BP in lean ( Fa/?) and obese ( fa/fa) Zucker rats that were fed ad libitum, food deprived for 24 h, or food deprived for 24 h and refed for 6 h. In both lean and obese rats, food deprivation led to a reduction in body weight that was accompanied by a reversible increase in plasma corticosterone levels. Food deprivation and, to a lesser degree, obesity induced the expression of CRH-BP mRNA in the dorsal part of the medial preoptic area (MPOA). This induction of the CRH-BP gene led to by food deprivation was confirmed by the appearance in the dorsal part of the MPOA of neurons immunoreactive to CRH-BP. Food deprivation (in particular) and obesity also increased the levels of CRH-BP mRNA in the basolateral amygdala (BLA). The enhanced CRH-BP expression in the MPOA and BLA in response to food deprivation was reversed by refeeding. In lean Fa/? rats, the CRH-BP mRNA level in the pituitary cells was significantly decreased after food deprivation and restored after refeeding. When food was provided ad libitum, the number of cells expressing CRH-BP in the anterior pituitary was significantly higher in lean rats than in obese animals. Food deprivation for 24 h decreased dramatically the number of pituitary cells expressing CRH-BP in lean rats. Altogether, the present results demonstrate that food deprivation and, to a lesser extent, obesity can selectively affect the expression of CRH-BP. Given both the inactivating effect of CRH-BP on the CRH system and the potential roles played by the MPOA and BLA in the thermogenic and anorectic effects of CRH, it can be argued that the induction of the CRH-BP gene in obesity and after food deprivation occurs as a mechanism to reduce energy expenditure and to stimulate food intake.

scholarly journals Red knots (Calidris canutus islandica) manage body mass with dieting and activity

2020 ◽  
Vol 223 (21) ◽  
pp. jeb231993
Author(s):  
Kimberley J. Mathot ◽  
Eva M. A. Kok ◽  
Piet van den Hout ◽  
Anne Dekinga ◽  
Theunis Piersma
Keyword(s):  
Food Intake ◽  
Metabolic Rate ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Assimilation Efficiency ◽  
Adaptive Significance ◽  
Fine Scale ◽  
Calidris Canutus ◽  
Predation Danger ◽  
Mitochondrial Efficiency

ABSTRACTMass regulation in birds is well documented. For example, birds can increase body mass in response to lower availability and/or predictability of food and decrease body mass in response to increased predation danger. Birds also demonstrate an ability to maintain body mass across a range of food qualities. Although the adaptive significance of mass regulation has received a great deal of theoretical and empirical attention, the mechanisms by which birds achieve this have not. Several non-exclusive mechanisms could facilitate mass regulation in birds. Birds could regulate body mass by adjusting food intake (dieting), activity, baseline energetic requirements (basal metabolic rate), mitochondrial efficiency or assimilation efficiency. Here, we present the results of two experiments in captive red knots (Calidris canutus islandica) that assess three of these proposed mechanisms: dieting, activity and up- and down-regulation of metabolic rate. In the first experiment, knots were exposed to cues of predation risk that led them to exhibit presumably adaptive mass loss. In the second experiment, knots maintained constant body mass despite being fed alternating high- and low-quality diets. In both experiments, regulation of body mass was achieved through a combination of changes in food intake and activity. Both experiments also provide some evidence for a role of metabolic adjustments. Taken together, these two experiments demonstrate that fine-scale management of body mass in knots is achieved through multiple mechanisms acting simultaneously.

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